tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-70645877374245864642024-03-05T16:42:19.927-05:00The Ultimate Family HistoriansLinda Jonashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00245944818580411111noreply@blogger.comBlogger47125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7064587737424586464.post-34793478360215155252021-07-30T21:00:00.004-04:002021-07-30T23:12:13.083-04:00Nebula Genomics Deep Ancestry: Mitochondrial DNA<p> </p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Nebula Genomics offers "Deep Ancestry" as part of its Whole Genome Sequencing test. Your results for Y-DNA and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can be transferred to YFull to get these ancestry reports. </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Everybody has mitochondria. So in this article we will discuss mitochondrial DNA. </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">We will examine what mtDNA is and how it is inherited. Then we will find out how your mtDNA is interpreted and what you can learn about yourself and your ancestors. </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">I am going to tell you everything you need to know. Nobody has ever gone into this much detail about mitochondrial DNA at YFull, so get ready!</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">You'll even see that this is more than about deep ancestry. You will also be given tools to find the names of modern ancestors! </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br /></p><div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><div><font><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span>What is mitochondrial DNA and how is it inherited?</span></b><span> </span></div><span><br /></span><span><span>Your 23 pairs of chromosomes are located in the nucleus of the cell. Most genetic testing focuses on this nuclear DNA.</span></span></font></div><div><font><span><span><br /></span></span></font></div><div><font><span><span>Mitochondria are organelles found outside the nucleus of the cell. They carry their own DNA.</span></span></font></div><div><font><span><span><br /></span></span></font></div><div><font><span><span>Mitochondria produce energy for cells. You have more mitochondria in cells that require more energy.</span></span></font></div><div><font><span><span><br /></span></span></font></div><div><font><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUFiouW3wrYBQcWXnjTdcc63akTu3SuWXbyUTPBHpgeIx8trf-3Q8Tqnq3qSveOdwtc9vp8oP8Zs2RnyH2GJ8D4zvzS8iNTCpGkEIkeb_dBh-OVCJv_yqyyPrX2AOn4Q6yDO1EUhqTGXM/s944/mtdna.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="image of cell with mitochondria" border="0" data-original-height="716" data-original-width="944" height="486" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUFiouW3wrYBQcWXnjTdcc63akTu3SuWXbyUTPBHpgeIx8trf-3Q8Tqnq3qSveOdwtc9vp8oP8Zs2RnyH2GJ8D4zvzS8iNTCpGkEIkeb_dBh-OVCJv_yqyyPrX2AOn4Q6yDO1EUhqTGXM/w640-h486/mtdna.jpg" title="cell with mitochondria" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Human cell with mitochondria</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span>Mitochondria are inherited from your mother [however, there are known cases where someone has inherited mitochondria from both parents].</span></font></div><div><font><span><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span>Both males and females inherit mitochondrial DNA from their mother, but only females pass the mtDNA to their children. </span></font></div><div><font><span><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span>So your mitochondrial DNA can be used to find out more about your strictly maternal line: your mother's mother's mother . . . .</span><br /><span><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4yXThTuS3XeG3rzn9nY0DkrhxWf3mX4JD89PTVqis-eBKTps2wNMcEWXcqs8OF2e7U8RPoeLZTOb7gKAAzwrpSYHT6jUInWTUojRm6c2St52XWzwFZYWdNU5gSDyY2EBe9Y13bXya5SA/s698/y+and+mito.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1em 0px;"><img alt="Y-DNA and mtDNA inheritance" border="0" data-original-height="308" data-original-width="698" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4yXThTuS3XeG3rzn9nY0DkrhxWf3mX4JD89PTVqis-eBKTps2wNMcEWXcqs8OF2e7U8RPoeLZTOb7gKAAzwrpSYHT6jUInWTUojRm6c2St52XWzwFZYWdNU5gSDyY2EBe9Y13bXya5SA/w640-h282/y+and+mito.jpg" title="Mitochondrial DNA inheritance" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span><span style="font-size: large;">mtDNA inheritance is shown in red</span><br /><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Below is a four-generation photo of a great-grandmother, grandmother, mother and her seven children. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">All of these people inherited the same mitochondrial DNA:</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0ocRsBfPowLiLYq274ePQ8YvjexrCVAn_yrmsprSoYeY_ItKIetX6OzGZhD3Y9Lq-hgfHz1DH7LaBK4R_ITEgmM8CXPydpIIUSCwKzR0C730K8ZSfarUKbprQUqhCxm4zA9AWBrE1DCE/s2048/4+gen.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="four generation family photo" border="0" data-original-height="1423" data-original-width="2048" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0ocRsBfPowLiLYq274ePQ8YvjexrCVAn_yrmsprSoYeY_ItKIetX6OzGZhD3Y9Lq-hgfHz1DH7LaBK4R_ITEgmM8CXPydpIIUSCwKzR0C730K8ZSfarUKbprQUqhCxm4zA9AWBrE1DCE/w400-h278/4+gen.jpg" title="four generations of mtDNA" width="400" /></a></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div></span></td></tr></tbody></table></font></div></span></div><font><span><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">The seven great-grandchildren are now grown and have children of their own. The boys in the photo did not pass their mitochondrial DNA to their children. The girls did.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">However, only one of the four great-granddaughters has a daughter. So only one living descendant can pass this mitochondrial DNA to her children.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">This example shows why it is important to preserve your mtDNA for future generations.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">What is YFull?</span></b></div></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">YFull is not a DNA testing company. YFull is an analysis and comparison service for Y-DNA Next Generation Sequencing and full mitochondrial DNA sequences. </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span><span style="font-size: large;">These interpretation and comparison services are very different from those found at any DNA testing company. </span></span></font></div><div><font size="5"><br /></font><div style="text-align: center;"><font><b style="font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></b><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Why would you want to submit your </span><br /><span>mitochondrial DNA results to YFull?</span></span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></font></div><font><br /><span style="font-size: large;">At YFull, your results will be compared to scientific samples and to people who tested at different companies. </span></font></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">YFull only began to do mitochondrial DNA analysis in 2019, and so many people do not know about its mtDNA services. It is possible that you may not yet have many matches there. </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">However, even though many of YFull's mtDNA services are just starting you will learn a lot about your mitochondrial DNA from YFull's matching system and YFull groups. </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>How to transfer your mtDNA results to YFull</b></span></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">I showed how to transfer mtDNA results from Family Tree DNA here: <a href="https://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2020/08/mitochondrial-dna-mtdna-at-yfull.html" target="_blank">How to make matches with Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)</a>.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">If you took a full genome test from Nebula Genomics the full mitochondrial DNA sequence can be extracted from the test and automatically transferred to YFull.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Nebula Genomics </span><span>describes the following benefits of YFull: </span></span></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: large;">Find matches based on mtDNA</span></li><li><span style="font-size: large;">mtDNA haplogroup determination</span></li><li><span style="font-size: large;">Identification of all mitochondrial SNPs</span></li><li><span style="font-size: large;">Positioning in MTree</span></li><li><span style="font-size: large;">Regular updates</span></li></ul></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">To submit your mtDNA results from Nebula Genomics, see the Deep Ancestry section:</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1404" data-original-width="2048" height="438" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEged3_hKy4GpfIhRIxO9Ej_eQE-H5ESN_blefvWybsbUu4NAhtdmjFNsTUyB9N3smOZYy4og5URdRzF9BZOgdpbKE3B2ChecExpXTH5vWuP_IiC39z3pztCueJxhJ0cmJtm9zicWtmEifk/w640-h438/Nebula+transfer.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Transfer results from Nebula Genomics</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEged3_hKy4GpfIhRIxO9Ej_eQE-H5ESN_blefvWybsbUu4NAhtdmjFNsTUyB9N3smOZYy4og5URdRzF9BZOgdpbKE3B2ChecExpXTH5vWuP_IiC39z3pztCueJxhJ0cmJtm9zicWtmEifk/s2048/Nebula+transfer.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a></div></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">The amazing thing is that if you submit through this screen, you will obtain all of the YFull mitochondrial DNA benefits absolutely free! </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>MITOCHONDRIAL DNA RESULTS AT YFULL</b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b>Determining your results</b></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Over time, mutations have occurred in your mitochondrial DNA. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">When your mitochondrial DNA is tested, your results will be compared to a reference sequence. Your report contains the different mutations between you and the reference sequence.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><div><span style="font-size: large;">For many years, mtDNA results have been compared to the Cambridge Reference Sequence. This was the first full mitochondrial DNA sequence, and it was completed in 1981. The Cambridge Reference Sequence is referred to as the CRS. A revised version is the rCRS. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Several years later a sequence was compiled to represent "Mitochondrial Eve." This sequence is called the Reconstructed Sapiens Reference Sequence and abbreviated as RSRS. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">You will usually see two sets of mitochondrial DNA results: one compared to the rCRS, and one compared to the RSRS.</span></div><div><br /></div></div></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>The mitochondrial DNA tree</b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Your results will then be compared to other results, and you will be assigned to a haplogroup which is a group of people with similar results. </span></div></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Your results will be placed on the mitochondrial DNA tree which starts at "Mitochondrial Eve" and branches down to the present day. You will see exactly where you fit in.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">"Mitochondrial Eve" was not the first woman who ever lived, nor was she the only woman alive at the time, but she is the only one who has an unbroken line of descendants.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">YFull has a tree called the MTree where you can see the current mitochondrial DNA tree with its branching haplogroups.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">The very top of this massive tree is shown below. "Mitochondrial Eve" is in haplogroup L. Neanderthals are listed before "Mitochondrial Eve."</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqFD-QPn9SnGM0k1lzURTkk3bZm8wSEOp_pLLS9N5sUVlGj6MwH7w7ibOscO7d2RuUJqIP7I72Qnhicn5OhoEZ9Z9JW3yyXc4c6mvRqed4FD2crwAYl9coENZan1TyyiXHupd_So17GUM/s489/haplotree.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Root of Mitochondrial DNA tree" border="0" data-original-height="429" data-original-width="489" height="351" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqFD-QPn9SnGM0k1lzURTkk3bZm8wSEOp_pLLS9N5sUVlGj6MwH7w7ibOscO7d2RuUJqIP7I72Qnhicn5OhoEZ9Z9JW3yyXc4c6mvRqed4FD2crwAYl9coENZan1TyyiXHupd_So17GUM/w400-h351/haplotree.jpg" title="YFull MTree" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Root of YFull MTree</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">You can see your mtDNA results, learn how you fit into the great mtDNA tree, and even see matches by transferring your results to YFull.</span></div><div><br /></div></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Your mitochondrial DNA results</span></b></span></div><font><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span>When you submit results to YFull you will see a menu of options for Y-DNA and for mtDNA. Here are the current options in the mtDNA menu:</span><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></font><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="YFull mtDNA menu" border="0" data-original-height="180" data-original-width="167" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimruh_pKmHBA9VU3Cu9oRmNvMGc_CMZnivC9Mw8Z-SXirRzi5-oQRpV8KjVsbseRWLYjbb3Kas1A1n6_yXtkSWI87AwpMPgYxT-OvJxQFMVXkfuH72LZGAykWwyK91G0I5bN30epERt4E/w371-h400/mt+menu.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="YFull mtDNA menu" width="371" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">MtDNA menu</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">OK, right away it looks complicated. Don't worry, we'll examine each of these and see what you can discover.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Haplogroup and SNPs</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">The first section is Hg [abbreviation for haplogroup] and SNPs [abbreviation for Single Nucleotide Polymorphism]. What do these terms mean?</span></font></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Hg is an abbreviation for haplogroup. A haplogroup is a group of people with similar results. Mitochondrial DNA results have shown that all people alive today descend from "Mitochondrial Eve." The various haplogroups show the trail from you back to her.</span></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">Your results placed you in a haplogroup which is then put on the mitochondrial DNA tree (the MTree shown above.) <br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">A SNP is a type of mutation. A Single Nucleotide Polymorphism is scientific name for a mutation where one value mutates to another.</span></font></div><div><font size="5"><span><br /></span></font></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">For example, you may see a mutation like A769G. This means that at mitochondrial position 769 the reference sequence had an A, and you have a G. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">In addition to SNPs you may have other types of mutations such as insertions and deletions (called indels). </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">An indel is not a change from one value to another. It is deleting that position altogether or adding additional ones.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">We will see a SNP and an indel in the example below.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Haplogroup and SNP results</b></span></div><div><font size="5"><span><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span><span style="font-size: large;">When you click on Hg and SNPs you will see a screen similar to the following. Only the first three lines are shown below.</span><br /></span><br /></font><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Haplogroup and SNPs" border="0" data-original-height="337" data-original-width="1643" height="132" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilnhvvIzyslAdmxav-dtKIfUNZzXxPbZe-2GjOISarr554vpiy-9T2hxaxf6903j6qfmRjlj_hfTRKzs1aokr3YjsxCWz6QPAEHJy8j4mNQdaRqedrNz7SeoaMqdQjW00FwT7Ao6-Il-g/w640-h132/hg+and+snps.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Haplogroup and SNPs" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Haplogroup and SNPs</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilnhvvIzyslAdmxav-dtKIfUNZzXxPbZe-2GjOISarr554vpiy-9T2hxaxf6903j6qfmRjlj_hfTRKzs1aokr3YjsxCWz6QPAEHJy8j4mNQdaRqedrNz7SeoaMqdQjW00FwT7Ao6-Il-g/s1643/hg+and+snps.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a></div><font><br /><b><span style="font-size: large;">Your mutations</span></b></font></div><div><font><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></font></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Here is a closeup of the SNP and indel information on the right of the screen:</span></div><div><br /></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRUX_2TqXzv4hVrCacOfH35K9_2Cp93982_ioCiqsNYNT7n3Zm26pNwkMdemsqGT7Uy6xjeH0nsdsSUXer3xDuq27IZX6DMgQluZhyHl2NyQdx8rfPIcjeHXNXtvfWJyKy3o_vMZJBA_k/s567/hg+and+snps+right.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="mtDNA mutation information" border="0" data-original-height="235" data-original-width="567" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRUX_2TqXzv4hVrCacOfH35K9_2Cp93982_ioCiqsNYNT7n3Zm26pNwkMdemsqGT7Uy6xjeH0nsdsSUXer3xDuq27IZX6DMgQluZhyHl2NyQdx8rfPIcjeHXNXtvfWJyKy3o_vMZJBA_k/w640-h266/hg+and+snps+right.jpg" title="SNPs and indels" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">mtDNA mutation information</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><font><span><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">These mutations show how your results differ from the Reference Sequence. They show your mutation and its location in the mitochondria.</span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font><span>For the first mutation on the list, the Reference Sequence has A at position 302. This is called the Ancestral value (Anc). If these were your results y</span></font>ou have ACC which is called the Derived value (Der).</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Your mtDNA has two additional mutations (CC) at position 302. These are insertions in your mitochondria, so this is an indel. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">In the next row, the Reference Sequence has A at position 15052. Your derived value is G. So the mutation is listed as A15052G. This is a SNP.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Notice at the top of the image that you can download three versions of your results at any time.</span></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">You can see several visual representations of any mutation by clicking on the FASTA link next to the mutation.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Here is an example. In the screen below, a mutation from C to T is highlighted. There is another mutation at two positions further. </span></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEBd4MI0JK8MXmlV2X__0PGQnU9hZ_OcIRA8_EhCWStSz5mr8CX9UDKwXJ7t_zq8NoRSEIr1NGOrCCm7o79qOZolQ1rhf2m-YRlJFK4Wu-EK_dljQzfJswYkkXELmD1xEDkufnTZ1H0Tc/s416/FASTA+viewer.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="mtDNA FASTA viewer" border="0" data-original-height="118" data-original-width="416" height="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEBd4MI0JK8MXmlV2X__0PGQnU9hZ_OcIRA8_EhCWStSz5mr8CX9UDKwXJ7t_zq8NoRSEIr1NGOrCCm7o79qOZolQ1rhf2m-YRlJFK4Wu-EK_dljQzfJswYkkXELmD1xEDkufnTZ1H0Tc/w640-h182/FASTA+viewer.jpg" title="See mutation in FASTA viewer" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">FASTA Viewer</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Your haplogroup</b></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></font></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Here is a closeup of the left of the screen:</span></div><div><br /></div><div style="font-size: x-large;"><font><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL6uehahGsMBkSR4NF22o9YRp1QNiadru_vqH3CGwxz5RmoeC1cmTDVO9hGewV1WhGJanBdYKKOvbJ-D4X4bhLQDE7Xl-qM4Kzvj9GB2paUPSoOA6Tpi6Zw-U878eMo-7XCetvkoM_2so/s404/hg+and+snps+left.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="mtDNA haplogroup" border="0" data-original-height="340" data-original-width="404" height="336" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL6uehahGsMBkSR4NF22o9YRp1QNiadru_vqH3CGwxz5RmoeC1cmTDVO9hGewV1WhGJanBdYKKOvbJ-D4X4bhLQDE7Xl-qM4Kzvj9GB2paUPSoOA6Tpi6Zw-U878eMo-7XCetvkoM_2so/w400-h336/hg+and+snps+left.jpg" title="mtDNA haplogroup and SNPs" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">mtDNA haplogroup</span></td></tr></tbody></table></font></div></span><span><div style="font-size: x-large;"><font><span><br /></span></font></div><span style="font-size: large;">Hover your mouse over on the name of the haplogroup. The green haplogroup name turns yellow to indicate that it will now go to your branch of the YFull mtDNA tree (the MTree).</span></span><br /><br /></font><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgixZW7Gd4uRb0pxyaWN4fbIW8_2_f7bLMt4Au_21dgJ7oNI2IayGLPWZXGdkguKqUCvyPdJ1Xox9Va446w1o1dJyd6SIj-UHdu-TTLi13VDbljRer1Vmk55kFnUaKKeB31h52SRnTWSu0/s548/go+to+hg.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="branch of YFull mtDNA tree" border="0" data-original-height="211" data-original-width="548" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgixZW7Gd4uRb0pxyaWN4fbIW8_2_f7bLMt4Au_21dgJ7oNI2IayGLPWZXGdkguKqUCvyPdJ1Xox9Va446w1o1dJyd6SIj-UHdu-TTLi13VDbljRer1Vmk55kFnUaKKeB31h52SRnTWSu0/w640-h246/go+to+hg.jpg" title="mtDNA haplogroup at YFull" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Click to go to YFull public mtDNA tree</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><font><span><br /></span></font></span></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">Click on it to be taken to your placement in the YFull MTree.</span></font></div><div><font size="5"><span><br /></span></font></div><div><font><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwVjL0tavYxqQPVlEduwxCADKCsDPid-wMLzlOGggZ2ShygoYYWiAZ8-XoY1rSJbXDp3ijajLT3yChUH5vPPNuh1kiH7h9ZExn5OtITuscel476p1_R2OGHhr_9FFSYIhSrl0Uk-hMVt4/s520/mtree.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="YFull mitochondrial DNA tree" border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="520" height="554" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwVjL0tavYxqQPVlEduwxCADKCsDPid-wMLzlOGggZ2ShygoYYWiAZ8-XoY1rSJbXDp3ijajLT3yChUH5vPPNuh1kiH7h9ZExn5OtITuscel476p1_R2OGHhr_9FFSYIhSrl0Uk-hMVt4/w640-h554/mtree.jpg" title="YFull mitochondrial DNA tree" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">YFull MTree</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">The above screen shows a portion of the public YFull mtDNA tree. It shows the haplogroups and the individual samples within each haplogroup.</span><br /><span><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font>All DNA samples are identified only b</font><font>y an ID number.</font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font>The ones beginning with YF are from people who submitted their results. The others are from scientific studies. </font></span></div><div><br /></div><div><div><div><span style="font-size: large;">You will see the notation "New" next to samples that have recently been added. </span></div></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span><span style="font-size: large;">You can click on any haplogroup name to see just that portion of the mtDNA tree, or you can click on the tabs above to see earlier haplogroups. </span></span></div></div></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">You can scan up and down the tree to any position. I did this, so in the example below we are seeing results from haplogroup HV4 because it is quite different from what we saw in haplogroup H1j2a.</span></font></div><div><font size="5"><span><br /></span></font></div><div><font><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg72AJuaYZZOLWzhm2DNgnIffdh5afYW4R5heAmxUYVoeoQ0vrbKBnm6bLDjjKGmvaKyj_7rDQcAzCYXmu1JT0G_f3IqUTO80qcsXMH5keVy7GzoOtA8SEegVJxVDp-cI-VqN34tqef9Xk/s580/hv4.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="haplogroup HV4" border="0" data-original-height="565" data-original-width="580" height="624" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg72AJuaYZZOLWzhm2DNgnIffdh5afYW4R5heAmxUYVoeoQ0vrbKBnm6bLDjjKGmvaKyj_7rDQcAzCYXmu1JT0G_f3IqUTO80qcsXMH5keVy7GzoOtA8SEegVJxVDp-cI-VqN34tqef9Xk/w640-h624/hv4.jpg" title="Haplogroup HV4" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Results from haplogroup HV4</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Notice that in this case all of the scientific samples have countries of origin. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Next to the country flag you see the name of the country and maybe even a region within the country. Hover your cursor over any abbreviation to see a more full description.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">In the above image you also see one ID that is shown in pink [id:MHper207]. This is an ancient sample, and you will see "age" listed next to it. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Hover your cursor over "age" to see more:</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: x-large; text-align: left;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwD-EQW7bmtR6uCxWbkBm5DHAwJ2J19l1bfh7iAgRKJSJwqBj1zGiQ1FD-qjr4Iu_DOc53UuaFy1-UfvmPpKWY5ExThoAVO9dsGE_7mpEan9b5eunxlgb81V9GfVVnEXBDtdLk9w9TIVM/s540/ancient+dna.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="age of ancient DNA sample" border="0" data-original-height="168" data-original-width="540" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwD-EQW7bmtR6uCxWbkBm5DHAwJ2J19l1bfh7iAgRKJSJwqBj1zGiQ1FD-qjr4Iu_DOc53UuaFy1-UfvmPpKWY5ExThoAVO9dsGE_7mpEan9b5eunxlgb81V9GfVVnEXBDtdLk9w9TIVM/w640-h200/ancient+dna.jpg" title="Ancient DNA" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Age of ancient DNA sample</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: x-large; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">You can see that this sample is about 950 years old (between 850 and 1050 years before present).</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-size: large;">I showed the image for haplogroup HV4 less than a year ago in <a href="https://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2020/08/mitochondrial-dna-mtdna-at-yfull.html" target="_blank">How to make matches with Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)</a>. </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">It is shocking to see how much the information has changed.</span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">Here's what it looked like in 2020:</span></font></div><div><br /></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5-OkuprFBlNUVFw-c5fpSuQzJUTwuAbGzigu9f8q8BeK_PJaYxtrvtNYBOpVtzURz3zOqgf1t34MiiQGXR9BU6-PP_NmwECYdtXWOzwE_P2TkIz4JP2YgEEQznC97JMLF_Wx2BWTsZWU/s406/HV4.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="YFull public mtDNA tree" border="0" data-original-height="215" data-original-width="406" height="339" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5-OkuprFBlNUVFw-c5fpSuQzJUTwuAbGzigu9f8q8BeK_PJaYxtrvtNYBOpVtzURz3zOqgf1t34MiiQGXR9BU6-PP_NmwECYdtXWOzwE_P2TkIz4JP2YgEEQznC97JMLF_Wx2BWTsZWU/w640-h339/HV4.jpg" title="DNA samples on YFull mtDNA tree" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Some DNA samples in mtDNA haplogroup HV4</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">There are now many new subgroups. In the above example, the sample from Pennsylvania has recently been reassigned to haplogroup HV4e.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">The MTree is the only information available to the general public.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Your mtDNA mutations</b></span></div><div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><font><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-size: x-large; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX-STviP5e5ts_siw6BG8vUZDbTLWdB3InoGpUx7aJ2BxHPiQYyv4xqj-bRxSVWoM1oJjYXD5n0r7I7G_NNCSHPOmKqiClbJ2_2rIXhnmkHzH6ORURdgBNaEyXVxLqpoT4lg4uxZ-42Cs/s275/MReport.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="MReport" border="0" data-original-height="275" data-original-width="267" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX-STviP5e5ts_siw6BG8vUZDbTLWdB3InoGpUx7aJ2BxHPiQYyv4xqj-bRxSVWoM1oJjYXD5n0r7I7G_NNCSHPOmKqiClbJ2_2rIXhnmkHzH6ORURdgBNaEyXVxLqpoT4lg4uxZ-42Cs/s16000/MReport.jpg" title="MReport" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">MtDNA mutation report</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></font></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Use the MReport if you want to see a list of your mutations in one quick screen. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">As mentioned above, your results were compared to two reference sequences. Both are shown on the MReport. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Here is an example of a complete list of mutations:</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="list of mtDNA mutations" border="0" data-original-height="359" data-original-width="1594" height="144" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWEyanXPgXnQqFL22Qm1IOiV9k-6WF-TrT2wciMSwiSXU2B3dySJHV3rH_yZPLpb_45foLyUyqbuqNhu-vKJY9FUlMbMExOQHVzWBQfsvd3mzr8fMaEavev7WKcOUKCB56u61OdyMWo8U/w640-h144/Mreport1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="List of mtDNA mutations" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Mutations on MReport</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWEyanXPgXnQqFL22Qm1IOiV9k-6WF-TrT2wciMSwiSXU2B3dySJHV3rH_yZPLpb_45foLyUyqbuqNhu-vKJY9FUlMbMExOQHVzWBQfsvd3mzr8fMaEavev7WKcOUKCB56u61OdyMWo8U/s1594/Mreport1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">The first tab shows your RSRS results. The results are from the three regions of the mitochondria: the hypervariable regions that mutate more frequently (HVR1 and HVR2), and the Coding Region (CR).</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">The second tab shows your rCRS results.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">The third tab, MTree matches, shows how each mutation was matched to other samples to determine your haplogroup. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="mutations on MTree" border="0" data-original-height="430" data-original-width="1448" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioNY9Y6fJuxrwu_fwhVj8c9NCEykkN3k1D0Crbc0M-nsN7RMXN214YSXlcz_NtrB8gb6-nZn_LpuxefcegtS0RD6NB_D8LT6NT-ukLtvRdqp5zQrqg5tfvscgDfpd9E-41Zd__qaF27Cw/w640-h190/MTree+matches.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="mutations on MTree" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">MTree Matches</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioNY9Y6fJuxrwu_fwhVj8c9NCEykkN3k1D0Crbc0M-nsN7RMXN214YSXlcz_NtrB8gb6-nZn_LpuxefcegtS0RD6NB_D8LT6NT-ukLtvRdqp5zQrqg5tfvscgDfpd9E-41Zd__qaF27Cw/s1448/MTree+matches.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">In the example above the mutation G316A put you within haplogroup H1j2a, and mutation A15052G put you in haplogroup H1j2a1.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">The mutation A302ACC is not yet on the MTree.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">These haplogroups continue to evolve.</span></div><div><font size="5"><b><br /></b></font></div><div><font size="5"><b><br /></b></font></div><div><font><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Age estimation</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">How old is your haplogroup? Click Age estimation.</span></div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYaLw2wVnsbtSnJ2O_ts5WcZXLQIjdPIuqPR4dgZmWuA0ZWw-bjpjKPoJ0hiLPjvUHF2QSCLnfq_51AoC0dEdciU62GnH4u3BwVMiD0LxZZAqRISTNPN4CdEqMu-Nm7EC3eUwB6G0Uxxg/s273/age+est.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Link to age estimation" border="0" data-original-height="273" data-original-width="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYaLw2wVnsbtSnJ2O_ts5WcZXLQIjdPIuqPR4dgZmWuA0ZWw-bjpjKPoJ0hiLPjvUHF2QSCLnfq_51AoC0dEdciU62GnH4u3BwVMiD0LxZZAqRISTNPN4CdEqMu-Nm7EC3eUwB6G0Uxxg/s16000/age+est.jpg" title="Link to YFull age estimation" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Age estimation</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">You will now see an approximate age for your nearest haplogroups. These haplogroups and age estimates change as more samples are added to the database.</span></div><div style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-size: x-large; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg28KztAWNtX-XXExFwSvMta5iM1y3YpoIjat0yqHRImEbWM7P-sUZrzuZFlkCmkxMldHucBbMHCCtXwhHrLyxFJKB32vooZquw6jDy-ZK71ux7PnjB5l3gZHfk_S3QW8F64iDpKXpzE3s/s1505/age+estimation.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Estimated ages for haplogroups" border="0" data-original-height="517" data-original-width="1505" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg28KztAWNtX-XXExFwSvMta5iM1y3YpoIjat0yqHRImEbWM7P-sUZrzuZFlkCmkxMldHucBbMHCCtXwhHrLyxFJKB32vooZquw6jDy-ZK71ux7PnjB5l3gZHfk_S3QW8F64iDpKXpzE3s/w640-h220/age+estimation.jpg" title="Estimated haplogroup age" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span>YFull age estimation</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-size: large;">The additional tabs are + Known SNPs, + Novels, x Known SNPs, and x Novels. These are the known and novel SNPs that were used to estimate the haplogroup age, and the known and novel SNPs that were not used to calculate the age.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Mitochondrial DNA matches at YFull</span></b></div></font></div><div><font size="5"><b><br /></b></font></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0vRnsgwtqdHMdBoFgoqT5L0o2JDnSJUz832shjAmsW66BJU3DcXfapXG3-VRl1auAEN9TSCJQsQ1AqJrQ0c3GKh1F9FfoPCRn5c1jgIFplP16k_h2S-gMENJPiYjRlT_L4pXs74F4K4o/s199/mt+matches.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Link to mt Matches" border="0" data-original-height="199" data-original-width="194" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0vRnsgwtqdHMdBoFgoqT5L0o2JDnSJUz832shjAmsW66BJU3DcXfapXG3-VRl1auAEN9TSCJQsQ1AqJrQ0c3GKh1F9FfoPCRn5c1jgIFplP16k_h2S-gMENJPiYjRlT_L4pXs74F4K4o/w390-h400/mt+matches.jpg" title="Link to matches" width="390" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Mt Matches</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Here is where you can start to find our more about the individual people who share your haplogroup.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Below is part of a list of matches.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcNF_oaGV3Q2wCrC3ndSSpZ4H0wb7m-J7C5E2xJMTxkvzjjElsNSnSOPtoufoC8tdg0nCSNNO3tD4qbTJQHQ8KSWJSq14iqbg6sPDxi1itDKajYQccdizeffx5EpvdpVkbSs1vo70C_Vs/s1504/mt+matches1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="285" data-original-width="1504" height="122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcNF_oaGV3Q2wCrC3ndSSpZ4H0wb7m-J7C5E2xJMTxkvzjjElsNSnSOPtoufoC8tdg0nCSNNO3tD4qbTJQHQ8KSWJSq14iqbg6sPDxi1itDKajYQccdizeffx5EpvdpVkbSs1vo70C_Vs/w640-h122/mt+matches1.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">List of mitochondrial DNA matches</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">The match list shows</span></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: large;">The most recent haplogroups [called the MRCA (Most Recent Common Ancestor) branch] </span></li><li><span style="font-size: large;">An estimated time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA -- this is a very broad estimate)</span></li><li><span style="font-size: large;">The most distant ancestor of the person submitting the DNA sample. This will not be shown for scientific samples.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: large;">The country of origin if reported</span></li><li><span style="font-size: large;">The sample ID of the person who took the test</span></li><li><span style="font-size: large;">Private Message link</span></li></ul></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">You will not receive a</span><span style="font-size: large;">ny identifying information about your matches. For example, you will not receive an email address, but you will be able to contact anyone in your match list or in your groups, no matter how distant the match is, by using the Private Message </span><span style="font-size: large;">(PM) envelope. </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">The PM column is listed next to the YFull ID column. You will see a link symbol</span></font></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvtdgw3CzOmqwRq-NYAPrnUPF0larJ22PXkKqdcBkO-pLmHUfRuSUEYNjGM4sWxTyug9YKwr3tpYBjggYhZguy169CVw_LjL_Q2zwi1N828v2BEsgu9CiaRyAxp-9Jm5kyV9Inmdph1xE/s45/link.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="image of link" border="0" data-original-height="45" data-original-width="41" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvtdgw3CzOmqwRq-NYAPrnUPF0larJ22PXkKqdcBkO-pLmHUfRuSUEYNjGM4sWxTyug9YKwr3tpYBjggYhZguy169CVw_LjL_Q2zwi1N828v2BEsgu9CiaRyAxp-9Jm5kyV9Inmdph1xE/s16000/link.jpg" title="link image" /></a><span>next to scientific samples. </span></span></div></div><div><font size="5"><br /></font></div><div><font size="5"><br /></font></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font>You will see </font><span>an envelope</span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyqEOUptSefm9loJpH2uPl7H7n9xyAPZaEWFid1u3HGp10USMspRPtU89K0bR8fir9yUcTFXXLsFyBb_t6_9hy-nWkhz89EsXxEDOo5A1xBF1PR43MXfbYy7wvIM27paX-2fj2IHXPTYg/s51/envelope.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Private message envelope" border="0" data-original-height="41" data-original-width="51" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyqEOUptSefm9loJpH2uPl7H7n9xyAPZaEWFid1u3HGp10USMspRPtU89K0bR8fir9yUcTFXXLsFyBb_t6_9hy-nWkhz89EsXxEDOo5A1xBF1PR43MXfbYy7wvIM27paX-2fj2IHXPTYg/s16000/envelope.jpg" title="Private Message envelope" /></a><span>next to individual samples.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">In the above list of matches, the first match is from an individual submitter. We know this because the sample begins with YF. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Unfortunately, this person did not include any information about the maternal origins. You can click the PM envelope to contact this person.</span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: large;">When you click the PM envelope, you will see something like this:</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span><font size="5"><br /></font></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="YFull Private Message screen" border="0" data-original-height="332" data-original-width="617" height="344" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWtycAE1xgbbrbkmaZz1Cfa5UxYctFs8V1Ou7gppT3AlD-gST6_gxwz4QI8wGDrTUQXQHGbOwz7tiusPLLLgtl0Em0Oc5Dfwk60SzdX2RyAZdGRblLcsZc_ENDwub1A0cXoPZES2UvRcs/w640-h344/PM.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="YFull Private Messaging" width="640" /></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Send Private Message (PM)</span><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWtycAE1xgbbrbkmaZz1Cfa5UxYctFs8V1Ou7gppT3AlD-gST6_gxwz4QI8wGDrTUQXQHGbOwz7tiusPLLLgtl0Em0Oc5Dfwk60SzdX2RyAZdGRblLcsZc_ENDwub1A0cXoPZES2UvRcs/s1600/PM.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><font size="5"></font></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: large;">Again, in the above match list, the scientific samples both have countries of origin, and one of them is from an ancient sample.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: large;">An ancient sample sounds fascinating. If you click the link next to the scientific sample ID MF498722.1, it takes you to the GenBank record. Below is the first part of it.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: large;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSxGfHFNArtqhJf9bjSV8qBCVZdjOWWfqtD2_euan40vHnaMQUCrPHXjzRhlXhTL4vl2pPWtGcD_DJqFUmlCvJ-SBkyLlsBeoEsMaERg__k1tUB4aRuX6bM7wqnpEzFFELe0AoRH4HPP0/s989/genbank.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="GenBank record" border="0" data-original-height="714" data-original-width="989" height="462" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSxGfHFNArtqhJf9bjSV8qBCVZdjOWWfqtD2_euan40vHnaMQUCrPHXjzRhlXhTL4vl2pPWtGcD_DJqFUmlCvJ-SBkyLlsBeoEsMaERg__k1tUB4aRuX6bM7wqnpEzFFELe0AoRH4HPP0/w640-h462/genbank.jpg" title="GenBank record" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">GenBank record</span></td></tr></tbody></table></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">To me, the most interesting piece of information is where to find more about the study of this sample.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">The GenBank record shows the name of the article in which this sample appeared: "Female exogamy and gene pool diversification at the transition from the Final Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age in central Europe."</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">How do you find this article?</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">YFull has a list of mitochondrial DNA articles for samples found in their database. Enter the sample ID into the <a href="https://www.yfull.com/paper/search/" target="_blank">YFull Paper Search</a>.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">The link to the article will appear below the search box.</span></div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><font size="5"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPGhcaUzczsllD93TfBgrSA5AclVBgxThUYMeAmZfy-NP7WU33d4Tq8bf50PTmjLq9XWee-uC28o4YqJRr9eTaa6tSl2K3XA-uhU35Bwg-DfREa7hxjdE29_XanuX9ZRDwnN2ZWn83YdI/s946/scientific+paper.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="YFull paper search" border="0" data-original-height="254" data-original-width="946" height="172" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPGhcaUzczsllD93TfBgrSA5AclVBgxThUYMeAmZfy-NP7WU33d4Tq8bf50PTmjLq9XWee-uC28o4YqJRr9eTaa6tSl2K3XA-uhU35Bwg-DfREa7hxjdE29_XanuX9ZRDwnN2ZWn83YdI/w640-h172/scientific+paper.jpg" title="YFull paper search" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">YFull Paper Search</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span><br /></span></font></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Click the name of the article to see an abstract and find how to access the full Article. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0EYZesqwr1c3o18mtYuDhbHecsOX4vPq2C-chyphenhyphenqWdAlq2exagC29WREmHkDWudcw_gw2zz_-RIGU9funVpzMpKDU8SruY7HVJbGRWP8SuDoqsMcAtF8s2PrvFfchbuAVAGR7Y3mYf_D4/s1358/artlcle.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Scientific article" border="0" data-original-height="798" data-original-width="1358" height="376" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0EYZesqwr1c3o18mtYuDhbHecsOX4vPq2C-chyphenhyphenqWdAlq2exagC29WREmHkDWudcw_gw2zz_-RIGU9funVpzMpKDU8SruY7HVJbGRWP8SuDoqsMcAtF8s2PrvFfchbuAVAGR7Y3mYf_D4/w640-h376/artlcle.jpg" title="Scientific article" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Scientific article</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">In the YFull Paper Search, you not only see the name of the article, but there is also a link to the samples. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxvrGfwUwXrLT4HAthYCATu63Jl8armtQwWhcRjRKX11geEOmgPgLOy05YfVU5zDkZVOSj3M0TFd4VEwJIvUjeeA6doIjmjF2c-Sl6TENyWN62tKroD5rxWp4oS8sfj1XnFdK46hHXkGA/s100/samples.jpg"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="link to samples" border="0" data-original-height="29" data-original-width="100" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxvrGfwUwXrLT4HAthYCATu63Jl8armtQwWhcRjRKX11geEOmgPgLOy05YfVU5zDkZVOSj3M0TFd4VEwJIvUjeeA6doIjmjF2c-Sl6TENyWN62tKroD5rxWp4oS8sfj1XnFdK46hHXkGA/s16000/samples.jpg" title="link to samples" /></span></a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Here is a partial list of the samples:</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="List of samples from scientific article" border="0" data-original-height="443" data-original-width="1361" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxn1GOPoAXfHrHSqUb9i6fLGjYvxtf-jWuhq81-Wn0WiuX0ezpWXVTNKH77D3Av4VTG1WoQMde0KQmy4y5Y2v_fe06QjX8LeFmYj0H53WMGHLaYsi6G0Yq3-vkhtKpFynfHYlSWa2ciSg/w640-h208/scientific+samples.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="YFull samples" width="640" /></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">List of YFull samples from scientific study</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxn1GOPoAXfHrHSqUb9i6fLGjYvxtf-jWuhq81-Wn0WiuX0ezpWXVTNKH77D3Av4VTG1WoQMde0KQmy4y5Y2v_fe06QjX8LeFmYj0H53WMGHLaYsi6G0Yq3-vkhtKpFynfHYlSWa2ciSg/s1361/scientific+samples.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><span>Notice that the scientific study did not list the location of all samples, but it did for sample MF498722.1.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Although the mitochondrial DNA match list gives the country of origin as Germany, this list tells us more specific information. The sample came from the region of Bavaria.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Let's look at the Mt matches for another sample.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1x7JYJPHNKKQ__vF4Bb82cAdvr4VmPVcGR-XUH1qCrKvZ3RYzq0Op3YA2Yt7wdj6RtcLV6itCglmUAEbcAB01yCgvAW_TnFieV8OyCYiON8eNpOg2g5cOiP3kbfa80J2PcJnaoh6l5qE/s199/mt+matches.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Link to Mt matches" border="0" data-original-height="199" data-original-width="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1x7JYJPHNKKQ__vF4Bb82cAdvr4VmPVcGR-XUH1qCrKvZ3RYzq0Op3YA2Yt7wdj6RtcLV6itCglmUAEbcAB01yCgvAW_TnFieV8OyCYiON8eNpOg2g5cOiP3kbfa80J2PcJnaoh6l5qE/s16000/mt+matches.jpg" title="Mt matches" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Mt matches</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Here is the partial list of matches for another person:</span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><font><div><div style="font-size: x-large;"><font><br /></font></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-size: x-large; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM6vTFUDmcyUtmwsFr1cmwHZzCsaUN5oHoJvR8he-6O2scMtp8StO1feT4Jt0K4uBoDRxjyAUyP9hY78QZQCTXBNvQIYwH5MHXglc_162EjUZBnrffQbobBcxzn_6OjPyP_Vo-UVhH_bQ/s1564/yfull+matches.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="mtDNA match list with ancestral information" border="0" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="1564" height="114" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM6vTFUDmcyUtmwsFr1cmwHZzCsaUN5oHoJvR8he-6O2scMtp8StO1feT4Jt0K4uBoDRxjyAUyP9hY78QZQCTXBNvQIYwH5MHXglc_162EjUZBnrffQbobBcxzn_6OjPyP_Vo-UVhH_bQ/w640-h114/yfull+matches.jpg" title="mtDNA match list with named ancestor" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">mtDNA match list</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">In this case the first line is from an individual submitter. This person entered information about the most distant ancestor in the maternal line. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Two scientific samples have countries of origin, and one does not.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>YFull mtDNA Groups</b></span></div></div><div><br /></div></font><font size="5"><br /></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">Your match list does not let you compare mutations between you and your matches. For that you will need to join a YFull mtDNA group.</span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">So now we get to the best part -- YFull mtDNA groups.</span></font></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Mitochondrial DNA groups" border="0" data-original-height="428" data-original-width="238" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFiKFJIa-p-7-DOHTvkHe6rOT4yRqAv80ZSdywwb1hCodYeR4C0ya812_ZI-V9jVyaTYWOlcmK9wtOGm9ZNPjxk0dd7UOTcDoTT5sQIqBweCd99_PxhPBcAOmQ-La4TVde6shVQ7iSpMU/w178-h320/Groups+mt.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Mitochondrial DNA groups" width="178" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Groups|Mt</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFiKFJIa-p-7-DOHTvkHe6rOT4yRqAv80ZSdywwb1hCodYeR4C0ya812_ZI-V9jVyaTYWOlcmK9wtOGm9ZNPjxk0dd7UOTcDoTT5sQIqBweCd99_PxhPBcAOmQ-La4TVde6shVQ7iSpMU/s428/Groups+mt.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Mitochondrial DNA comparisons</b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">After you click on Groups | Mt, you will see a list of groups. After you join a group, you will be able to make great comparisons.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">To see the mtDNA comparison report for your group, go to Mt-Results, and click on MReport.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="MReport for match comparisons" border="0" data-original-height="188" data-original-width="795" height="152" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHzT0RWiFsyEeSGzvmmlQ4Fsp9XgpXsMyEMkqPILKC5pB9LtH5QSY_zRqHSOgXqhUVff0UVUBIdOsRF6rkH-c0JTZWJTasRg02zb-jxJF7eqg2xwEqGE9cwxDX9_BPIljxiPy1OvA1Dug/w640-h152/MReport+menu.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Click MReport" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">MReport for match comparisons</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHzT0RWiFsyEeSGzvmmlQ4Fsp9XgpXsMyEMkqPILKC5pB9LtH5QSY_zRqHSOgXqhUVff0UVUBIdOsRF6rkH-c0JTZWJTasRg02zb-jxJF7eqg2xwEqGE9cwxDX9_BPIljxiPy1OvA1Dug/s795/MReport+menu.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Here are the first three samples from page 3 of the mtDNA group for haplogroup H1j:</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="matches on MReport" border="0" data-original-height="211" data-original-width="1370" height="98" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeeAlXEAaHzt-09NU8JWL5v0qA1EjJlqUZsoWeVJXwhOeEK0gM4N2nZNeC2O1XiakRCI-CkZW3BJH_3wIjRhwe9jZIX1qgSVkAKvQ_5noYU3779QLBhsdtwQi20jH1SSjuCRxAgwu-KgU/w640-h98/H1j.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Match comparison" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Matches on MReport</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeeAlXEAaHzt-09NU8JWL5v0qA1EjJlqUZsoWeVJXwhOeEK0gM4N2nZNeC2O1XiakRCI-CkZW3BJH_3wIjRhwe9jZIX1qgSVkAKvQ_5noYU3779QLBhsdtwQi20jH1SSjuCRxAgwu-KgU/s1370/H1j.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">What you don't see on the MReport</span></b></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Because of privacy concerns, I think it's important to address what you DON'T see on the MReport before we get to what you DO see.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">First, you will not see any names. There is no identifying information of any kind, either in the match list or in the mtDNA groups. Your DNA sample will be identified only by your YFull ID number.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Most Distant Ancestor column is not displayed in mtDNA groups. This is because, unlike in Y-DNA groups where men can have the same surname for multiple generations, the surname in a mtDNA group only represents one generation of the ancestry.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">You can see the name of the most distant ancestor in your match list and on the maps [shown below] but it is not displayed in the MReport. </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">So, for any close match, compare the ID number in the group results with the ID number on your match list to find information about the most distant ancestor. If there is no information about the most distant maternal ancestor contact the match using the PM envelope.</span></font></div><div><font><br /><span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Here's what you see on the MReport</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">The MReport has the following columns</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: large;">The YFull ID</span></li><li><span style="font-size: large;">The PM column</span></li><li><span style="font-size: large;">The country and region of origin</span></li><li><span style="font-size: large;">The haplogroup</span></li><li><span style="font-size: large;">The list of mutations that are on the YFull Mitochondrial tree in the approximate order in which the mutations occurred</span></li><li><span style="font-size: large;">The mutations that are not yet on the tree (shown to the right in blue)</span></li></ul><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">In YFull mtDNA groups the complete sequence is compared, but only the mutations relevant to the haplogroup are displayed.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Some mutations are not on the YFull tree because there aren't enough closely-matching samples in that subclade to determine the order of the mutations.</span></div></div></span></font></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><font><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-size: x-large; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAxFflhUWyL91025wb_qF3cc9-RRrJSRLMworfCEAczKKjEp7BTpFYGSi0kT5j0ZNLgeU_-i06LS2DFbEINX2wMrDG1z_Z7rvs5QCE-qor_9LEaje0V-uc5DuUV51c_zXf5eVi0h27Md4/s1370/H1j.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="one mutation not on YFull MTree" border="0" data-original-height="211" data-original-width="1370" height="98" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAxFflhUWyL91025wb_qF3cc9-RRrJSRLMworfCEAczKKjEp7BTpFYGSi0kT5j0ZNLgeU_-i06LS2DFbEINX2wMrDG1z_Z7rvs5QCE-qor_9LEaje0V-uc5DuUV51c_zXf5eVi0h27Md4/w640-h98/H1j.jpg" title="one mutation not on YFull MTree" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mutations on MTree and those not yet on MTree</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-size: large;">The second sample above has one mutation that has not yet been placed on the YFull mtDNA tree.</span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div style="text-align: center;"><font><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Search for mutations</b></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></font></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">You can search for a mutation to see if any samples in your group have the mutation. There are two ways to do this:</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">1. Search by position. Here you enter only the position, not any mutations. We are searching for position 3744.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Position search results show mutations for samples" border="0" data-original-height="726" data-original-width="652" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNomQ6JoTX2F9IoVcrLk8xkWtY3DaFr8pULXLg2UOVzTcbxaJ7faRj-PQtnwedEpWtsbM6CIqk4qL3MDMyATm14KVTNGfIh_bJFWX_BW3XEPm7ipiHnJv5no2M66jkWaN78sbziQeuoHc/w574-h640/position+search.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Results show all samples" width="574" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Position-search results</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNomQ6JoTX2F9IoVcrLk8xkWtY3DaFr8pULXLg2UOVzTcbxaJ7faRj-PQtnwedEpWtsbM6CIqk4qL3MDMyATm14KVTNGfIh_bJFWX_BW3XEPm7ipiHnJv5no2M66jkWaN78sbziQeuoHc/s726/position+search.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">In the example above we see that the samples within haplogroup M8a1b have the mutation G at this position, and others do not.</span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">2. You can also search for a position or a particular mutation in the group MTree.</span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguh1yU5T-KDMeTEbJg08GFE9MSrCyEkDp2M5OiC7AIl-PXEah5FO4qeDuboN_-6uPXfoPClJxs_g2u8-0Bh_UHDI7jEx2XVsPbcs1ew7FtvEoIKcl3WRiGHsiLpTrdpUDV2pdnmDa5t30/s389/MTree+group+link.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Link to group MTree" border="0" data-original-height="159" data-original-width="389" height="164" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguh1yU5T-KDMeTEbJg08GFE9MSrCyEkDp2M5OiC7AIl-PXEah5FO4qeDuboN_-6uPXfoPClJxs_g2u8-0Bh_UHDI7jEx2XVsPbcs1ew7FtvEoIKcl3WRiGHsiLpTrdpUDV2pdnmDa5t30/w400-h164/MTree+group+link.jpg" title="Link to group MTree" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Link to Group MTree</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></font></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">The group MTree shows only the samples that have been added to your group. You can compare your group MTree to the official YFull MTree to see if your group is missing any samples. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Here's how the group MTree appears before you search for a mutation:</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Group MTree" border="0" data-original-height="751" data-original-width="560" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiit3i90EKJN2DMI-syQUh_yL7bw-nrqtnjBXdpVdzBMxjkvAbY_6Py5FlSB1i6BM_f9Gb8bN2jFwkw-TKG0xIZHW054foVvYhOkFpfSWpNHWiJR40LjAMwQkVkON1peHCvXbzMSKrL16A/w478-h640/Mtree+in+group.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Group MTree" width="478" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Group MTree</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiit3i90EKJN2DMI-syQUh_yL7bw-nrqtnjBXdpVdzBMxjkvAbY_6Py5FlSB1i6BM_f9Gb8bN2jFwkw-TKG0xIZHW054foVvYhOkFpfSWpNHWiJR40LjAMwQkVkON1peHCvXbzMSKrL16A/s751/Mtree+in+group.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br />Now I will search for a mutation that everybody in haplogroup U5 should have. This mutation is not listed on the group MReport because it occurred before haplogroup U5b1c was formed.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="List of samples with positive mutations" border="0" data-original-height="755" data-original-width="549" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipju4h9kuHir1cEvgm_b0GR_c5D_56SXhvEaiTV0bb2awI5lM9-Fc_W-L2X4FAT3atgDJSbIbqDKn80irmYVn8gFKsLmDjr-Spad68VVPjepdOOWhowoBGwptT9S0prkcq_tB5ia1UKWc/w466-h640/positive+mutation.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="These samples are positive for that mutation" width="466" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">List of positive mutations</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipju4h9kuHir1cEvgm_b0GR_c5D_56SXhvEaiTV0bb2awI5lM9-Fc_W-L2X4FAT3atgDJSbIbqDKn80irmYVn8gFKsLmDjr-Spad68VVPjepdOOWhowoBGwptT9S0prkcq_tB5ia1UKWc/s755/positive+mutation.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br />The screen shows that everybody in the group has that mutation.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Now let's search for a mutation that only some people will have:</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYUHB3M_aQ4cJvi8Ve63sG27fBsIZVQdiymjwzHgAgRTvV89OzSc-6_IbugNh2A9-BSGOvldyETaXxJTVgpandtPY4ANFfyn__Mg9z1dF_oh9Z15sFSMjSFAVNM33VqaDi59uJ6ljPmQk/s823/mutation+search.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="positive and negative mutation results" border="0" data-original-height="823" data-original-width="470" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYUHB3M_aQ4cJvi8Ve63sG27fBsIZVQdiymjwzHgAgRTvV89OzSc-6_IbugNh2A9-BSGOvldyETaXxJTVgpandtPY4ANFfyn__Mg9z1dF_oh9Z15sFSMjSFAVNM33VqaDi59uJ6ljPmQk/w366-h640/mutation+search.jpg" title="Positive and negative mutation results" width="366" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Search for mutation</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">In this example, only people in subclade M8a1b have the A3744G mutation.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><font size="5"><span><br /></span></font></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>The list of mutations on the MReports will be different in other groups</b></span></div></div><div><font><span><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></font></div><div><font><span><span style="font-size: large;">At YFull there is a U5 group as well as a U5b1c group. U5b1c is a subclade of haplogroup U5. The display of mutations on the MReport of the two groups is different. </span></span></font></div><div><font><span><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></font></div><div><font><span><span style="font-size: large;">The mutations in the U5 group include only those that occurred within haplogroup U5. More ancient mutations are not included.</span></span></font></div><div><font><span><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></font></div><div><font><span><span style="font-size: large;">Here is the list of mutations from a scientific sample in the U5 mtDNA group:</span></span></font></div><div><br /></div><div><font size="5"><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia0IvFXswTZ7e3eb2bdmd1EbkChR4wEGEMAWXbWBCcGqqNZynVyriZlvw75FyoE8uOKPZOrcq2IIzwz1_MC6ysN8I19g2koZyqnoheRaJzmJVvJPt928VC4SYn8ZCoJadUPicEVoFh-34/s910/U5.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="U5 mtDNA mutation list" border="0" data-original-height="30" data-original-width="910" height="21" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia0IvFXswTZ7e3eb2bdmd1EbkChR4wEGEMAWXbWBCcGqqNZynVyriZlvw75FyoE8uOKPZOrcq2IIzwz1_MC6ysN8I19g2koZyqnoheRaJzmJVvJPt928VC4SYn8ZCoJadUPicEVoFh-34/w640-h21/U5.jpg" title="Display of mutations in YFull U5 group" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">List of mutations in YFull U5 mtDNA group</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></font></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font>The same sample shows fewer mutations in the U5b1c group. Mutations that occurred when Haplogroup U5b1c was formed, or before, are not listed. </font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font>Here we can focus on only the mutations that are relevant to this subclade.</font><span> </span></span></div><div><font size="5"><br /></font></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMEhZKbd4Rs9fWguIzriDt3N_612Q3Tt_QuUB7_ib-wLV4ZY7h5ugQSLRIe2i3hn8MljWHudhPZIaBw1jXQRCVUMADn9d_tgsul2K6B0ps1tZAthbdkdwOeIWlSb0EdLXLnukULnEtOYc/s907/U5b1c.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="U5b1c mutations" border="0" data-original-height="30" data-original-width="907" height="21" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMEhZKbd4Rs9fWguIzriDt3N_612Q3Tt_QuUB7_ib-wLV4ZY7h5ugQSLRIe2i3hn8MljWHudhPZIaBw1jXQRCVUMADn9d_tgsul2K6B0ps1tZAthbdkdwOeIWlSb0EdLXLnukULnEtOYc/w640-h21/U5b1c.jpg" title="Display of mutations in YFull U5b1c group" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">List of mutations in YFull U5b1c mtDNA group</span></td></tr></tbody></table><font size="5"><br /></font><div style="text-align: center;"><span><b><font size="5"><br /></font></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><div style="text-align: center;"><b>More information about scientific samples</b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">You can find much more information about scientific samples besides the name of the scientific article. For example, most of the ID numbers end in .1. If you see an ID number like AY519497.2, you may wonder why does it end in ".2"?</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><span style="text-align: left;"><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Scientific sample revision" border="0" data-original-height="28" data-original-width="88" height="101" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ_IKDyuDA9R5VP69111CvldjctGhYEofwjsN5iEdS0fu1HTsW2KkE01QvkWV4T-hQC_U2RVpyVgRaQFLi7Ly4ZIqG6jqAFFbUqc1u7uxquK6pmv9t-vRJryZLFtA8mm1ziJ3r415gFB8/w320-h101/point2+sample.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Revised scientific sample" width="320" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">YFull Scientific sample ID</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ_IKDyuDA9R5VP69111CvldjctGhYEofwjsN5iEdS0fu1HTsW2KkE01QvkWV4T-hQC_U2RVpyVgRaQFLi7Ly4ZIqG6jqAFFbUqc1u7uxquK6pmv9t-vRJryZLFtA8mm1ziJ3r415gFB8/s1600/point2+sample.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><font></font></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><font><br /></font></div><div><font>The arrow in the above image has now been changed to a link. Click the link, and you will be taken to the GenBank entry.</font></div><div><font><span><br /></span></font></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Scientific sample revision in GenBank" border="0" data-original-height="83" data-original-width="563" height="94" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJVyrCkUPl2dsHBj7u4KzJp2Raz0_1EXSBTBL5_mVlyuDrtMAJQwvF-gumFYurwnbOcWWz_4X4vv0VxaKAReFrYDYOK_zUl1Hr-EjWlPhrACG42H_DNewF1jdMImYaxFR1JHJ9KAVZyEA/w640-h94/mtDNA+version.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Revised GenBank entry" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Scientific sample revision</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div><font><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJVyrCkUPl2dsHBj7u4KzJp2Raz0_1EXSBTBL5_mVlyuDrtMAJQwvF-gumFYurwnbOcWWz_4X4vv0VxaKAReFrYDYOK_zUl1Hr-EjWlPhrACG42H_DNewF1jdMImYaxFR1JHJ9KAVZyEA/s1600/mtDNA+version.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><font></font></a></span></font></div></span><span style="text-align: left;"></span><span style="text-align: left;"><div><br /></div><div><font><span>As you can see, the ".2" is a revised version of a sample that was previously named AY519497.1.</span></font></div><div><font><span><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span>Here's another question. Sample DQ489511.1 appears in the U5 group under the subclade U5b2b3-a1b, but it is missing mutations that are shared by others within that haplogroup.</span></font></div><div><font><span><br /></span></font></div><div><font><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0O5vEweU6LDEXqEYg72YbF1C19G3diY3opyrV0MNiY9IUsIJADcVuICZfyFbDBn-pSUzN2SNCWcIvbxbjkWnb4q6DuIMcTcGytkvDBYCZldtOXW_W3lwuDEHw9Cl1vdhSFIqAloJQUdE/s568/missing+mutations.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="sample with missing mutations" border="0" data-original-height="92" data-original-width="568" height="104" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0O5vEweU6LDEXqEYg72YbF1C19G3diY3opyrV0MNiY9IUsIJADcVuICZfyFbDBn-pSUzN2SNCWcIvbxbjkWnb4q6DuIMcTcGytkvDBYCZldtOXW_W3lwuDEHw9Cl1vdhSFIqAloJQUdE/w640-h104/missing+mutations.jpg" title="Click link to find more information" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">ID with missing mutations</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></font></div><div><font><span>Click the link next to the ID number, and the GenBank entry reveals why this sample is missing some mutations:</span></font></div><div><font><span><br /></span></font></div><div><font><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Partial mtDNA genome" border="0" data-original-height="54" data-original-width="670" height="52" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5nvlfpnAPBjzfxnYk0FN1TAQ8DuFBL_z6cgz6MBfpZXsO7F3enMCb0RFpHNWXiOHDEXOaIlNxnEi50AKhvaeVdKZZnVcG6yC7L8QmgyONxbKwINfeZHd9VF6MlMyqrjyvbNo7kdJIqio/w640-h52/partial+genome.jpg" title="GenBank incomplete mtDNA sequence" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Partial Genome in GenBank</span></td></tr></tbody></table></font></div><div><font><span><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span>The test for this sample was only a partial genome. Perhaps someday it can be upgraded to version ".2"!</span></font></div><div><font><span><br /></span></font></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b>Ancestral origins from scientific samples</b></div><div><br /></div><div>It is fascinating to see how the scientific samples contribute to our understanding of our ancestral origins. Here is a portion of the U5a1b1h haplogroup at YFull:</div></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="samples with Scandinavian origin" border="0" data-original-height="411" data-original-width="443" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjof8yRHDqMFJQt8-z71ZhISfPyM4SjaPZa9up8WlK_E9qZkKtbqdKr8nKkJIksuOnyN6qmXb_oGL9BkeJEpfBAI_2VGAp-h9_DzWKNq5qobHX4idViedPui6F6p1xSuwOBv3LLEMeZhz4/w320-h297/scandinavia.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Countries of origin" width="320" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Scandinavian origins</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjof8yRHDqMFJQt8-z71ZhISfPyM4SjaPZa9up8WlK_E9qZkKtbqdKr8nKkJIksuOnyN6qmXb_oGL9BkeJEpfBAI_2VGAp-h9_DzWKNq5qobHX4idViedPui6F6p1xSuwOBv3LLEMeZhz4/s443/scandinavia.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a></div><span style="font-size: large;"><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font>They are from individual submissions and from different scientific studies. They are all from the same region.<br /></font><br />Here is the U5b1b1b group. They are from a completely different part of the world:</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="samples with African origin" border="0" data-original-height="418" data-original-width="472" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXUzDDHJJ6YpSEqnPHa3FT8FjIxc66ca_sSuEl3LnmeqKpoHgcFRATNJ5P9vgl2GNicXFLYbVXGYBoRdgPvSmG_n2iSa3JekraojkphZlvx1bI5tX56YU8VbbAG1RH4Rqp80brUsDvWjU/w320-h283/africa.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="MtDNA countries of origin" width="320" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Countries of origin</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXUzDDHJJ6YpSEqnPHa3FT8FjIxc66ca_sSuEl3LnmeqKpoHgcFRATNJ5P9vgl2GNicXFLYbVXGYBoRdgPvSmG_n2iSa3JekraojkphZlvx1bI5tX56YU8VbbAG1RH4Rqp80brUsDvWjU/s472/africa.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a></div><div><font><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">And here's a third subclade of haplogroup U5 that is more diverse:</span></font></div><div><font size="5"><br /></font></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="diverse countries of origin" border="0" data-original-height="507" data-original-width="462" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiOGJZcxWF4OkVmPoDbByU3konkstcQzYVsxjBVuqbP3dgjKDOkitcLG7of5gW7PjD2oRVWqeDrfDsEfWqQ_LnKr1g_cR9YN-eNFwrIpkCGGFH_qE8DlppF1xSTZOz8JSsemfbpYIrfPs/w292-h320/spain.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Diverse countries of mtDNA origin" width="292" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Countries of origin</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br />As you can see in the three above images, these haplogroups are all subclades of the larger haplogroup U5. The ancestral origins continue to get more specific in the subclades.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">As more scientific, and especially ancient, samples are entered into the YFull database we may be able to identify mutations with the region where they occurred.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Your results will just keep getting better.</span></div><div><font size="5"><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></font></div><div><span><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">The best feature of YFull mtDNA groups: </span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">mtDNA maps</span></b></div><div style="font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">In addition to being able to compare mutations in mtDNA groups, you can also begin to find common ancestral origins which are displayed in the mtDNA maps.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">To view the map, go to Mt-Results, then click Map. You must select a subgroup, or the map will not display results. For most groups select All.</span></div></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMMauDVb9UXdt9WA3VuKxyjTUbMDOj5JTMcyyrl3nuU_iwp0tm6w0xPVvN0_ay6h5HmCxU5dln5KiIX4f3jM_pj90b1JmF7hy90iBKfZAZNxkU9wRLy52Sze1El9eVQUwm_9cP_eTOFMY/s790/mt+map.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="View YFull mitochondrial DNA map" border="0" data-original-height="367" data-original-width="790" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMMauDVb9UXdt9WA3VuKxyjTUbMDOj5JTMcyyrl3nuU_iwp0tm6w0xPVvN0_ay6h5HmCxU5dln5KiIX4f3jM_pj90b1JmF7hy90iBKfZAZNxkU9wRLy52Sze1El9eVQUwm_9cP_eTOFMY/w640-h298/mt+map.jpg" title="View mitochondrial DNA mp" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Click Map, then select All</span></td></tr></tbody></table></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: large;">When the map is displayed, zoom in to focus on your region of interest. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: large;">Notice that the map displays in the native characters and language of each country. The pin below is from a region near the border of Russia and China. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaDKeznnaI9uqe2jIhsLSwXFP_627WKz0RAXWRe795GEpnno5pQrp1iWKbQCudsyLtDgOTT1oRSLyXrWT0czTa_tU1Oyi9gqhlw_RvwZTEIpGvtsb9pw61sekz1O0SXXTPQNzbOcGZulo/s630/m8a+map+2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="YFull map with haplogroup display" border="0" data-original-height="630" data-original-width="498" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaDKeznnaI9uqe2jIhsLSwXFP_627WKz0RAXWRe795GEpnno5pQrp1iWKbQCudsyLtDgOTT1oRSLyXrWT0czTa_tU1Oyi9gqhlw_RvwZTEIpGvtsb9pw61sekz1O0SXXTPQNzbOcGZulo/w506-h640/m8a+map+2.jpg" title="YFull map with YFull ID and haplogroup" width="506" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">YFull mtDNA map with YFull ID and haplogroup</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><span><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: large;">When you click on the pin you can see the YFull ID number and the haplogroup. This RISE601 is a scientific sample.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: large;">Even better, if you have entered the coordinates and the name and place of your maternal ancestor, it will display on the map. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: large;">In this case, all that was known about the ancestor was that her surname was Wang, and her place of birth was Linzi in the province of Shandong.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL8ajMyzKpt3dxgwOQUgmNb4X1u1vL79n-EEQg8p_XqCQUlLI5QCS3-1GQ2xf7EGCUymUwmrTu5iBys_S3x20VjHCzlL9hWk3HD4TrkwAiZk6PT613gc7gBhwEiZSNjMq9WK8SU6oudIY/s532/m8a+map1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="YFull map with ancestral location" border="0" data-original-height="458" data-original-width="532" height="550" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL8ajMyzKpt3dxgwOQUgmNb4X1u1vL79n-EEQg8p_XqCQUlLI5QCS3-1GQ2xf7EGCUymUwmrTu5iBys_S3x20VjHCzlL9hWk3HD4TrkwAiZk6PT613gc7gBhwEiZSNjMq9WK8SU6oudIY/w640-h550/m8a+map1.jpg" title="YFull mtDNA map with ancestral location" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">YFull mtDNA map with ancestral surname and location</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><span><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: large;">You can see how much better it gets as you add more information about your ancestor:</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfBtFzqPSFCLdPt6G2OX3HVSqgVdjScphCZ2p3CAZKYr7O-T9WXz-ISDe1HLq2J-Kki1Lg3XQWNvIl4tyJ9CbGDIqjHOZqOPJnOzR6N7DWAsmiB1S-1c-qG6HrMmEgnxfZHUf4Hk30AYw/s411/mtDNA+map+4.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="mtDNA map showing names, dates, and places" border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="411" height="584" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfBtFzqPSFCLdPt6G2OX3HVSqgVdjScphCZ2p3CAZKYr7O-T9WXz-ISDe1HLq2J-Kki1Lg3XQWNvIl4tyJ9CbGDIqjHOZqOPJnOzR6N7DWAsmiB1S-1c-qG6HrMmEgnxfZHUf4Hk30AYw/w640-h584/mtDNA+map+4.jpg" title="mtDNA map with ancestral details" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ancestor with names, dates, and places</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br />The field size limits how much you can enter, but you can actually get quite creative:</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKE4Klsh0ecwpTb5-FYMAJADTuUbgIEg681qMdy7ekHXvbLgv2XvKsloWP7HxhbItAwYTVGw3JQjtKP1AoU0sw-JiN8AY21z_7-Q1AN51guzjtL2KaL5FE_4BrfSSwr-UYbNjG3OOEYDU/s432/ancestors+on+map.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Three generations of named ancestors" border="0" data-original-height="160" data-original-width="432" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKE4Klsh0ecwpTb5-FYMAJADTuUbgIEg681qMdy7ekHXvbLgv2XvKsloWP7HxhbItAwYTVGw3JQjtKP1AoU0sw-JiN8AY21z_7-Q1AN51guzjtL2KaL5FE_4BrfSSwr-UYbNjG3OOEYDU/w640-h238/ancestors+on+map.jpg" title="Three generations of named ancestors" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Three generations of ancestors on map</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: large;">Now imagine how great this will be when everybody does this! Scientific samples as well as individual submissions are in</span><span style="font-size: large;">cluded in </span><span style="font-size: large;">the map.</span></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>How to start a mtDNA group at YFull</b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">What do you do if there is no mtDNA group for your haplogroup?</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Start one!</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Look at the YFull mtDNA tree, and select a haplogroup that has a manageable number of scientific samples.</span> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Start with your own haplogroup, then scroll up to a larger one if your haplogroup only has a few samples.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">You could also go to the MTree to select a haplogroup:</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_Ds19gfmV5pPoi0botgz13YY_CSKn_iktozfIFbye4mBfiXPKVYBL20MQ7PJ3mmWu1jGoBpIFloEDrXJxU61nyDgPv_pFXE1Z5T8EuaM-PqZd_rLUGZjo5F4fj1e4U9qqtDm3gnjC-l8/s587/mtree+link.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Link to M Tree" border="0" data-original-height="587" data-original-width="235" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_Ds19gfmV5pPoi0botgz13YY_CSKn_iktozfIFbye4mBfiXPKVYBL20MQ7PJ3mmWu1jGoBpIFloEDrXJxU61nyDgPv_pFXE1Z5T8EuaM-PqZd_rLUGZjo5F4fj1e4U9qqtDm3gnjC-l8/w160-h400/mtree+link.jpg" title="Link to MTree" width="160" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Click MTree</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><span><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">It can be difficult to find a haplogroup by scrolling down the online MTree because some of the grouping seems completely illogical. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Look at the example below:</span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPEG-0vm2UeLaK2l9Y22xTzMHwZt6s3MahbBQDb3OV0LkoY9u_HmAo_JdIZYR-XGrfwvJGHVWlDWw9VdL_X1liMn-_ySyNMLZo5ewJU62zlglNfe8bgxrs-goJkM3lGFJIXpFT5lXlbvg/s158/M8.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="157" data-original-width="158" height="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPEG-0vm2UeLaK2l9Y22xTzMHwZt6s3MahbBQDb3OV0LkoY9u_HmAo_JdIZYR-XGrfwvJGHVWlDWw9VdL_X1liMn-_ySyNMLZo5ewJU62zlglNfe8bgxrs-goJkM3lGFJIXpFT5lXlbvg/w320-h318/M8.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Subclades of haplogroup M8</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><div><span style="font-size: large;">Why are haplogroups CZ, C, and Z listed as subclades of haplogroup M8? We would expect M8a, M8b, etc. but not C and Z!</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">This happens because haplogroups are named when they are found. Later someone discovers that the haplogroup belongs somewhere else in the mitochondrial DNA tree.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">For example, haplogroup C was named before haplogroup M8, and it was later discovered that haplogroup C was actually a subgroup of haplogroup M8. Haplogroup C retained its original name, but it is now placed under M8.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">In another example, haplogroup K is a subgroup of haplogroup U8b.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">For these reasons it is often easier to navigate to your haplogroup by clicking "Hg and SNPs" rather than scrolling through the MTree.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">When you choose a haplogroup name for your new group, try to select the largest subclade that is reasonable for you. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">You don't want to have to add 10,000 scientific samples to your group, but you also don't want a group that has only 5 samples because you won't have much to compare.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">For example if your haplogroup is K2b1a1a1, you might not want to start a group for haplogroup K because it's a large group.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">On the other hand, if you think that K2 or K2b would be a reasonably-sized group for you, send a message to YFull stating something like, "I would like to start a mtDNA group for haplogroup K2." </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Your new group will be quickly formed. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><b><span style="font-size: large;">Group administrator options</span></b></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><div>If you are not a group administrator you will see the following options in mtDNA groups:</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsL7mi3_FnGdT2S6YqaobfV2kSyGzLQVqI4-pCfWIa0-iQWrknVTZuuAvBuRGFWQ310Z4Aj9u09Mgzgwdogxi32vNP1vYQwW-DH-3wrgFlpG32YmJfN16hgk6LJSHrwaWc2YvkPStMKu4/s751/group+options.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="YFull group menu" border="0" data-original-height="39" data-original-width="751" height="34" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsL7mi3_FnGdT2S6YqaobfV2kSyGzLQVqI4-pCfWIa0-iQWrknVTZuuAvBuRGFWQ310Z4Aj9u09Mgzgwdogxi32vNP1vYQwW-DH-3wrgFlpG32YmJfN16hgk6LJSHrwaWc2YvkPStMKu4/w640-h34/group+options.jpg" title="YFull group menu" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Group options</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>If you are an administrator you will see an additional tab called GAP for the Group Administrator.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKD_dCBhD0nYrDdwLH-q-X2obxhxa4yYPLRrQpO8NW6MU00gsTsIpsM9n4a17aZ6f5R9enn1gUuLQehkUbsURth1B0KYYi3AkwFWtszF3gygYLmrrKYbznfQelogE89kasz8PPfRFMKhU/s748/GAP.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Group administrator menu" border="0" data-original-height="37" data-original-width="748" height="32" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKD_dCBhD0nYrDdwLH-q-X2obxhxa4yYPLRrQpO8NW6MU00gsTsIpsM9n4a17aZ6f5R9enn1gUuLQehkUbsURth1B0KYYi3AkwFWtszF3gygYLmrrKYbznfQelogE89kasz8PPfRFMKhU/w640-h32/GAP.jpg" title="Group administrator tabs" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Group administrator options</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">The options in the GAP administrator tab are shown below. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">When you start your group you may want to edit the group goals, group news, and group background. You don't need to add any of these, but they are places where you can add value to your group members.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">I am going to edit the group news. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis_Cre4FgXWr2UhK9UAthl2sko_j5dAaxibc92YX9BC4L4TsOI3Rdg70BjL6z_tHMGFqkEm3_6tOrIDbZM_uHljyn00u8246EnW1FEuhmgVEH3sz4LvuUsnuIAoJwzGnAeV9OXxPSPEwo/s399/edit+group+news.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="YFull group administrator menu" border="0" data-original-height="363" data-original-width="399" height="582" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis_Cre4FgXWr2UhK9UAthl2sko_j5dAaxibc92YX9BC4L4TsOI3Rdg70BjL6z_tHMGFqkEm3_6tOrIDbZM_uHljyn00u8246EnW1FEuhmgVEH3sz4LvuUsnuIAoJwzGnAeV9OXxPSPEwo/w640-h582/edit+group+news.jpg" title="YFull GAP menu" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">MtDNA group administrator menu</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Here's how the group news looks now. You can copy this into your own group. Change the name of the haplogroup from HV4 to the name of your haplogroup. Then save.</span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih77sYW5fm2COZNaQR3PU7aoM_K-80kWs_fS52zPftf1KOSUIAXZduywqu0W5kf3ybVbqfyYgutLhGYKD8vkLHxohMVXzjUVZIFMyNvUCVt7Iss-iiedEq3tUuzLeFrHEDyGkAmFreFlo/s576/group+news.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="367" data-original-width="576" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih77sYW5fm2COZNaQR3PU7aoM_K-80kWs_fS52zPftf1KOSUIAXZduywqu0W5kf3ybVbqfyYgutLhGYKD8vkLHxohMVXzjUVZIFMyNvUCVt7Iss-iiedEq3tUuzLeFrHEDyGkAmFreFlo/w640-h408/group+news.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Group news description at YFull</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><span>I administer several mtDNA groups. I guess you could call me an mtDNA freak! I have used all kinds of different descriptions in the "About this group" section. Here's one I used for Group background:</span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8PG90CzPffZJAoN1zxoo_CDMj5gw-RnGVePYekZbYeza3Pm3Vaqdu1nkpsJfzBWJxWKrZS5avN-EVYx4BUH0X38xxxkQIHzaSLhG527mxIoVbnT6pQqRDnYkMHyjhMFX2RWMEN3d6wCo/s584/group+background.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="346" data-original-width="584" height="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8PG90CzPffZJAoN1zxoo_CDMj5gw-RnGVePYekZbYeza3Pm3Vaqdu1nkpsJfzBWJxWKrZS5avN-EVYx4BUH0X38xxxkQIHzaSLhG527mxIoVbnT6pQqRDnYkMHyjhMFX2RWMEN3d6wCo/w640-h380/group+background.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Group background description at YFull</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Again, you can enter any description you want, or even none at all.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><b>How to add the scientific samples</b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span><span style="font-size: large;">The administrator of a YFull group can add sequences from scientific samples to the group. You will be able to instantly compare your results to those of scientific samples.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Click "Add scientific sample".</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwYspnLz8OcEFuqsurkoh0CULWedOKGW1IJmKVqvq_BOXSADp52Y1q6LETGE726lw7jfPzhopGsNlrmqfzTRtAx-XzIAvGzagGMdBBu6eX6lQ5bmtCOhSYwpfnZ0VLR9ozvublDG2_54o/s401/add+scientific+sample.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Add scientific sample to YFull group" border="0" data-original-height="367" data-original-width="401" height="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwYspnLz8OcEFuqsurkoh0CULWedOKGW1IJmKVqvq_BOXSADp52Y1q6LETGE726lw7jfPzhopGsNlrmqfzTRtAx-XzIAvGzagGMdBBu6eX6lQ5bmtCOhSYwpfnZ0VLR9ozvublDG2_54o/w400-h366/add+scientific+sample.jpg" title="Link to add scientific sample" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Add scientific sample to group</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Open the MTree and copy the ID of scientific samples. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6wQQriVvYjrlv03mh5LY5LqYQpztYlGP2gI7n3Af1EKY1uQO26_sOhYlMZswb4QNONbR2nC6R9jN6ZLz-5E0L6v0CBsLSM4vXjCoWmmcD4pfUnhMzy1vd1KTec91ejNBtxC3PeUDHGds/s511/copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="copy ID number from YFull MTree" border="0" data-original-height="323" data-original-width="511" height="405" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6wQQriVvYjrlv03mh5LY5LqYQpztYlGP2gI7n3Af1EKY1uQO26_sOhYlMZswb4QNONbR2nC6R9jN6ZLz-5E0L6v0CBsLSM4vXjCoWmmcD4pfUnhMzy1vd1KTec91ejNBtxC3PeUDHGds/w640-h405/copy.jpg" title="Copy ID number" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Copy ID from Yfull MTree</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-size: large;">Then paste the ID into your group.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br />It is easiest if you have two screens open so that you can copy from the MTree and paste into your group.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Below I have copied and pasted, but have not yet clicked Submit. The screen shows the sample I have just pasted and the one I previously added.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1TEGHY7kbrM3UgtnwRmSxG_L2xQsdN-lTPoj1mo4VUZspnM_wOMU4M0RfLfXcw_6ZYAYDkGhWbfzfiAOwR7m6pe1gIBGD4w5rPAbUjAGeTqaWDuP0vkh-Yeu4cu4JjM4pWBnMUGiBjgU/s1302/paste.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="284" data-original-width="1302" height="140" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1TEGHY7kbrM3UgtnwRmSxG_L2xQsdN-lTPoj1mo4VUZspnM_wOMU4M0RfLfXcw_6ZYAYDkGhWbfzfiAOwR7m6pe1gIBGD4w5rPAbUjAGeTqaWDuP0vkh-Yeu4cu4JjM4pWBnMUGiBjgU/w640-h140/paste.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Two screens open to copy and paste</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-size: large;">Once you have added your scientific samples, you're ready to go! </span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-size: large;">You may want to go to your mtDNA match list and contact your matches using the Private Message Link. Tell them about your new group and invite them to join.</span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-size: large;">mtDNA groups are automatically sorted by haplogroup, so it requires no effort on your part. You can, however, create subgroups.</span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><b><span style="font-size: large;">Reviewing requests to join your group</span></b></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">You will periodically receive an email when a new person wants to join your group. Here is an example of an email. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Email notice of request to join group" border="0" data-original-height="233" data-original-width="685" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFbKSjLSnLC2V9S8G6P5Xyc-H9I0ETKIs-sOHwnWhVYTv8jkM-QkIWt-_voi49OFG8Avd7XSV_0IRtjopPOT7mIaCkY7aUxO9Wvk_MWCwtz73IVnD2ni1Yx_hfEvTOkDKsKsgUCBl2FOM/w640-h218/email.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Email notice of request to join group" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Request to join group</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFbKSjLSnLC2V9S8G6P5Xyc-H9I0ETKIs-sOHwnWhVYTv8jkM-QkIWt-_voi49OFG8Avd7XSV_0IRtjopPOT7mIaCkY7aUxO9Wvk_MWCwtz73IVnD2ni1Yx_hfEvTOkDKsKsgUCBl2FOM/s685/email.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Click the link to see if this person is within your haplogroup. In the image below, I have removed the name and ID.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Review request to join group" border="0" data-original-height="341" data-original-width="972" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFqooXPiPwc1ilV5wPTs5w8q4YzIGLCCvCl1CFsmXwcPcQxZZOLbOuinxets7YbVHRSxvuY9cshhhmGFCFcaRbiFd9ERB3P667F7oZFKQpz9bRwECvqK1KGAI7TYbAKbOz5MVHzuiEoqw/w640-h224/request1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Review group join request" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Review request to join group</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFqooXPiPwc1ilV5wPTs5w8q4YzIGLCCvCl1CFsmXwcPcQxZZOLbOuinxets7YbVHRSxvuY9cshhhmGFCFcaRbiFd9ERB3P667F7oZFKQpz9bRwECvqK1KGAI7TYbAKbOz5MVHzuiEoqw/s972/request1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><div><span style="font-size: large;">This person belongs in haplogroup U5, not in A2. I can choose to refuse any of these requests, and tell them why.<br /></span></div><div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCLCU_vflpbozymeapJrnalel95u1mZl7HxvOzt_4hFaXiM__2ef8QWgB0NIjL8vU-0OJxfZGkcgPXZkdCqSVxYQe5D455nM0e3pLay3oyYthB1TLBOWYJOr-uIGQjgEztsO_YHJFPJNQ/s775/refuse.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="572" data-original-width="775" height="472" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCLCU_vflpbozymeapJrnalel95u1mZl7HxvOzt_4hFaXiM__2ef8QWgB0NIjL8vU-0OJxfZGkcgPXZkdCqSVxYQe5D455nM0e3pLay3oyYthB1TLBOWYJOr-uIGQjgEztsO_YHJFPJNQ/w640-h472/refuse.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Review group Join request</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-size: large;">The group administrator and the person who requested to join the group will both get an email:<br /><span><br /></span></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="email with comments from group administrator" border="0" data-original-height="117" data-original-width="1245" height="60" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWvTED1wKI_2MdxJWGTtk0OK3uk0YGr0MvcGag-DMniOLEkBnrYSdCS0dwIXpHaujadVPzOGbVvciEEGya1jlc0b4Equ3Adj1hfSlXU6Juaq9hmtPZadZ4_4ymPyXdf8ZVJxJzaQMj_Xc/w640-h60/email+refusal.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Email with comments from administrator" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Email notice with comment from group administrator</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWvTED1wKI_2MdxJWGTtk0OK3uk0YGr0MvcGag-DMniOLEkBnrYSdCS0dwIXpHaujadVPzOGbVvciEEGya1jlc0b4Equ3Adj1hfSlXU6Juaq9hmtPZadZ4_4ymPyXdf8ZVJxJzaQMj_Xc/s1245/email+refusal.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Most of the time you will approve the request. You do not need to add comments when you approve or deny requests, but you may want to add a comment such as "Thank you for joining!" No other efforts are necessary.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span><font><b><br /></b></font></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span><font><b>Get yourself set up at YFull:</b></font></span></div><div><span><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span><font>Now that you've seen how YFull works, let's actually do it!</font></span></div><div><span><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span><font>1. If you tested at Nebula Genomics, go to Deep Ancestry and submit your results. Your mtDNA submission is free. </font></span></div><div><span><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span><font>Otherwise, go to yfull.com and place your order. </font></span></div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheZcgrSB0H2DRj03lExJ7Q2BGdyKRRhdjjI69tmYRRHma_npg0JUH_D0INexCmG38JrsfwY-sFNGjgFcZkSbSNDtaH9_67Mo77-6mpDLi3YcvQZghuWCkCaKnN60PWTg1HcHWiwBtlHH8/s1191/mtDNA+order.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1em 0px;"><span><img alt="YFull mtDNA order" border="0" data-original-height="372" data-original-width="1191" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheZcgrSB0H2DRj03lExJ7Q2BGdyKRRhdjjI69tmYRRHma_npg0JUH_D0INexCmG38JrsfwY-sFNGjgFcZkSbSNDtaH9_67Mo77-6mpDLi3YcvQZghuWCkCaKnN60PWTg1HcHWiwBtlHH8/w640-h200/mtDNA+order.jpg" title="Submit mtDNA to YFull" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span><span style="font-size: large;">Order mtDNA analysis at YFull</span><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div><span><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span><font>Fill out the information, and load your FASTA file on the next screen. </font></span></div><div><span><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span><font>If you h</font></span><span>ave already uploaded Y-DNA results for the same person from any company, you may add mtDNA results at no additional charge. Log into your YFull account, and in the menu on the left click Upload mtDNA. </span></div><div><span><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl2JFu6dZXFHYFsaCr3JNJgyygtAqHVZ8a01s6UC6ffz-eqKRyuTTW37qsfi_Ad_x8UgsLZnAnqpk62tdo47wLk0XqkQ7B00gFPmGuKoMqDF4PAedw7HqXuxkJYPSLNGpuEVMJr77-3Wc/s249/upload.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Upload mtDNA to YFull" border="0" data-original-height="249" data-original-width="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl2JFu6dZXFHYFsaCr3JNJgyygtAqHVZ8a01s6UC6ffz-eqKRyuTTW37qsfi_Ad_x8UgsLZnAnqpk62tdo47wLk0XqkQ7B00gFPmGuKoMqDF4PAedw7HqXuxkJYPSLNGpuEVMJr77-3Wc/s16000/upload.jpg" title="Upload mtDNA to YFull" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Upload mtDNA</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></span></div><div><span>Then upload your FASTA file.</span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>2. Enter information about your most distant known maternal ancestor. Click Settings at t</span><span>he upper right of your Home page.</span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3ny9mlY3G133jKrYB62uyRS40Zy5svM6vsoGUwBxigukGqCZHWNnhHf3MxuB2DKwHC3iPCG5O8S4-CHuepANtggG-lRCsZx7ArvwhcPIVYeJJOIb82yLbcb7ChW8w8hl3IC6PtYkpuPs/s334/settings.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="account settings at YFull" border="0" data-original-height="65" data-original-width="334" height="78" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3ny9mlY3G133jKrYB62uyRS40Zy5svM6vsoGUwBxigukGqCZHWNnhHf3MxuB2DKwHC3iPCG5O8S4-CHuepANtggG-lRCsZx7ArvwhcPIVYeJJOIb82yLbcb7ChW8w8hl3IC6PtYkpuPs/w400-h78/settings.jpg" title="YFull account settings" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Update account settings</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span><br /></span></div><div>In the Account Settings tab you will find the Settings option at the right of the screen. Click Most Distant Ancestor.</div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigzeiWp8sIl5N8VCz3bUDTaQaFzOeP0Ge_qot4VxDgrVHvIgMS6TU-bEZ5d5_KRg9c7z_LA-jAgc_iadV88_Rfic99YO7VMRBjR6GkI6ifPLEuURKV2IL3KBZsPpWQQLEDizV83g7y7nA/s287/mda.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span><img alt="Most Distant ancestor in account settings" border="0" data-original-height="183" data-original-width="287" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigzeiWp8sIl5N8VCz3bUDTaQaFzOeP0Ge_qot4VxDgrVHvIgMS6TU-bEZ5d5_KRg9c7z_LA-jAgc_iadV88_Rfic99YO7VMRBjR6GkI6ifPLEuURKV2IL3KBZsPpWQQLEDizV83g7y7nA/w640-h408/mda.jpg" title="Account settings" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Account Settings</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div><div><span>You will enter your most distant-known maternal ancestor [your mother's mother's mother . . .]. E</span><span>nter her name along with the approximate year and place where she was born. Be as specific as you can. </span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>In the screenshot below, the example below the ancestor field shows the name Ann Johnson with dates of birth and death. This is not very helpful. We need a </span><span>name, date, and PLACE.</span></div><div><br /></div><div>Unfortunately, I do not know the county where Elizabeth Clark was born. All I know is that she was born in Pennsylvania.</div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo7pHV2qkv1qBMZ7RG6O0ASIsDbwibSXSAIEcXn4spyRjbttGB9iUO3sNHScXJaJAfo8vvFuVfwj8iseN9p649GlU9xb6ErcrRp1003Tdruk-UmMI3btMCqnA650zEarZAW7xbLnTWsEA/s418/most+distant+ancestor.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span><img border="0" data-original-height="51" data-original-width="418" height="78" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo7pHV2qkv1qBMZ7RG6O0ASIsDbwibSXSAIEcXn4spyRjbttGB9iUO3sNHScXJaJAfo8vvFuVfwj8iseN9p649GlU9xb6ErcrRp1003Tdruk-UmMI3btMCqnA650zEarZAW7xbLnTWsEA/w640-h78/most+distant+ancestor.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Most Distant Ancestor information</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span>Next, click Country of Origin. Enter not only the country but also </span><span>the region, if known. </span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2Abvxy29fUGFkiUHCLd1hVlVZ2DZRNB0CrkZD0HXwhPGyCTanjwy8AvmprOgStCmTo7fblLDYVU29lGvTRs0ef7L6hY7WfbwfR7q71i0-RkIT1JUSzgOzV2e_PT8pm2mSNJVLC8ij_a4/s263/Country.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span><img border="0" data-original-height="85" data-original-width="263" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2Abvxy29fUGFkiUHCLd1hVlVZ2DZRNB0CrkZD0HXwhPGyCTanjwy8AvmprOgStCmTo7fblLDYVU29lGvTRs0ef7L6hY7WfbwfR7q71i0-RkIT1JUSzgOzV2e_PT8pm2mSNJVLC8ij_a4/w640-h206/Country.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Add Country and Region of Maternal Origin</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span><br /></span></div><div><span>Set the map coordinates so that your sample will display in the precise location on the mtDNA maps.</span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbL9AOdYCnkn518026gL46pEQqnG15ombrRlwypIuaT1JFMCfo8-Icc0adoiYpgm9daj2-qeThi6cZuu-Uqg0fBFh78KnXlIaR9A89xgWv4oegi4ZKNrDvimAhemDB3JbYnf05oHykEak/s250/set+coordinates.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span><img alt="Set map coordinates for YFull maps" border="0" data-original-height="203" data-original-width="250" height="325" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbL9AOdYCnkn518026gL46pEQqnG15ombrRlwypIuaT1JFMCfo8-Icc0adoiYpgm9daj2-qeThi6cZuu-Uqg0fBFh78KnXlIaR9A89xgWv4oegi4ZKNrDvimAhemDB3JbYnf05oHykEak/w400-h325/set+coordinates.jpg" title="Set map coordinates for YFull maps" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Set map coordinates</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span><br /></span></div><div><span>3. Join a mtDNA group if one exists for your haplogroup.</span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>In the menu on the left, scroll down to Groups | Mt.</span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivFQVRcvftLboQYQRXtJ8Bg4gU_HmOMQd77jKFQ3a7tlSHL1PLsoOgpLexmsuSZwG5NcfRvKsiEFyLUJwWgdscjob_1geUrg2aG5F-0o5vRnY4R0GcL85gFMbsQzUuZM3_F86CVTkNwCc/s292/Groups+Mt.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1em 0px;"><span><img border="0" data-original-height="292" data-original-width="122" height="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivFQVRcvftLboQYQRXtJ8Bg4gU_HmOMQd77jKFQ3a7tlSHL1PLsoOgpLexmsuSZwG5NcfRvKsiEFyLUJwWgdscjob_1geUrg2aG5F-0o5vRnY4R0GcL85gFMbsQzUuZM3_F86CVTkNwCc/w191-h456/Groups+Mt.jpg" width="191" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">YFull mtDNA Groups</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span><div><br /></div>On the next page click the name of the group you wish to join, then click Join request.</span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgnI9IQnkWsaDSqXpTWznytvLcpZyrQ5sXUwJMCIRsKTd11PhtpsBHxPZsJBorKpj93N7-5qLayjbC2CqU4GYot1vQxJky0eQ-EOd7QN7RM83Y6QcJrVOdHwnhLv09soslgCfxmM0vi-o/s797/join+request.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Join Request for YFull group" border="0" data-original-height="113" data-original-width="797" height="90" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgnI9IQnkWsaDSqXpTWznytvLcpZyrQ5sXUwJMCIRsKTd11PhtpsBHxPZsJBorKpj93N7-5qLayjbC2CqU4GYot1vQxJky0eQ-EOd7QN7RM83Y6QcJrVOdHwnhLv09soslgCfxmM0vi-o/w640-h90/join+request.jpg" title="Join Request for YFull group" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Submit Join Request</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>If there is no mtDNA group for your haplogroup, you can wait for someone to start one (new groups are currently being formed), or you can easily start one yourself. </span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div>4. You can learn about other relatives by finding people who are descended from any of your maternal lines. Encourage these people to test their mtDNA and to join YFull. </div><div><br /></div><div>For example, you could encourage a cousin to take a test from Nebula Genomics. Tell her about all of the health benefits and courage her to upload her mtDNA results to YFull.</div><div><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span><b>Summary</b></span></div></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">When you submit your mtDNA results to YFull, you will understand where you fit into the great tree of women. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">You will make matches with other people and be able to compare mtDNA and ancestry. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">You will also find your final mutations to see when you reach the end of the mtDNA trail.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Remember that your matches and haplogroups will continue to evolve.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Get started today!</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">What's next?</span></b></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">To find out more about mtDNA matches see <a href="https://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2020/08/mitochondrial-dna-mtdna-at-yfull.html" target="_blank">How to make matches with Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)</a> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">You will see other places where you can transfer your mtDNA.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></div></span></div>Linda Jonashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00245944818580411111noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7064587737424586464.post-35332523589937747122021-01-14T23:55:00.016-05:002021-05-16T00:09:59.928-04:00The identity of Jacob Bertschinger solved with Y-DNA<p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Y-DNA can solve mysteries when the documentary evidence does not exist. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span>We are trying to resolve the identity of Jacob Bertschinger who arrived in Philadelphia on the ship Mercury in 1735.</span><span> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Was he later known as Jacob Barshinger who lived in Pennsylvania or was he the Jacob Persinger who lived in Virginia?</span><span> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">No document exists to make a positive identification. I will refer to the two men as Jacob Barshinger of Pennsylvania and Jacob Persinger of Virginia.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">For Jacob Barshinger of Pennsylvania, the exact date of birth, the name of his wife and date of marriage, and the identity of his children and grandchildren are all known thanks to a Bible record which will be discussed below. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span>There is no such information for Jacob Persinger of Virginia. There is no record of his age on any American document.</span><span> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">The maiden names of his wives are unknown. The names of his children can only be inferred by looking at multiple documents.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">The identity of the passenger on the ship Mercury has been established in Switzerland. He was Jacob Bertschinger, born 1715 in Zumikon, Zürich, Switzerland.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">The story of Jacob Bertschinger in America involved the efforts of several people who helped me research this case. They included Jane Cox (a long-time researcher, Virginia resident, and descendant of Jacob Persinger), Harvey Persinger (a descendant of Jacob Persinger), Stephen Smith (a descendant of Jacob Barshinger), and multiple men who tested their Y-DNA.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><b>Jacob Bertschinger</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Jacob Bertschinger, luckily for us, was a member of an incredibly well documented emigration from Switzerland. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The story of the passengers who traveled with him, and their amazingly difficult journey, have been told from both sides of the Atlantic.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Jacob was part of a Swiss migration led by the controversial Pastor Moritz Götschi. The grueling trip involved many months of trials, culminating in the arrival at the port of Philadelphia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">A very detailed account was written by Hans Ulrich Pfister, Swiss archivist, who documented the story of the emigration as well as the origin of each emigrant. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">His account can be found in Jones and Rohrbach, <i>Even More Palatine Families: 18th Century Immigrants to the American Colonies and their German, Swiss and Austrian Origins </i>(2002), Vol. 2, pp. 1492-1537.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">One of Pfister's sources on the identity of Jacob Bertschinger came from a man named Ludwig Weber who had intended to go to America but did not complete the arduous journey. He returned to Switzerland from the port of Rotterdam before the Ship Mercury left for Philadelphia. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">In 1735, Weber reported the names of the other passengers from memory, the number of people in the family traveling with them, and their hometowns. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">The list appears in Hinke, <i>A History of the Goshenhoppen Reformed Charge: Montgomery County, Pennsylvania (1727-1819) </i>(1920), pp. 106-107.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">From the Weber list shown in the screenshot below, we know that Jacob did not travel with any immediate family members [his parents were both deceased, he had no living siblings, and he was not yet married]. We also see the name of his hometown:</span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Jacob Bertschinger from Zumikon" border="0" data-original-height="349" data-original-width="484" height="462" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7cThm9fNq3DRQXuI8WlmIbHZ0IRpKx5_y1rJbFyvpM0NweDJ6J5LMus6jC6sB1Es_JZvcm6kGlmBNkcbGndVngHcQFqcKrPxN2W6lVmkum4FDZ_YS8-lV6nCCrvYQqJpX0np4qbIYPmk/w640-h462/Weber+list+from+Gosh.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Ludwig Weber list of Swiss emigrants 1735" width="640" /></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Jacob Bertshinger from Zummikon traveling alone</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><span>Additional information about Jacob is found on the passenger list for the Ship Mercury and on two lists of oaths taken shortly after arrival in Philadelphia. </span><br /></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">The passenger list and oaths of allegiance are taken from the three-volume set of Strassburger and Hinke, <i>Pennsylvania German Pioneers: A Publication of the Original List of Arrivals In the Port of Philadelphia From 1727 to 1808</i> (1934). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">From the passenger list we find Jacob's age. He was 19 years old.</span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Jacob Bertschinger passenger list" border="0" data-original-height="391" data-original-width="486" height="514" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic0HBTggGx0hH5bMNjSrQBGy_FzEsoLRE1pVT3Hqe5x7EMvmP0vps-J3DobrcNUb8EkPHs3xpB61RzML1Dj9ZdgEx6ORV-_ndGs1dPSsW1AldIH8x27BPfvJnFhNDx3-aBSdgWEU2n64M/w640-h514/Mercury+1735.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Passenger List Ship Mercury 1735" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Jacob Bertshinger, age 19, on ship Mercury passenger list</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic0HBTggGx0hH5bMNjSrQBGy_FzEsoLRE1pVT3Hqe5x7EMvmP0vps-J3DobrcNUb8EkPHs3xpB61RzML1Dj9ZdgEx6ORV-_ndGs1dPSsW1AldIH8x27BPfvJnFhNDx3-aBSdgWEU2n64M/s486/Mercury+1735.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"></span></a></div><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">After arrival in Philadelphia, the passengers were required by law to take two oaths within 48 hours of arrival. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">These two oaths were the oath of allegiance and the oath of abjuration. Strassburger and Hinke report these two oaths as List B and List C.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">The names of men taking the oaths were recorded by separate clerks, and Jacob Bertschinger's name is spelled differently on the two lists. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">On list B, the clerk spelled his name Perdschenger:</span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Jacob Persinger" border="0" data-original-height="103" data-original-width="399" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRMqT5Vm_ZpK__270fq4eCmOLz1Xu-af7R56Q7V_JAX9G6Xtcu7VRFJXbkVLpbiV-CcWSQNj1c8Ci_UW7CBIeITDSA7_LukithqP8c5sZ5PmNerj5dlKtCRsLK_F4RUMDmDL3Nz5u2l2U/w640-h166/Perdschenger.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Jacob Bertschinger Oath of Allegiance 1735" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Jacob Perdschenger Oath of Allegiance</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;">Notice that Jacob signed with a mark. Strassburger and Hinke used the letter O to denote a distinctive mark. </span><br /></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">On List C another clerk spelled the surname as Pertschinger:</span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Jacob Persinger" border="0" data-original-height="280" data-original-width="449" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3zvWE9CooX9BZXaieY1tsw6BMxRKbQRE1rB19cva3ZvxD3jF8znB26MYMSaVGX_fMtWnxDt4gacusxzLzpEz7YOrafc2Cnt13oCTiWTcDNpRYXZXp2g3yBlzbtvmuCyPu7ic9SArJ9qk/w640-h400/Pertschinger.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Jacob Bertschinger Oath of Abjuration 1735" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Jacob Pertschinger Oath of Abjuration</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;">On the second oath, Strassburger and Hinke noted that Jacob used an X mark.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">From various sources, Hans Ulrich Pfister identified Jacob as follows:</span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizoWS0E-c4NIE3cDaTRCa2_FInZtu-8Pe46DZaA2z5Yb2N1GsVrOXjDP3ZHye9ls4Qprr-y6i3rqJFSK6fbwHr2guAAY0IqPQRpfGf5mFgsjf3qurxe-yvBLw4InBVmPrgKCp2NOvbNJ0/s525/Pfister+Bertschinger.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Jacob Bertschinger" border="0" data-original-height="81" data-original-width="525" height="98" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizoWS0E-c4NIE3cDaTRCa2_FInZtu-8Pe46DZaA2z5Yb2N1GsVrOXjDP3ZHye9ls4Qprr-y6i3rqJFSK6fbwHr2guAAY0IqPQRpfGf5mFgsjf3qurxe-yvBLw4InBVmPrgKCp2NOvbNJ0/w640-h98/Pfister+Bertschinger.jpg" title="Hans Ulrich Pfister" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Jacob Bertschinger identified by Hans Ulrich Pfister</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Pfister did such detailed research on the families of the emigrants that he did an entire account on the Bertschingers. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">He documented that Jacob's father, Hans Heinrich Bertschinger, died 15 Sep 1719 in a Zürich hospital, and Jacob's mother, Anna Graf, died in Zumikon 29 Dec 1721.</span><span> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">The first portion of his Bertschinger research appears below:</span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-size: xx-large; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq5Is6u5wlgrmscvFY0PC-GI-g4ZK1y529S4xdixJqO_i39XtRtgbehPMC6GsxdTNtNLJfSDHTugEn0OAHE0InynCCibHuJu7trgqyDBWf17N6lJmLHQisax8k7aRtja8TLHdkOm08nRw/s774/Pfister+Bertshinger2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Jacob Persinger family Switzerland" border="0" data-original-height="418" data-original-width="774" height="346" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq5Is6u5wlgrmscvFY0PC-GI-g4ZK1y529S4xdixJqO_i39XtRtgbehPMC6GsxdTNtNLJfSDHTugEn0OAHE0InynCCibHuJu7trgqyDBWf17N6lJmLHQisax8k7aRtja8TLHdkOm08nRw/w640-h346/Pfister+Bertshinger2.jpg" title="Bertschinger family by Hans Ulrich Pfister" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Hans Ulrich Pfister research of Bertschinger family<br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">From the Zumikon parish records, here is Jacob's baptism:</span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL1ZZR8sScmYlCkQDhKMZPdgzFRNTwfAACezTZCDxIAhmsiy1z_j16qtjGdx20tcakSz38-3zU9uLaIx96LT2ngPwiN68EWCLipVE87oYN7YcqeXJARz1MJOFJNdYx3sr7QVc78XrSQo8/s535/Baptism.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Jacob Persinger baptism 1715" border="0" data-original-height="458" data-original-width="535" height="548" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL1ZZR8sScmYlCkQDhKMZPdgzFRNTwfAACezTZCDxIAhmsiy1z_j16qtjGdx20tcakSz38-3zU9uLaIx96LT2ngPwiN68EWCLipVE87oYN7YcqeXJARz1MJOFJNdYx3sr7QVc78XrSQo8/w640-h548/Baptism.jpg" title="Jacob Bertschinger baptism 1715" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Baptism of Jacob Bertschinger 28 July 1715 Zumikon, Switzerland</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span>The official church in the Canton of Zürich was the Reformed church.</span><span> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">When a child was born in a particular town, he became a citizen of that town (not of the country of Switzerland), and if the family moved elsewhere copies of their marriage, death, etc. were supposed to be sent to their town of citizenship. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Baptisms were recorded within a few days of birth, and these help us determine citizenship as well as religion. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Jacob's parents were married 12 Apr 1715 in Zürich. The marriage record shows that Hans Heinrich Bertschinger was from Zumikon.</span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs_k8ocrY6CxTP_Eda0zaHVrc3aRJ9Bzgfga93WWsEYuFtIOZIKfdVbpF2DD_Cjtr7DqIXk_0uau4OmhXuQOHWjUHt3kKLKvWd-TNvh7_TVCSEgGwAJs26FEuI67Q7g1RmOqV2jYzg4mw/s281/Marriage.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Marriage of Bertschinger to Graf" border="0" data-original-height="141" data-original-width="281" height="321" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs_k8ocrY6CxTP_Eda0zaHVrc3aRJ9Bzgfga93WWsEYuFtIOZIKfdVbpF2DD_Cjtr7DqIXk_0uau4OmhXuQOHWjUHt3kKLKvWd-TNvh7_TVCSEgGwAJs26FEuI67Q7g1RmOqV2jYzg4mw/w640-h321/Marriage.jpg" title="Hans Heinrich Bertschinger and Anna Graf" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Marriage of Hans Heinrich Bertschinger to Anna Graf</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">The story of the ship passengers after arrival in America has been told by <span style="font-family: inherit;">Rev. William John Hinke,</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><i style="font-family: inherit;">A History of the Goshenhoppen Reformed Charge: Montgomery County, Pennsylvania (1727-1819).</i></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">But what happened to Jacob, in particular, after that? That's the controversy. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">We have to determine whether he is Jacob Barshinger of Pennsylvania or Jacob Persinger of Virginia, who are both claimed by their descendants to be the immigrant Jacob Bertschinger.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><b>Two Jacob Bertschingers</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">I am a descendant of Jacob Persinger of Virginia, and had always believed that he was the immigrant. I was convinced enough to do considerable research in the records of Switzerland. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><span>But last year I saw a comment that Stephen Smith, the author of </span><i>Bars</i><i>hingers in America: A Genealogical History of Barshinger Families in America since 1735,</i> provided convincing evidence that Jacob Persinger was not the one who arrived in 1735, and that Jacob Barshinger of Pennsylvania was the one who arrived on that date. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">I had to see this evidence. </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Because of the Coronavirus quarantine, I could not access the facilities I usually use. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">I contacted Jane Cox and asked her if she could see a copy of the book in the Library of Virginia and send me the evidence provided by Stephen Smith, which she did.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">In the book the story of Jacob Barshinger's family is well told, and the book even won an award from the National Genealogical Society. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">After seeing the evidence, which seemed pretty compelling, I began corresponding with Stephen Smith, and even temporarily removed the connection between Jacob Persinger and his Bertschinger ancestors on my family tree until I was certain. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Although the book is well documented, did Smith make the correct connection between Jacob Barshinger of Pennsylvania and Jacob Bertschinger of Switzerland? </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span>What was this evidence that Jacob Barshinger, and not Jacob Persinger, was the immigrant who arrived on the ship Mercury in 1735?</span><span> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><b>Evidence for Jacob Barshinger of Pennsylvania</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><span>Smith states that older research on the Barshingers indicated that Jacob was a descendant of an Andrew Barshinger. He lists four possible Barshinger ancestors including Andreas </span><span>born 1691, Heinrich born about 1700, Casper born about 1700, Andreas born 1709. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">However, none of these could be the father of Jacob Barshinger because the first Andreas had no children (as proven in a deed), and the other three are too young to be the father. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Smith begins to prove instead that Jacob Barshinger, and not Jacob Persinger, was the 1735 immigrant.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">In his book, Smith shows the following evidence that Jacob Barshinger was the immigrant: </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">1. <b>A Family History: </b>Smith states, "I came across the following passage in the <i>Diehl Families of York and Adams Co., PA</i>:"</span></p><blockquote style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Anna Maria (Diehl) BARSINGER b. 20 August 1783 Shrewsbury Twp. d. ca 1818 Windsor Twp. m. Henry BARSINGER b. 26 October 1779 d. 26 April 1849 son of Andrew & Anna Margaret (X) BARSINGER and grandson of Jacob BARSINGER immigrant on "<i>Mercury</i>" 29 May 1735.</span></p></blockquote><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">2. <b>Age:</b> based on the birth date of Jacob Barshinger from the Bible of his mother-in-law Elizabeth Bechtler. In the Bible, Jacob's birth is listed as "4th mo. 29th 1716." </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">At the time this entry was recorded, the American Colonies were still using the Julian Calendar in which the year began on March 25. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">The Gregorian Calendar, which we now use, was not adopted until 1752 in Great Britain and the American Colonies, but had been adopted much earlier in other European countries. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Under the Julian Calendar Jacob's birthday was 29 Jun 1716. Stephen Smith interprets the birth date as 29 Apr 1716 (which is possible if Elizabeth Bechtler was using the Gregorian Calendar). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">If his birthday was 29 Jun 1716 he would have been 18 years old when the Ship Mercury arrived, but if his birthday was 29 Apr 1716 he would have been 19. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Here is a portion of the Elizabeth Bechtler Bible as recorded in Barshingers in America:</span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Jacob Barshinger and Magdalena Bechtler" border="0" data-original-height="420" data-original-width="718" height="374" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMnekFatjuATgNYCpYhGfawwX8ctsDDSZYkR344boxCIzgb9TOphgslq_qZcyyLfyKK5JPFvW8FED-dWdRmACeIsT5O9zztJdDQFoSPHLtosGpe4tb5A_gfQRfZx303ondiM8-82zo2Iw/w640-h374/bible.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Barshingers in Bechtler Family Bible" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Portion of the Elizabeth Bechtler Family Bible</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;">Jacob's age of 19 matches the age of Jacob Bertschinger on the Ship Mercury.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">3. <b>Dates and places. </b>Jacob Barshinger was born 1716, married in 1736 [after the 1735 arrival], and received a land warrant in 1738 for 100 acres of land in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">4. <b>Spelling of name. </b>Smith believes that the spelling Barshinger, instead of Persinger, is further proof that Jacob Barshinger was the same man as Jacob Bertschinger of Switzerland.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Items 5-6 below contain Smith's evidence that Jacob Persinger is not the immigrant:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">5. <b>Naturalization</b>. On page 44 Smith begins to present evidence that Jacob Persinger was not the 1735 immigrant. The [sic] in brackets is my notation, the other brackets are his:</span></p><blockquote style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Marsha Martin pointed out that: "in 1727, England started requiring that all aliens [in America] take a oath of allegiance to the King. To make sure this affected everyone, under provincial law, a unaturalized [sic] alien could not be granted land. If a man sold land in his name then you could assume he had either sworn allegiance to the King, become naturalized, or was a natural born subject of the King. Jacob [Bertschinger] Perschinger/Persinger when he arrived in 1735 swore an oath of allegiance to the King. This was the easiest way for the English to reach new people coming into the country, as they got off the boat. In 1765, Jacob Persinger became naturalized in Augusta County, VA. This Jacob [Persinger] must have been in the country before 1727.</span></p></blockquote><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Smith concludes "[Therefore Jacob Persinger can not be the same person as Jacob Bertschinger who arrived in America during 1735--being naturalized at that time. Jacob Persinger could be the son of other Persinger/Bersinger families who were in America before 1727--possibly some of the families discussed in the <i>Barshinger Ancestors?</i> section in this Chapter.]"</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">6. <b>Signature</b>. Marsha Martin also points out that</span></p><blockquote style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">[Of] the signatures and marks of the people arriving on the Ship Mercury on 29 May 1735, Jacob Perschenger's mark is very distinctive. It looks like the letter 'B' sideways. It is a line drawn across the page with two bumps on the top of the line. The mark of Jacob Persinger on early land transactions in VA is a circle with an "X" in the center of the circle.</span></p></blockquote><p><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Smith concludes: </span></p><blockquote style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">. . . the documentation presented in this book is tangible and supportive of the conclusions reached about Jacob Bertschinger's Barshinger identity--the highlights include: Jacob's Pennsylvania land records in Lancaster County--the deed records the spelling of his name as BARSHINGER, and the deed places him in the proper local [sic] --a place where they are consistent with other records: Baptism records for two of Jacob's children--with one of them indicating the name of his wife as Magdelena (the other baptism record only listed the name of the father); the Bible Records of Jacob's mother-in-law, which ties the information together--especially the age match for her son-in-law with the Jacob on the ship <i>Mercury</i>, and the Bible's age matches to other records of Jacob's children; and the Diehl records indicating Jacob Barsinger, immigrant on the ship <i>Mercury</i>, is the grandfather of Henry Barshinger, who died 26 April 1849. With this evidence, the conclusion must be reached that Jacob from whom the Barshingers in America descend, is the Jacob Bertschinger from the ship <i>Mercury</i>.</span></p></blockquote><p><br /></p><p> </p><blockquote style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><b>Y-STR evidence</b></span></p></blockquote><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">After seeing Smith's evidence, I looked at the Persinger DNA Project at Family Tree DNA. This section will discuss STRs and SNPs, so you may want to refer to this post: <a href="https://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2017/10/y-dna-strs-snps-and-haplogroups.html" target="_blank">Y-DNA STRs, SNPs, and Haplogroups</a>. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Here is a portion of the Persinger DNA Project page:</span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4aNIce5mKVk07CCL7xBkhcIGnNnFBvd-rXWUk0uT2-ezTKAjuKz9QsiKiVNYVUlM6oWkhZFDOVlu22YICIRUWWVlA_fHiMnLtY5D20pYPvK1HwFI9hQNV4z6KZs7JVavCMOyRHt0ZWhU/s1002/Persinger+Project.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="DNA for Jacob Persinger" border="0" data-original-height="562" data-original-width="1002" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4aNIce5mKVk07CCL7xBkhcIGnNnFBvd-rXWUk0uT2-ezTKAjuKz9QsiKiVNYVUlM6oWkhZFDOVlu22YICIRUWWVlA_fHiMnLtY5D20pYPvK1HwFI9hQNV4z6KZs7JVavCMOyRHt0ZWhU/w640-h358/Persinger+Project.jpg" title="Persinger Y-DNA Project" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Persinger DNA Project at Family Tree DNA</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: inherit;"><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">There are several Persinger descendants whose DNA results all matched. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">The first twelve STR markers are displayed in the above image. The results beginning with 15-26-15, etc. are all from descendants of Jacob Persinger of Virginia.</span></span></p></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">There was also a descendant of Jacob Barshinger of Pennsylvania. His results begin with 13-24-14, etc. Stephen Smith was the one who arranged for this man to be tested. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">Unfortunately, this man is now deceased. Here is his descent from Jacob Barshinger:</span></span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5WOIZjfRgE5B1OePvVbNdnqih8PjCXq8fCAIF0vvUrEI8m31p90sOzkzl7JXPmLJVgw4UngUC-Z-vHzDrMl_BTW5L7yxsiNaAYcoxgVdjqgFnhPtxxsOCkBdKthbkNHL8pR4inVWQu0g/s1163/Barshinger+tree.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Barshinger family tree" border="0" data-original-height="328" data-original-width="1163" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5WOIZjfRgE5B1OePvVbNdnqih8PjCXq8fCAIF0vvUrEI8m31p90sOzkzl7JXPmLJVgw4UngUC-Z-vHzDrMl_BTW5L7yxsiNaAYcoxgVdjqgFnhPtxxsOCkBdKthbkNHL8pR4inVWQu0g/w640-h180/Barshinger+tree.jpg" title="Descendant of Jacob Barshinger" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Descendant of Jacob Barshinger</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Barshinger's DNA results matched one other man whose ancestor was John Persinger of Roanoke County, Virginia, but did not match any of descendants of Jacob Persinger. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">Because this John Persinger lived in Virginia, many people have tried to find his connection to Jacob Persinger. They could never find any connection, and the DNA shows us that he is not related to Jacob Persinger. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">John Persinger is listed in the 1850 census of Roanoke County, Virginia:</span></span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXqwZc6wSiMDsxgoxXof7lZ8kP0oY1sfXrGR7XW9KaNLwBQ6mCAnCXh1AbhMPCfGr-PTVBSvpRJ6L8K7JU8rD59AtGDfcjQ9Vgxj1bIb5GS98zG5EwQjxcRJdWYc0CgZYSmS9Y2busib8/s1313/John+Persinger+Roanoke.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="1850 census John Persinger Virginia" border="0" data-original-height="94" data-original-width="1313" height="46" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXqwZc6wSiMDsxgoxXof7lZ8kP0oY1sfXrGR7XW9KaNLwBQ6mCAnCXh1AbhMPCfGr-PTVBSvpRJ6L8K7JU8rD59AtGDfcjQ9Vgxj1bIb5GS98zG5EwQjxcRJdWYc0CgZYSmS9Y2busib8/w640-h46/John+Persinger+Roanoke.jpg" title="John Persinger, Roanoke Virginia" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">1850 United States Federal Census, District 57, Roanoke, Virginia</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">The census states that John was born in Pennsylvania about 1766. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Jacob Persinger's family had long been in Virginia by that time, and the Y-DNA confirms that John Persinger is related to Jacob Barshinger of Pennsylvania. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">He is not, however, listed in the Bechtler family Bible, so Jacob Barshinger and John Persinger most likely share a common ancestor from an earlier Pennsylvania Barshinger line.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">The most interesting part was that there was a man from Switzerland whose STR results matched the descendants of Jacob Persinger.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Y-DNA STRs can show probable relationships, but the results from SNP testing can definitively determine how two men are related. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">The Big Y test from Family Tree DNA contains both STRs and SNPs. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">Only one man in the Persinger Project had taken a Big Y test. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">Because the Big Y test can determine a much more precise haplogroup than the ones estimated by STR results, the man who took the Big Y test is listed as being in haplogroup R-BY168384. He is a descendant of Jacob Persinger of Virginia.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">I did not want to rely on STR results. I wanted absolute proof which can only be provided with SNP testing. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">So I corresponded with the Bertschinger man who was from the area in Switzerland where Jacob Bertschinger was born. He agreed to take the Big Y test. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">I will not identify the two Persinger and Bertschinger men who took the Big Y, but their results will determine whether Jacob Barshinger of Pennsylvania or Jacob Persinger of Virginia was the 1735 immigrant.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><b>Time to re-examine the documentary evidence</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">I never take anybody's word for anything when it comes to genealogy and family history; I always try to examine the original records. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Now that the Y-DNA appeared to refute the evidence provided in Smith's book, I was determined to verify every piece of evidence by looking at the original records.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">The unfortunate thing was that, again, due to the Coronavirus quarantine I would not have access to any original records that could not be found online. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">However, Jane Cox lived in Virginia where she could get access to the records in the Library of Virginia by making a special appointment limited to four hours, going through screening, and then having access to the records. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">So the research went like this: I made a list of the initial records that I wanted to see. Jane went to the library and sent me copies of the records. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">She also went through her previous research to find more evidence. I would transcribe and evaluate the records and send another list of records that I wanted to see. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Jane went once a week to the Library, and we corresponded every day for months.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><span>I</span><span>f we could find convincing evidence in the records, we might be able to provide final proof with Y-DNA. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><span>I had to evaluate all of the Smith evidence, see if I could find alternative explanations for all of it, and try to find further evidence that Jacob Persinger was the immigrant.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><b>Evaluating evidence presented in </b></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><b><i>Barshingers in America</i></b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">We saw above the evidence that Jacob Barshinger is the same man as Jacob Bertschinger. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Below are alternatives for Items 1-3 that Jacob Barshinger is supposedly the 1735 immigrant:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">1. <b>A</b> <b>Family History</b>: On page 25 of his book Smith states, "I contacted the author (Harry A. Diehl) about the source of this passage from the book on Diehl Genealogy, but he indicated that it would be difficult to locate in his records even if it was noted--however he was confident that it came from a primary source other than this bible record." </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">So there is no source to verify Diehl's claim that Jacob Barshinger is the same person as Jacob Bertschinger of the <i>Mercury</i>. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">There is a well-known statement among genealogists "Genealogy without documentation is mythology." We cannot place confidence in a statement without documentation.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">2. <b>Age:</b> The birth date of Jacob Barshinger from the Bechtler Bible [4th mo. 29th 1716] directly contradicts the birth date of Jacob Bertschinger of Switzerland [28 Jul 1715] shown in his baptismal record above. Baptisms in Switzerland occurred within a few days of birth.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">3. <b>Dates and places</b>: Stating that Jacob Barshinger was in the right place (Pennsylvania) at the right time (after 1735) is not proof that he is the immigrant. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">We will examine the dates and places of Jacob Persinger later in this post and see that he was also in Pennsylvania at the right time.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">4. <b>Spelling of name</b>:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">The fact that the spellings Barshinger and Bertschinger both begin with B is not evidence that Jacob Persinger cannot be the same man as Jacob Bertschinger. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">This is especially the case since we know that Jacob Persinger did not spell his name. It was always spelled by a clerk who wrote what he thought he heard.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">The evidence FOR Jacob Barshinger as the immigrant is extremely weak. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">With an undocumented statement in a family history, and a birth date that directly contradicts the date found in the Swiss records, the only evidence left is that he lived in Pennsylvania at the right time, and the Pennsylvania clerks continued to spell his name starting with the letter B.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">The strongest pieces of evidence is the case AGAINST Jacob Persinger. Those are the items 5 and 6 above: the signature and the naturalization.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">5.<b> Signature</b>:</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Jacob Bertschinger could not write his name, so he signed with a mark. His mark on the first oath is shown below. It is, indeed, distinctive.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="signature of Jacob Persinger" border="0" data-original-height="216" data-original-width="825" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs4g1yVmMxGtvRR2H3BGKIW1qQBubbWgzNgPt07RiJt01IE_7vW9NxyGe6lg-4_brI6HubUgz7fQ64L4oaqe9VxbhE6DmiXuy4u7wq0pzE_HYQHkcVOtm0dVbF1qALMgembJ44mR2AKtI/w640-h168/P+list+b.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Jacob Bertschinger's mark" width="640" /></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Jacob Bertschinger's mark</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><br />If this mark was found on any document for Jacob Barshinger of Pennsylvania, it would be very solid evidence. </span><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">However, Jacob Barshinger's signature has never been found on any document. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">The mark of Jacob Persinger of Virginia, on the other hand, has been found on numerous documents. It is consistently a + with a circle around it. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Here's where is gets <span style="font-family: inherit;">interesting. </span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">The same day that Jacob made his mark on the oath of allegiance, he made another mark on the oath of abjuration. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">The mark is shown below:</span></span><div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Oath of Abjuration" border="0" data-original-height="383" data-original-width="666" height="368" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDa91xGHlkIL53M3m4u7dm4ktRbdtGQLeiJ8va8RHMLRsMkt3O5TW_cxg8YN9USXEhiKnNygsdzGDmzZuqArc6FXNXWcloWAG6ZNEROSMOmThcafjbEEyh5NjIhPgYePLqrhyphenhyphen7ujqnUXA/w640-h368/list+c.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Passengers from Ship Mercury" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Oath of Abjuration</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;">Here's a closeup:</span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Jacob Persinger signature" border="0" data-original-height="93" data-original-width="358" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhul3G-9aWRX-AHi69kv7WvGhrjrG2GH40iuabgI4NkKZwn35HaG8h2rjecv8fzXF3MlwSFeKYn-vhYUQ_1My8UQopspyxfOsvYxjQXfw54bXuLdU3Mfgvf-Ynhc6ykHLpO3iniBRx6KDA/w640-h166/p+list+c.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Mark of Jacob Bertschinger" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Second mark of Jacob Bertschinger</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;">Here Jacob has appeared to make his original sideways B mark, and then changed it to an X. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Why he changed it will never be known, but perhaps a 19-year-old was seeing many older men sign with an X and thought that it might be the proper way to sign. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">After his arrival in Virginia many years later, his mark had further changed and remained the same throughout the remainder of his life. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Instead of an X with a circle around it, his mark appears to be a consistent cross with a circle. In fact, here is Jacob and his wife using the same mark:</span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvhjfCMTGpNhr86dJPZWQKVoisfGOojrT08e74tBOHBxo_iwLpKbLHmnORc1v0WSb4PaLtGlgdor8pJjMfpSRkoa2LuvQnUt3MwP0oO49H9_JdGB8c5W8qFJSpqN_zhEOgCorDYg_sKNg/s430/signatures.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="signature of Jacob Persinger" border="0" data-original-height="154" data-original-width="430" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvhjfCMTGpNhr86dJPZWQKVoisfGOojrT08e74tBOHBxo_iwLpKbLHmnORc1v0WSb4PaLtGlgdor8pJjMfpSRkoa2LuvQnUt3MwP0oO49H9_JdGB8c5W8qFJSpqN_zhEOgCorDYg_sKNg/w640-h230/signatures.jpg" title="Augusta County Deed Book 11, p. 800" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Jacob and Catherine Persinger signatures</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">The sideways B was never found on any other document, and Jacob Persinger's signature only proves one thing: neither he nor the man who arrived on the <i>Mercury</i> could write his name.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">6.<b> Naturalization</b>: </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><span>First, let's look at the statement above by Marsha Martin that "</span>If a man sold land in his name then you could assume he had either sworn allegiance to the King, become naturalized, or was a natural born subject of the King." </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">If that statement is correct, then if Jacob Persinger sold any land prior to 1765, he was already naturalized. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Jacob and his wife Catherine sold multiple properties in Virginia prior to the 1765 naturalization.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Here is one example: On 26 April 1762 Jacob Miller sold lot 110 in the town of Woodstock, Frederick County, Virginia, to Jacob Pershinger (Frederick County, Virginia, Deed Book 7, pages <span style="font-family: inherit;">449-452). </span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">On 3 October 1763 Jacob and Catherine "Passenger" of Augusta County sold Lot 110 in Frederick County to Peter Opp. (Frederick County, Virginia, Deed Book 9, pages 34-35) Jacob's signature on the deed is shown below:</span></span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEvUNeTSKNxMu_gutVs0fhszLn3jfkwMVbMhYo1hCAygWcS1zgQRbXZK2FHdwWxcoOnjIMC2qqU2bAHCsdaCzyv47hu0g8o0ftl4D7zKS6puL4I-IfiSzuo3C0TPh5BTnjW0sTAt5XFGs/s251/1763.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Signature of Jacob Persinger" border="0" data-original-height="66" data-original-width="251" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEvUNeTSKNxMu_gutVs0fhszLn3jfkwMVbMhYo1hCAygWcS1zgQRbXZK2FHdwWxcoOnjIMC2qqU2bAHCsdaCzyv47hu0g8o0ftl4D7zKS6puL4I-IfiSzuo3C0TPh5BTnjW0sTAt5XFGs/w640-h168/1763.jpg" title="Frederick County Virginia Deed Book 9, p. 335" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Mark of Jacob Persinger, 1763</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Current naturalization law makes it difficult to believe that a man who was naturalized upon arrival in this country would be naturalized again. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span style="font-family: inherit;">So, we must understand the history of naturalization law. </span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">A colonial naturalization only applied to the colony in which it occurred. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">Jacob and his children were naturalized citizens of Pennsylvania. However, when Jacob Persinger moved to Virginia, he, and his children, were not naturalized citizens of that colony.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">In Augusta County, Virginia, Court Order Book 7, page 211, we find the naturalization of Jacob's son Henry Persinger:</span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjop2uaCut8zRYDPBSPA_e7jRfjAIUVu-1cqAt5eKQmG-j0pBAzElF5c_9DFfRa6GXsym0QHp7Wxmwin-YQKMEoriZ-IeocXz7p8iSVOoQBtYFbZikCJnVaVk2ksdDi8NhQmZnRpOC-Ta4/s681/Henry+Nat.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="Henry Persinger, son of Jacob" border="0" data-original-height="201" data-original-width="681" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjop2uaCut8zRYDPBSPA_e7jRfjAIUVu-1cqAt5eKQmG-j0pBAzElF5c_9DFfRa6GXsym0QHp7Wxmwin-YQKMEoriZ-IeocXz7p8iSVOoQBtYFbZikCJnVaVk2ksdDi8NhQmZnRpOC-Ta4/w640-h186/Henry+Nat.jpg" title="Henry Persinger naturalization 1762" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Naturalization of Henry Persinger, 10 May 1762.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;">The record reads "Henry Stone . . . Henry Persinger . . . produced a certificate of their having received the sacrament and took the usual oaths to his Majesty's Person and Government, subscribed the abjuration oath and test which is ordered to be certified in order to their obtaining warrants of Naturalization."</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">On October 16, 1765 the following oath is recorded:</span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Robert Brackenridge Virginia" border="0" data-original-height="576" data-original-width="721" height="512" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid5ogsRiCFWDZLVrb2LkfnqX5mozrIit5M9nslPtzd3uU1Fg2rso87kA3yukHFXf-qEYuOHNADq8QNrNupG09xPlXfM8NHB2CGZKd_njp7OOg4xRdJ7b3o3aFJ0XFehm6ByQ_mlHjAGQ0/w640-h512/2020-09-24_20-23-45.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Colonial Virginia Oath of office" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Colonial Virginia Oath of Office</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><br /><span style="font-size: large;">The important information in the above record is transcribed below [punctuation added]:</span></span></span><p></p></div><blockquote style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">At a Court continued and held for Augusta County October the 16th 1765 . . .</span></p></div><div><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Robert Brackenridge and Israel Christian, two of the Gentlemen in the Commission of the Peace for this County, took the usual oaths to his Majesty's person and government, subscribed the abjuration oath and test, and then took the oath of a Justice of the Peace and of Justices of the County Court in Chancery.</span></p></div></blockquote><div><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">Robert Brackenridge and Israel Christian were already Justices of the Peace before they took the above oath. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><span>They can be seen in the list of Justices of the Peace in Augusta County, June 12, 1765. This list is on pages 66 and 67 of </span><i><a href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044032313074&view=1up&seq=38">Justices of the Peace of Colonial Virginia, 1757-1775</a> .</i></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">On the next page and same date [16 Oct 1765], we find the entry for Jacob Parsenger:</span></span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Jacob Persinger naturalization" border="0" data-original-height="506" data-original-width="994" height="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZo-sM62dRzajp61l5H4j_VBMgGR7-qxV-DuEQ1uLJj6PoyGjKj9PKBOZDojzC1ttwKJAg0v8OPLwNUWcbhveX_nNiSa_BKmU7lrUdMbISLmmGgHeNy0wAlgpVMBzLOHcuWJ60yB2YsG8/w640-h326/Not+naturalization.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Jacob Persinger oath of office" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Jacob Persinger Oath of Office, 1765</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><br /><span style="font-size: large;">It reads, "Jacob Harper . . . Jacob Parsenger . . . produced a certificate of their having received the Sacrament, took the usual oaths to his Majesty's person and government, subscribed the abjuration oath and test, and then took the oaths of Justices of the Peace and of Justices of the County Court in Chancery."</span></span></span><div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">The only difference between the record of Jacob Persinger and the record of Robert Brackenridge is that Jacob [and the other men in his record] has an additional requirement before taking an oath of office--he must also prove that he has taken the sacrament. It fulfills the requirements for both naturalization and taking office. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">However, this oath of office is more likely to be for Jacob Persinger's adopted son Jacob because he was being called as a county official, and Jacob Jr. could write his name. His father could not. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Jacob Jr., if his age in the 1840 census is close to correct, was about age 21 in 1765. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Swearing allegiance to the King was later replaced by swearing allegiance to the United States Constitution. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">The oath of abjuration (and similar religious tests) were soon prohibited by Article VI, clauses two and three, of the United States Constitution which read:</span></p><blockquote style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.</span></span></p></blockquote><blockquote style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States.</span></p></blockquote><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Justices of the Peace and other officers in Virginia in the 21st century take a similar oath of office to the Colonial oaths. However, instead of swearing allegiance to the King of England, they swear to support the Constitutions of the United States and of Virginia. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">The current oath is, “I do solemnly
swear (or affirm) that I will support the Constitution of the United States, and the
Constitution of the Commonwealth of Virginia, and that I will faithfully and impartially
discharge and perform all the duties incumbent on me as (a magistrate), according to the
best of my ability (so help me God).”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>The right place at the right time</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Jacob Persinger was listed in the 1735 census of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and, beginning in 1744, in store records in the portion of Philadelphia County that late became Berks County. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">These store records are mentioned in Misbach Matthew A. and Misbach, Grant L, <i>The Life of Jacob Persinger: A collection of stories, documents, and other information about the life of Jacob (Godfrey) Persinger and his family,</i> p. 74:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">"Richard A Pence has a website where he states the following</span></p></div></div><blockquote style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><div><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span>Gen. </span><span>Pence also reported that Jacob Bentz and Valentine Bentz appear </span><span>on a list of German settlers in Berks, Lebanon, and Lancaster </span><span>counties who were customers of a Mr. Potts, a merchant of </span><span>Pottsgrove. The records of these transactions were kept by Christian </span><span>Lauer and Conrad Weiser, members of the Reformed Church at </span><span>Tulpehoeken. ‘Based on the foregoing,’ wrote Gen. Pence, ‘it </span><span>appears that our ancestor Jacob and brother Valentine lived in the </span><span>vicinity of Tulpehoeken during their stay in Pennsylvania.’ </span></span><span><span>Another </span><span>customer of Mr. Potts was a Jacob Persinger, probably the same </span><span>man who became a widower and later married Jacob Pence's widow, </span><span>Catherine."</span></span></span></p></div></div></blockquote><div><p><span style="font-size: large;">The Pence website is then cited: http://www.pipeline.com/~richardpence/shenback.htm</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span>The above store is said to have been operated by Christian Lauer on the following site where it is noted that "These accounts now form a part of Volume IX of a collection known as Potts papers, now on deposit in the vaults of the Historical Society of </span><span><span>Pennsylvania," and</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span>the name "Jacob Perfinger" appears on the website:</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://berkshistorymysteries.wordpress.com/2016/03/12/scholla-christian-lauers-store-1744/">https://berkshistorymysteries.wordpress.com/2016/03/12/scholla-christian-lauers-store-1744/</a></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span>Jacob Persinger and his son-in-law Michael Kern are associated with the aforementioned Adam Bentz (Pence) and Valentine Bentz (Pence) on multiple records in Augusta County, Virginia. </span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span>After the death of his first wife, Jacob Persinger married Catherine, the widow of Jacob Pence (brother of Valentine Pence). </span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span>Jacob Persinger's son-in-law, </span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span>Michael Kern, is one of the witnesses to the will of Jacob Pence. </span></span></span></p><p></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPdPePQZWuRVBVAgkG7G9qpIxB9rJZba30oARIqHUbZ9YdVEXYwNRNzShBtkqwUgIIjfZRhrI_x9ui443_BPBJAmIG9lgkpXvkxRkem6dXPKwfLPcF-_Ma3Lnd-Ho9Bh2Xfd5dze0-Lks/s749/Pence+will.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Jacob Bentz, Augusta County Virginia" border="0" data-original-height="253" data-original-width="749" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPdPePQZWuRVBVAgkG7G9qpIxB9rJZba30oARIqHUbZ9YdVEXYwNRNzShBtkqwUgIIjfZRhrI_x9ui443_BPBJAmIG9lgkpXvkxRkem6dXPKwfLPcF-_Ma3Lnd-Ho9Bh2Xfd5dze0-Lks/w640-h216/Pence+will.jpg" title="Will of Jacob Pence, Augusta County Virginia" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Witnesses to Will of Jacob Pence</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"></span></div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">In Augusta County Court Order Book VII, p. 486 is:</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb32QckGfQyJ7n0JkY0fHqY0syFcC2hnMBGQC1S0SR4OLVkbjWWztEmXISjouf4NXYRN6J6Rd4kJ3Gq7RN5vds6tMF5PX3h8fI4y6l8EBX2Ki23AyH57cks6elJWEjpH00V5G32_5ox2c/s591/Pence.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Jacob Persinger Catherine Pence" border="0" data-original-height="128" data-original-width="591" height="138" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb32QckGfQyJ7n0JkY0fHqY0syFcC2hnMBGQC1S0SR4OLVkbjWWztEmXISjouf4NXYRN6J6Rd4kJ3Gq7RN5vds6tMF5PX3h8fI4y6l8EBX2Ki23AyH57cks6elJWEjpH00V5G32_5ox2c/w640-h138/Pence.jpg" title="Augusta County Court Order Book" width="640" /></a></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">Jacob Persinger, Jacob Pence, and Valentine Pence</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span>The record reads, "Jacob Parsinger and Catharine his wife late Catharine Pence Plaintiff against Peter Millar Executor of Valentine Pence deceased </span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">who was Executor of Jacob Pence Defendant."</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Jacob Persinger's family in Virginia</b></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">Jacob Persinger's life and family are very difficult to document, and there are many online errors. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">After living in Pennsylvania County in the 1740s, the first record we have found in Virginia is a land survey of 370 acres of land in Frederick County for Jacob Persinger dated 20 April 1753. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw-9SSwVlhrTfi85wQIqPF5440gJQMi__cYV8C5PNko5vmTSxTJCry-7iYtFY6BLCGUNZDQVBu3hW6lcQJtwFYt5LDCvtYGhDtA1w8_6XCpRU26JDFKVw1BLEqfmBfuCYZVECq_AMpjIA/s504/Survey+1753.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Jacob Persinger land 1753" border="0" data-original-height="504" data-original-width="430" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw-9SSwVlhrTfi85wQIqPF5440gJQMi__cYV8C5PNko5vmTSxTJCry-7iYtFY6BLCGUNZDQVBu3hW6lcQJtwFYt5LDCvtYGhDtA1w8_6XCpRU26JDFKVw1BLEqfmBfuCYZVECq_AMpjIA/w546-h640/Survey+1753.jpg" title="Frederick County, Virginia, land survey 1753" width="546" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Jacob Persinger land, 1753</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"></span></div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /><span><br /><span style="font-size: large;">Jacob would have been married to his first wife Mary at that time. </span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: large;">Many online family histories state that the name of Jacob's wife (the mother of his children) was Rebecca. There is no document whatsoever that has this name</span></span><span style="font-size: large;">. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">However, we can determine that her name was Maryby comparing two important lists, and also looking at the naming patterns used by Jacob's children.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span>In 1756 Jacob's wife Mary and two of her children were captured during an Indian raid and taken to live with the Shawnee Indians. </span></span><span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">Prisoners
taken in Indian Attacks in Augusta County, Virginia, are listed in Lyman
Chalkley, </span><i style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">Chronicles of the Scotch-Irish
Settlement of Virginia</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">, Vol 2, pages 510-512.</span></span></span><p><span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Some prisoners still in possession of Native Americans in 1764 are listed in Pennsylvania Historical Commission, <i>The Papers of Col. Henry Bouquet</i>, Vol. 18. "A list of prisoners among the Shawnee Indians: A list of the prisoners at the Lower Shawana towns" appears on page 250. This list is dated November 1764.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">I compared the list of prisoners taken in 1756 to the list of prisoners still remaining in 1764. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">By 1764 many of the people who were taken prisoner had died or had been returned. I listed below only those for whom I could find matches between the two lists. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Both of these come from transcripts, and the spelling of names was almost always different in the two versions. The reference from Chalkley below will be immediately followed by the same family found by Bouquet.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">_______________________</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;"><span style="background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; color: #333333; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><b>a. list: Prisoners taken 1756 [Source: Chalkley] </b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">b. list: Prisoners listed 1764 </b><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">[Source: Bouquet]</b></span><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"> </b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">a1. Mrs.
Vanscher </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">(Vause)</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"> and 2 daughters, at Ft. Vause </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; color: #333333; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">b1. Susanna Voss<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; color: #333333; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">a2. Ivan
Medley and 2 daughters, at Ft. Vause </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; color: #333333; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">b2. Wm
Medley, Betsey Medley<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; color: #333333; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">a3. 5
children belonging to Charles Boyl, at Jackson River </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; color: #333333; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">b3. Boyles and brother <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; color: #333333; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">a4. Mrs.
Bird and 6 children, at Jackson River </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; color: #333333; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">b4. Margrett
Bard and five children<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; color: #333333; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">a5. Mrs.
Kinkead and 3 children, at Jackson River </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; color: #333333; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">b5. Aley
Cincade 3 children<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; color: #333333; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">a6. Mrs.
Parsinger and 2 children, at Jackson River </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; color: #333333; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">b6. Mary
Pringer and two children </span><a href="file:///C:/Users/ljona/Documents/Indian%20captives%20and%20survivors.docx#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: large;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #333333; line-height: 115%;">[i]</span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; color: #333333; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">a7. 5
Carpenter children, at Jackson River </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; color: #333333; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">b7. Solomon
Carpenter</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; color: #333333; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><b>_______________________________</b></span></span></p><div>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><!--[endif]-->
</span><div id="edn1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/ljona/Documents/Indian%20captives%20and%20survivors.docx#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Henry
Bouquet abbreviated the word “per” with a P followed by a raised R. The surname
Persinger may have been written as P<sup>r</sup>singer and was transcribed as
Pringer. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">There were no Pringer families
living in Augusta County, Virginia, during this time period.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Mary and her children were never returned, and by the time she was located Jacob had married the widow Catherine Pence.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;">When some prisoners were returned to Virginia, Jacob and his wife Catherine adopted one of them and raised him as their son Jacob Persinger. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;">The son Jacob later found a record that led him to believe that his original surname was Godfrey, and he used the birthdate of the Godfrey child as his own.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;">Further confusion in this family comes from the fact that many researchers have combined two of Jacob's sons, Henry and John, into one man and named him John Henry. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;">Henry married a woman named Grace. I have not yet been able to find out when this marriage occurred, but Henry's Will in dated 25 Nov 1824 in Alleghany County, Virginia. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;">Jacob's son John married (1) Elizabeth Kimberlain 14 Nov 1788 in Botetourt County, Virginia, and (2) Catherine Stull 23 Dec 1803 in Botetourt County. His will was written 3 Apr 1810 in Kanawha County, Virginia.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;">In addition, most researchers do not have Jacob's daughter Elizabeth listed in his family. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;">There is good reason for this--her marriage to Michael Kern could not be documented. </span><span style="font-size: large;">In fact, I had been to Augusta County, the Library of Virginia, and other places looking for this marriage. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;">Jane Cox located it in the Historical Foundation of the Presbyterian and Reformed Churches, Montreat, North Carolina.</span></p>
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><o:p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"> </span></o:p></p>
</div>
</div><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><b>Naming patterns</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Naming patterns can sometimes provide evidence of the names of the parents. The naming patterns are not proof of relationship because people did not all use the same naming pattern. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">However, often the first two sons are named after the husband and wife's father, and the first two daughters are named after the husband and wife's mother. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">In the case of Jacob Barshinger of Pennsylvania, we know the names of all of his children and grandchildren because they are listed in the Bechtler Bible. He did not have a son named after his supposed father Henry. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">We have no list of Jacob Persinger's children, and we don't know the order in which they were born. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">It appears, however, that his two eldest sons were Henry and Christopher. If Henry was the eldest son this is entirely consistent with the fact that Jacob Bertshinger's father was named Heinrich (Henry). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">We have only been able to determine the names of two of his daughters.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Jacob Persinger's children named one of their first two sons and daughters after their parents Jacob and Mary. The adopted son Jacob did not have one of his first two daughters named Mary.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><b>Religion: the most important evidence</b></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Jane Cox lived in the area of Virginia where Jacob Persinger's family lived. She says the Persinger descendants are adamant that Jacob was from Switzerland because their family belonged to the Reformed church, and not the Lutheran church that the Germans in the area attended.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Jacob Persinger is proven to have remained a member of the Reformed church. </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">The records of the Peaked Mountain church of Rockingham County, Virginia, show that Jacob was an Elder of the church in 1762.</span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOfflvtuqv0rKxdSiFIcr8swj2lKOCgpwUthSIIQF0qAd9oRbkvzqI_fKCOrDVOZmhOje2uikxg12YkaMFOJXxNToRW52aYybRh_Su5K6gUi8akwr3G4ktFQSDoBlPhAiDOrKubUwL30A/s538/elder.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Jacob Persinger Elder of Reformed Church" border="0" data-original-height="301" data-original-width="538" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOfflvtuqv0rKxdSiFIcr8swj2lKOCgpwUthSIIQF0qAd9oRbkvzqI_fKCOrDVOZmhOje2uikxg12YkaMFOJXxNToRW52aYybRh_Su5K6gUi8akwr3G4ktFQSDoBlPhAiDOrKubUwL30A/w640-h356/elder.jpg" title="Jacob Persinger and wife Catherine" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Jacob Persinger, Elder of Reformed Church</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Although the name Barshinger may appear to be a closer spelling to "Bertschinger" than Persinger is, note that the spelling of Jacob's surname in the church record above is Perschinger which is similar to how the clerks spelled his name on his Pennsylvania naturalization oaths (Perdschenger and Pertschinger).</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Jacob Barshinger of Pennsylvania had children baptized in the Lutheran church. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">For example, his son John Christian Barshinger was baptized by John Casper Stoever in Christ Little Tulpehocken Church which is one of the early Lutheran churches. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyJtEOgLPC3JNFAXKQOfA9ZC-B_R_oTF27e8QDr8hJy6VjYTGX7yC5Q1OhuYWFRBSEOXwnjPXdPCxdbU85ObXGirFZs-C-cjaivDmSd6CPSCYSmgZuua37mIKTA14LGXAUdHDJ7UTqPTM/s761/1742.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="John Christian Barshinger" border="0" data-original-height="425" data-original-width="761" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyJtEOgLPC3JNFAXKQOfA9ZC-B_R_oTF27e8QDr8hJy6VjYTGX7yC5Q1OhuYWFRBSEOXwnjPXdPCxdbU85ObXGirFZs-C-cjaivDmSd6CPSCYSmgZuua37mIKTA14LGXAUdHDJ7UTqPTM/w640-h358/1742.jpg" title="1742 baptism of John Christian Barshinger" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Baptism of John Christian Perschinger, 1742</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Many descendants of Jacob Persinger have assumed that this John Christian Perschinger is the same person as Christopher Persinger, son of Jacob Persinger of Virginia. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">However, the Bechtel Bible record shown above, and the fact that Christian was baptized in the Lutheran church prove that he is the son of Jacob Barshinger of Pennsylania.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Summary of documents</b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">The evidence points to Jacob Persinger as being the 1735 immigrant, but we have no absolute documentary proof that this is the case. STRs show that Jacob Barshinger and Jacob Persinger are not related. Only Y-DNA SNPs can prove which one is the Jacob Bertschinger baptized in 1715.<br /></span><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><b>Big Y results</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">As mentioned before, one of the descendants of Jacob Persinger took the Big Y-500 test. The Bertschinger man who lives in Switzerland took the Big Y-700 test.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Here is how Mr. Persinger appeared in the Family Tree DNA's Block Tree in September, 2020:</span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSqQIgp3GeoGDS20k20Jrg_Ceio_RWyDn3g5fogj1cypRb-WotZ96Ks-NThBzJRyUakYhPEqFC25iHbnBJi9Q334whtg40vrP-DDOuajKlN87uEHadNhBoAuMYr56Qa6lAEfKEZO-xD_k/s796/Bertschinger+block+tree+Sept+2020.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Persinger Y-DNA" border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="796" height="482" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSqQIgp3GeoGDS20k20Jrg_Ceio_RWyDn3g5fogj1cypRb-WotZ96Ks-NThBzJRyUakYhPEqFC25iHbnBJi9Q334whtg40vrP-DDOuajKlN87uEHadNhBoAuMYr56Qa6lAEfKEZO-xD_k/w640-h482/Bertschinger+block+tree+Sept+2020.jpg" title="FTDNA Block Tree" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Persinger in Block Tree, September 2020</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Mr. Persinger is that long block on the right that says he has 33 private variants. This means that he has 33 mutations that have not been seen in any other man.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">The chart shows the common ancestor between Mr. Persinger and the men in the block next to him to be about 50 SNP generations ago. They are not related within thousands of years.</span><p></p><p><br /></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><b>Finally: The answer</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Mr. Bertschinger's Big Y-700 results have just arrived, and now we know whether Jacob Persinger of Virginia or Jacob Barshinger of Pennsylvania was the Jacob Bertschinger of Zumikon, Switzerland. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">The results were completed January 13, 2021. Here are Mr. Persinger and Mr. Bertschinger as they now appear in the Block Tree:</span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6UweCstVko1vyiAbB1QZ65X9poMKWnqmSBT23usH2LkL1L7qQOA9c7zd3gIdCVGU_NmDJgTcF_yIjOkO1tSprfb6gElvrLFjAUJwRBJwRry51hyphenhyphenpzlPR91DYZJbyefIcItXVpM_heuL8/s860/Bertshinger+2021.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="FTDNA Block Tree" border="0" data-original-height="860" data-original-width="422" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6UweCstVko1vyiAbB1QZ65X9poMKWnqmSBT23usH2LkL1L7qQOA9c7zd3gIdCVGU_NmDJgTcF_yIjOkO1tSprfb6gElvrLFjAUJwRBJwRry51hyphenhyphenpzlPR91DYZJbyefIcItXVpM_heuL8/w314-h640/Bertshinger+2021.jpg" title="Bertschinger and Persinger Y-DNA" width="314" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Persinger and Bertschinger in Block Tree</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">There is now no further question about the identity of Jacob Bertschinger. He was born in 1715 in Zumikon, Switzerland, arrived 1735 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and moved to Virginia where he was known as Jacob Persinger.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Here is how they now appear in the Persinger DNA Project: </span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYDHhCe7UtHC0owUVJGNRk9pTxg_n7K13iD04eL_nwo3rliLvbcofxXitOPJ2ZmtMa10sjVmsXem8GjQSor6VqWE7FIMgGyVIAycD_lhnKclPL7HdMmVmLFSSUasKB67OlKH1lEsVGsxU/s827/Bertschinger+DNA+project.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Persinger and Bertschinger Y-DNA" border="0" data-original-height="827" data-original-width="795" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYDHhCe7UtHC0owUVJGNRk9pTxg_n7K13iD04eL_nwo3rliLvbcofxXitOPJ2ZmtMa10sjVmsXem8GjQSor6VqWE7FIMgGyVIAycD_lhnKclPL7HdMmVmLFSSUasKB67OlKH1lEsVGsxU/w616-h640/Bertschinger+DNA+project.jpg" title="Persinger DNA Project at FTDNA" width="616" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Persinger and Bertschinger share Y-DNA</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Mr. Persinger's haplogroup has been further refined from the previous R-BY168384 to R-BY169037, and it matches the haplogroup of Mr. Bertschinger (shown at bottom of the image).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><b>What's next?</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">We have definitely determined that Jacob Persinger of Virginia was born 1715 in Zumikon. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">However, his ancestral line is extremely difficult to trace due to the fact that there are many men with the name Hans Heinrich Bertschinger, Hans Bertschinger, and Heinrich Bertschinger in the parish records. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">The same is the case for his mother Anna Graf. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">There are multiple guesses as to the lineage of Jacob Bertschinger.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">More Y-DNA testing of Bertschingers in Switzerland, with known ancestry, will help determine which Bertschinger line is correct. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Furthermore, we cannot determine the relationship between Mr. Persinger and Mr. Bertschinger because they took different versions of the Big Y test. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Mr. Bertschinger took the more recent Big Y-700 which tests many more Y-chromosome locations than the Big Y-500 did. For example, Mr. Bertschinger has 10 private mutations. At least half of these may be due to the fact that many of these locations were not read in the Big Y-500 test of Mr. Persinger. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">All we know right now is that the two men are related, but they probably more closely related than the Big Y results suggest. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">The test results should show us how closely Mr. Persinger is related to Mr. Bertschinger. What we want to know is how closely Jacob Persinger is related to the common ancestor of Mr. Persinger and Mr. Bertschinger. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Mr. Persinger is a descendant of Jacob's son Henry. The best use of money would be to find at least one descendant of Jacob Persinger from another one of his sons and upgrade his test to the Big Y. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">This would give us the Y-DNA profile of Jacob Persinger and tell us how closely Jacob is related to the common Persinger-Bertschinger ancestor.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><b>Summary</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">The search never ends, but Y-DNA testing has now told us where to look. Thank you to all the men who took the Y-DNA test. Please consider upgrading to Big Y. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Also, thank you to all those who helped with this research, and will continue to do so. To Jane Cox: You're the best!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">This story, more than most, really helps me to appreciate the struggles out ancestors endured. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Jacob Bertschinger was from a poor family in Switzerland (documented by Hans Ulrich Pfister). He lost both parents at a young age and was an orphan at age six. He later decided to emigrate to America, but had to get help from others along the way. His journey was horrendous. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">After arriving in America Jacob lost his wife and two of his children to an Indian attack and never saw them again. We don't know what Mary's life was like after that. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Jacob then lost at least one son in the French and Indian War. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Thank you Jacob for enduring it all, for without you I would not exist.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">May we all continue to find the stories of our ancestors and leave these stories for future generations.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">-------</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">To see another great Colonial American immigrant story solved with Y-DNA, see <a href="https://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2018/04/the-amazing-power-of-y-dna.html" target="_blank">The Amazing Power of Y-DNA</a></span><br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">______________________________________</span></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Disclosure</span></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px none; color: #373737; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1.625em; outline: currentcolor none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Links to Family Tree DNA appear in the sidebar. I receive a small contribution if you make a purchase, but clicking through the link does not affect the price you pay. </span></div></div></div></div></div>Linda Jonashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00245944818580411111noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7064587737424586464.post-17480906170186745642020-10-07T00:34:00.006-04:002021-05-18T03:19:49.251-04:00Getting the most from Y-DNA<p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">This post is a great example of how to get the most from your Y-DNA. In this case we will not only prove a Y-DNA relationship, but also pinpoint the exact location in Ireland where a man's ancestors lived. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">I will explain the different types of Y-DNA tests, how to do your own evaluations of the results, and give a list of further suggestions on how to get the most from your results and what to do next. This will be a long post.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><b>Can we find immigrant origins when there may be no records?</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">My father is very proud of his Irish heritage, but he wants to know more. From family tradition he knows that his ancestor, William Gibbs, emigrated to Canada from Ireland. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">That's the only information that he knew about his Irish origins. Can we find out more?</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><b>What we know from Canadian records</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">William Gibbs is first listed in the 1851 census of Sheffield, Addington County, Ontario. His wife was Mary Coulter, and he is listed in the census next to her parents. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">The census states that William, his wife, and daughter Mary were all born in Ireland.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj63HlQamd6dOQWGAxHARxEdFSq1unEHrzWovL-DM3GoBaqZuR8Cdx27CiEBtYRCV0TbsWoZlfTQOyFmVIRFxRiF4JyQfKO0o1DMfgrTFi2yuTv5Bb9GCTvoBHYPCm6x_iLON6xmZR1LeQ/s836/1851+Addington+-+Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="1851 Census of Canada" border="0" data-original-height="243" data-original-width="836" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj63HlQamd6dOQWGAxHARxEdFSq1unEHrzWovL-DM3GoBaqZuR8Cdx27CiEBtYRCV0TbsWoZlfTQOyFmVIRFxRiF4JyQfKO0o1DMfgrTFi2yuTv5Bb9GCTvoBHYPCm6x_iLON6xmZR1LeQ/w640-h186/1851+Addington+-+Copy.jpg" title="Gibbs family 1851 census Sheffield, Ontario" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Gibbs family in 1841 census of Sheffield, Ontario, Canada</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">William is listed in the 1861 census of Sheffield, but this time the census states that all of his children, including his first daughter, were born in Canada. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVXaOSrxHV4ZycwuRUsQQ43dYtOGaIrKwVcBoB4mfY-68EmOnWfzfZ4yFxhVU4yqhuCFrjW7MnRFG9qxCW1XBp92fxU62s5f_kN0I8lJtGvLDA58fZ0ztQUFqegWdteAAydZRObePh7Xk/s865/1861+Lennox+and+Addington.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="1861 census Ontario, Canada" border="0" data-original-height="210" data-original-width="865" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVXaOSrxHV4ZycwuRUsQQ43dYtOGaIrKwVcBoB4mfY-68EmOnWfzfZ4yFxhVU4yqhuCFrjW7MnRFG9qxCW1XBp92fxU62s5f_kN0I8lJtGvLDA58fZ0ztQUFqegWdteAAydZRObePh7Xk/w640-h156/1861+Lennox+and+Addington.jpg" title="Gibbs family in 1861 census" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Gibbs family in the 1861 census of Sheffield, Ontario, Canada</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Other censuses, and the death record of the daughter Mary, confirm that all children were born in Ontario.<br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span>It appears that William may have come to Canada around the time of The Great Famine. There is no passenger list to tell us exactly when he arrived. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span>No record has been found that contains a date of birth or the names of his parents. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span>Luckily, however, his death record [Number 18 in the image below] states that he was born in County Monaghan, Ireland. </span></span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3wfK8SRmllDsozwfuR600fclgDwD5feNBQZ1FNnCH3t6z2A_dfT6a4MBmLS7SmqmyAmgj4jdrKhu41_G_fySdQ_HqVBxXh5PALNTmaRlsZR0GHT9BHvng6QvRptL7zgNes_HFPDaYLY8/s743/death.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="Death record Ontario Canada" border="0" data-original-height="552" data-original-width="743" height="476" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3wfK8SRmllDsozwfuR600fclgDwD5feNBQZ1FNnCH3t6z2A_dfT6a4MBmLS7SmqmyAmgj4jdrKhu41_G_fySdQ_HqVBxXh5PALNTmaRlsZR0GHT9BHvng6QvRptL7zgNes_HFPDaYLY8/w640-h476/death.jpg" title="Canadian death record" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Death of William Gibbs 15 Jun 1882 in Sheffield, Ontario, Canada</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">So here's all we know from Canadian records about William's origins: William Gibbs was born around 1826 in County Monaghan, Ireland, and was in Canada by 1851.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><b>Searching records in Ireland</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">First, as you may know, there is a scarcity of Irish records. In many cases we are stuck with just knowing that our ancestor came from Ireland. But that didn't deter me! </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">After seeing that William was born in County Monaghan I immediately began searching through the records that remain. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">One of the most useful records for the time when William would have been living in Ireland are the Tithe Applotments. These records were taken between 1823-1837 and can be used as a census substitute. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">In the entire County of Monaghan, there was not a single Gibbs family. I could not find the family in other surviving records, so I eventually gave up.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><b>An unexpected message</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span>I came to stay with my parents in 2019 to help take care of my mother. She died Christmas morning. I was helping my father when the Coronavirus quarantine was announced, so then I stayed. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span>In March of this year he was talking about his family and said, "About 10 years ago, a man named Jebb contacted me from Ireland and said he thought we might be related." I asked, "What made him think that?" He replied, "DNA." </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span>I asked if he still had the email, and he said he didn't, but he thought that he could find the man's email address. A few minutes later I was sending an email to a man in Ireland using an old email address and hoping that he still used it. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span>The next day Mr. Jebb replied. He lives in Ireland, and his ancestors were from the townland of Billis, County Monaghan, Ireland.</span></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><b>Jebb DNA</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span><span>Mr. Jebb informed me that many years ago he had done a Y-DNA test with Ancestry.com [Ancestry no longer conducts Y-DNA tests]. </span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Other Jebb men had tested at the same company, and some of them were matches. He said he was also a distant match to Gibbs. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">He was the only Jebb had also taken a 25-marker Y-DNA test with Family Tree DNA, but he did not have any Jebb or Gibbs matches in the FTDNA database. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">At the time these men were tested, most companies had only one kind of test available for Y-DNA. This was the STR test.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><b>What is an STR test?</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">"STR" stands for Short Tandem Repeat. A Short Tandem Repeat means that a short series of bases (nucleotides) is repeated side-by-side several times, something like a hiccup.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">Here's an STR example: AGATAGATAGATAGATAGATAGATAGATAGAT. In this example, the sequence "AGAT" is repeated eight times. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">There are many known locations on the Y-chromosome where these Short Tandem Repeats occur. Each of these locations is identified by a marker. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">Each marker is given a name such as DYS393. This abbreviation stands for </span><u style="color: #222222;">D</u><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">NA </span><u style="color: #222222;">Y</u><span style="color: #222222;">-</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">chromosome </span><u style="color: #222222;">S</u><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">egment 393. At this marker the number of repeats is counted and reported. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">So, for example, in a 12-marker test the testing company will examine 12 named locations on the Y-chromosome and report the number of repeats at each location.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><b>Old Y-DNA tests</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span><span>After hearing that Jebb had tested at Ancestry and at Family Tree DNA (FTDNA) I was in quite a quandary. My father had not taken Y-DNA tests with either Ancestry.com or with FTDNA. </span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span><span>However, he had taken two Y-DNA tests. In 2006 my father had taken a 12-marker Y-DNA test from National Geographic's Genographic Project. </span><span>I had transferred the results to Family Tree DNA. </span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span><span>He had also t</span></span><span>aken a 43-marker Y-DNA test from the Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation (SMGF). Although SMGF did not display the results, they did publish their database online. As a person guessed at each marker correctly it would show up in the results. I </span><span>did exactly that, until all results were showing, and then transferred the SMGF results to Ancestry.com and to YSearch.org.</span><span> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span>SMGF tested 43 markers, but one of these markers was not tested by Family Tree DNA, so only 42 markers are recorded in the YSearch record.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span>You would think I'd be safe with the DNA in that many databases. But, unfortunately, all but one of them is now gone. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span>Ancestry.com purchased SMGF in 2010, and removed the SMGF online database. Ancestry then discontinued Y-DNA testing and removed its own Y-DNA database. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span>Family Tree DNA removed the YSearch database. This one was the most devastating because I had tested the Y-DNA of hundreds of men. The Y-DNA test of every man from any company had been entered into YSearch, and all were now gone. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span>Most recently, t</span><span>he Genographic Project has been discontinued, and its database has been taken down.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">So what did I have left? I had the 12-marker Genographic Project results that had been transferred to Family Tree DNA, and one more thing--I had taken a screenshot of the Gibbs YSearch results. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="YSearch record" border="0" data-original-height="511" data-original-width="760" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisglICe4ex5ujorXudmIuMScdwSIO3H0mLBjorvvBxmJovzstUNlv28yTH-djAWp9OWXNJTbf2QG48urX670XoZDHwJs0bLHZTNAo_BmBCW_5t8OE9E-JTlkLFz_siUFbpIOQCJdIaq-s/w640-h430/Gibbs+Y-DNA.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Gibbs at YSearch.org" width="640" /></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Gibbs 42-marker STR results recorded at YSearch.org</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br />I could compare the Jebb Y-DNA results at Family Tree DNA with the Gibbs 12-marker results that had been transferred there. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">I immediately looked to see if Jebb was on the Gibbs list of 12-marker Y-DNA matches at Family Tree DNA. He wasn't. Right off the bat, Family Tree DNA is indicating that these two men are not related. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">If they aren't showing up as matches at only 12 markers, this is not a good sign. But, I still had my YSearch screenshot, and Mr. Jebb allowed me access to his 25-marker Y-DNA results:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXPBgo2NvN6yvUIMhzBGRyRnkNYKfbltCxB3-7se8ZF9G9aKaIS2xlRYBMlh39MzExwcV6auv1aB58BmPw1KhlB_8jCm9fBvSV-69zqHpzFhWEeoVwQitS7Jp2l1f-0gEmuyRjdxGDNQ4/s1115/Jebb+25+markers.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="25-marker STRs" border="0" data-original-height="212" data-original-width="1115" height="122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXPBgo2NvN6yvUIMhzBGRyRnkNYKfbltCxB3-7se8ZF9G9aKaIS2xlRYBMlh39MzExwcV6auv1aB58BmPw1KhlB_8jCm9fBvSV-69zqHpzFhWEeoVwQitS7Jp2l1f-0gEmuyRjdxGDNQ4/w640-h122/Jebb+25+markers.jpg" title="FTDNA STR results" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Jebb 25-marker STR results</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br />By comparing the two we can see how many differences there are. </span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">There is already a difference at the second marker, DYS390, where Gibbs has 24, and Jebb has 23. </span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">The second difference is at DYS385b where Gibbs has 16, and Jebb has 15. So these two men have two differences in the first 12 markers. </span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">A third difference is at DYS447 where Gibbs has 26 and Jebb has 25. This is definitely not looking promising.</span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">But Mr. Jebb also informed me that he had compiled a database of his Ancestry Y-DNA results comparing them to the results of any possible matches. He sent me the list, and I carefully compared them. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">In addition to his own results there were three matches named Jebb on his list, and my father's Y-DNA results matched all of the men more closely than his results matched Mr. Jebb's. For example, all three of the Jebb matches had a 24 at DYS390. So there was a chance!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">I wrote back to Mr. Jebb and told him that our best shot of solving this was to upgrade both the Jebb and Gibbs Y-DNA tests. I said that it was possible that no matter how many STRs we ordered, these two men might still not show up as matches, but if they were really related a Big Y test would prove it. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">The most recent version of the Big Y test is called Big Y-700. This test will prove the Jebb-Gibbs relationship because not only does it include more than 700 STRs, it includes the very important SNPs. In addition, the Big Y-700 includes a separate test of the first 111 basic STRs.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><b>What is a SNP?</b></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">SNP (pronounced "snip") stands for Single Nucleotide Polymorphism. It occurs when a single base (nucleotide) mutates. </span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">In the image below the ancestral nucleotide A has mutated to a T in Man 1. [See the fifth letter from the left.] </span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; color: #222222; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 5px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM946EH-2WBzvgLGMaHfHhaz5eUAkdmNR8iY15u68OBdv5oPOkg5dJkIRcoOaVSsGYjGKXIoody0PNkXamcu7yetwEH_VODy57GERxhFYydDr5f_onrfZQhL6jbyY6gKzlMfWSbYuHLy0/s1600/snp.jpg" style="color: #888888; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="Single nucleotide polymorphism and short tandem repeat" border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="613" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM946EH-2WBzvgLGMaHfHhaz5eUAkdmNR8iY15u68OBdv5oPOkg5dJkIRcoOaVSsGYjGKXIoody0PNkXamcu7yetwEH_VODy57GERxhFYydDr5f_onrfZQhL6jbyY6gKzlMfWSbYuHLy0/w640-h207/snp.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: none; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;" title="SNP and STR definition" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">SNPs and STRs (Image by Mark Jobling)</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">The main difference between SNPs and STRs is their stability.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">STRs can mutate back and forth. For example, in the image above we don't know which of the repeat values came first. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">Man 1 has CTA repeated 5 times, but CTA is repeated 6 times in Man 2's results and 7 times in Man 3's results. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">Which is the ancestral value--was it first a 5 that changed to a 6 in Man 2 and then a 7 in Man 3? Or was it first a 6 that mutated down to a 5 in Man 1 and up to a 7 in Man 3? Or was it first a 7 that mutated down in Men 1 and 2? There is no way to tell. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Furthermore, these not the only three options--STRs can mutate up in one generation and back down in another generation making two men look more closely related than they really are. </span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">SNPs, on the other hand, are generally one-time events. When a SNP occurs it is passed down to all future generations.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">Some SNPs are proven to have occurred thousands of years ago. Others occurred in recent times. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">When a new SNP is found through Y-DNA testing it is given a name and placed on the human Y-DNA tree (called the haplotree). The name of this SNP can become the name of a new haplogroup. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">A haplogroup is simply a group of men who share a SNP. SNP testing is progressing so rapidly that SNPs occurring in the genealogical time period are being now placed onto the Y-DNA haplotree.</span></span></p><p><span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><b>The Big Y test is ordered</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">The day after I suggested upgrading to Mr. Jebb, I received a reply stating that he had ordered the Big Y on March 7. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">I normally wait until the Big Y is on sale to upgrade, but I thought that if I ordered the test right at that time, the 111 STRs might be completed by Father's Day. That would be the best Father's Day present ever if I could show my dad that he was very likely related to Mr. Jebb. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">So I immediately ordered the Big Y test.</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><b>Back to the records</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span>I spent the next few months working almost non-stop reading any records relating to the Jebb family. In case the Y-DNA results showed that these men were really related, I wanted to find the possible Gibbs ancestor (which seemed impossible). </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span>I read every Jebb deed, went through surviving church records, etc. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span>For example, a</span><span>lthough there were no Gibbs families in the Tithe Applotments for County Monaghan there were Jebb families there. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span>The Tithe Applotments can be searched at <a href="http://titheapplotmentbooks.nationalarchives.ie/search/tab/index.jsp" target="_blank">The National Archives of Ireland</a> where we see that there were fourteen Jebb families listed:</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZU30XEWrpKW_bz3F0o5QwFGzAP03Xj6fPWNC94oaUVWzQGg3q6QOF1AJNX5PN7gKqM9dg1_xfOZpYGr7LI3vl39l6IljRnFm3FhV5Z7jcEtlQKqHYot8pGMUuA4WUfST02MNz9SDwjh8/s968/tithe+index.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="Title Applotment index" border="0" data-original-height="549" data-original-width="968" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZU30XEWrpKW_bz3F0o5QwFGzAP03Xj6fPWNC94oaUVWzQGg3q6QOF1AJNX5PN7gKqM9dg1_xfOZpYGr7LI3vl39l6IljRnFm3FhV5Z7jcEtlQKqHYot8pGMUuA4WUfST02MNz9SDwjh8/w640-h362/tithe+index.jpg" title="Jebb in Tithe Applotments" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Index to Tithe Applotments at The National Archives of Ireland</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">I wanted to trace all of the Jebb emigrants to see which ones ended up in Canada. I also wanted to find descendants of multiple Jebb lines for possible future Y-DNA tests. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">This was much more work than I had ever imagined because multiple Jebb descendants had left County Monaghan and emigrated to Scotland, England, India, Australia, Canada, and the United States. Many of them had migrated through multiple countries. I was going through the records in all of these countries compiling lists of Jebb families.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">I eliminated many Jebb men as the possible ancestors of William Gibbs, and narrowed it down to just a few. One of them is the best candidate, but since there is no baptismal or other record for William Gibbs the proof can only be provided with Y-DNA.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><b>Y-STR Results</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">The 111 STR results came in on June 10. Father's Day was June 21, so I had a few days to prepare the presentation of records and to show my father the most exciting news--the DNA results. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">At 111 markers Mr. Jebb was my father's only match:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="STR matches" border="0" data-original-height="474" data-original-width="1331" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaizF70mqNvby44yxoejWhGX85qadsU3Cd-hMyi-Ty9yJepLmaPD07tlGml58AKG3U5Q5vH5QJocaCrZvTPjp2agu9xwv0Dsd6OoqTgw2Uv4UGczqzmzn2adi3k8WDj1gFLJZ5yzw6aDQ/w640-h227/Gibbs-Jebb1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Y-DNA matches" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">STR match list</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaizF70mqNvby44yxoejWhGX85qadsU3Cd-hMyi-Ty9yJepLmaPD07tlGml58AKG3U5Q5vH5QJocaCrZvTPjp2agu9xwv0Dsd6OoqTgw2Uv4UGczqzmzn2adi3k8WDj1gFLJZ5yzw6aDQ/s1331/Gibbs-Jebb1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"></span></a></div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /><span>In the Genetic Distance Column you see the number 5. This means that there were five differences between the two men in the 111 markers. We know that two of them occurred within the first 12 markers, and that would normally indicate that these two men are not related.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">The 111 STRs indicate that these men probably <i>are</i> related, and if so, the SNPs will prove it.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><p></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><b>Big Y results</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Mr. Jebb's Big Y results came in first. I checked every day to see my father's results, but they did not show. I called Family Tree DNA, and they said that his test had failed and had to be redone. Mr. Jebb had no matches yet. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">The Big Y testing is done in two stages, the first part is automated, and the second stage involves a manual review of the results to more accurately identify the SNPs, name them, and place them on the haplotree. </span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">At the end of the automated process, you will see results that may be later modified by the manual review. Family Tree DNA will place each person on a tree called the Block Tree which is a tree showing where that man belongs in the tree of mankind from the earliest ancestors down to the most recent ones. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">After logging into the Family Tree DNA account, there is a Big Y section for those who have taken the test. Click "Block Tree" to see your placement on the tree.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Big Y options" border="0" data-original-height="137" data-original-width="707" height="123" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-lX4gRtCX-7jvIe4J6GpjHT51gNZ310DX9ZsUSLP2MGgw7fK9Jrh-CDfaSTYhBindU4_EhtnpbgKLM55QyzUtVwbVJNbWMd-GCnxGLfG9rA4G4YpTJ5dl96Oiv3NHkmD64xfOc_OPoMM/w640-h123/Big+Y+options.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Big Y menu" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Big Y menu: Click Block Tree</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-lX4gRtCX-7jvIe4J6GpjHT51gNZ310DX9ZsUSLP2MGgw7fK9Jrh-CDfaSTYhBindU4_EhtnpbgKLM55QyzUtVwbVJNbWMd-GCnxGLfG9rA4G4YpTJ5dl96Oiv3NHkmD64xfOc_OPoMM/s707/Big+Y+options.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"></span></a></div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">When you first click on the Block tree, you will see this welcome message with an explanation of the tree:</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Big Y Block Tree" border="0" data-original-height="374" data-original-width="596" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnpztyGoskja82S9im3JAWTAv_WPSX6I4Ulg7NeamukA52q1UzcjzP3vSA-UDE_Mltw91FbeFAL2BeLFOhUj-oiyUIu6I4zGQTKFWOqHsexJ0djtSG3iYJZ3Dm8n2mam7DmMJE0rG9cco/w640-h402/block+tree+explain.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Block Tree explanation" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Block Tree Welcome message</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnpztyGoskja82S9im3JAWTAv_WPSX6I4Ulg7NeamukA52q1UzcjzP3vSA-UDE_Mltw91FbeFAL2BeLFOhUj-oiyUIu6I4zGQTKFWOqHsexJ0djtSG3iYJZ3Dm8n2mam7DmMJE0rG9cco/s596/block+tree+explain.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"></span></a></div></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Click "Show me around" to see how to navigate the tree, then see the tree itself. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span>For people who have not taken the Big Y test, the public Block Tree </span><span>can be accessed by going to the </span><a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/" target="_blank">Family Tree DNA</a><span> website. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span>Then go to the bottom of the page and click "Y-DNA Haplotree." You can then search for any position on the tree. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj79VSdtVz-W6hJGkQYzHk6eA2tvXZpkDNnsuJoOee7szfT3yQoFBkB8twdDFDbjc_v1UFSYpMtC1oZtuygvWTtZ-slR4a3ZCtsmF5S3IoA2XzpjXEQwd5GVfYshR73Zo4r9YATe4EQD4Q/s983/Y+haplotree.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="Public Y-DNA haplotree" border="0" data-original-height="197" data-original-width="983" height="127" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj79VSdtVz-W6hJGkQYzHk6eA2tvXZpkDNnsuJoOee7szfT3yQoFBkB8twdDFDbjc_v1UFSYpMtC1oZtuygvWTtZ-slR4a3ZCtsmF5S3IoA2XzpjXEQwd5GVfYshR73Zo4r9YATe4EQD4Q/w640-h127/Y+haplotree.jpg" title="FTDNA haplotree" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Family Tree DNA Y-DNA Haplotree</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Jebb's position on the Block Tree</span></b></div></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Mr. Jebb appeared on the Big Y Block Tree in a branch called R-BY50723:</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="Big Y Block Tree" border="0" data-original-height="635" data-original-width="889" height="457" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjsNgIihpd_R78avPaLITejF3uqazNmARnPt2MODsodwHUpIOyknSa6DYzgTHnekDO7_TyYLL5qWmXbc0jt6HW33fvuFbw-Mk1o6d7z5JdXd3w0q-rak-UHAScfPZWp6cGWpjgd4CHks0/w640-h457/Jebb+50723.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="R-BY50723" width="640" /></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Branch R-BY50723 in Block Tree</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjsNgIihpd_R78avPaLITejF3uqazNmARnPt2MODsodwHUpIOyknSa6DYzgTHnekDO7_TyYLL5qWmXbc0jt6HW33fvuFbw-Mk1o6d7z5JdXd3w0q-rak-UHAScfPZWp6cGWpjgd4CHks0/s889/Jebb+50723.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"></span></a></div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><div><br /></div>At the top of the above screenshot is a white block [your own branch of the Block Tree is always shown in white] containing 26 SNPs with names like BY50723, BY137843, etc. They are grouped together because the order in which these occurred is not yet known. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">When a new Big Y tester has some of these SNPs, but not others, the ones that are shared by the new tester will then be known to have occurred in earlier generations than the SNPs that are not shared. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">As more people test, it is possible for many of these SNPs to be placed in generational order on the tree. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">The SNPs beginning with the letters BY were discovered with earlier Big Y tests, and the ones beginning with the letters FT were discovered with the more recent Big Y-700 test (which is the test Jebb and Gibbs took).</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">I looked at Mr. Jebb's results, and he did not have some of the SNPs in the R-BY50723 branch, but his results alone were not enough to determine exactly where he belonged in the branch. </span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">R-BY50723 is considered for now to be his "terminal" haplogroup, however this "terminal" haplogroup can change multiple times as more closely-related men take the Big Y test and provide a more precise placement on the tree. </span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">In the branches below R-BY50723 there is only one SNP whose exact position in the haplotree is now known; it is SNP BY152878, and it has formed a new haplogroup called R-BY152878. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Here is the bottom of the above screen showing that Mr. Jebb is sharing branch R-BY50723 with one person from England.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Matches in Big Y Block Tree" border="0" data-original-height="615" data-original-width="461" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ6XSjJvU9rpsWJeeNx0Y4IQ69egrRFNlbKEvLJl5UHzpTIvI2S844JKfDaEFcmCbFvKacZDxrGyV9il0Jx1FnxwwBtOic6HPrJC83CxkOVjUAiyi2jg6wnEIzCVCY7eZmy8PKmZptGpo/w480-h640/branch+50723.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Private variants" width="480" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Y-DNA matches in Big Y Block Tree</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ6XSjJvU9rpsWJeeNx0Y4IQ69egrRFNlbKEvLJl5UHzpTIvI2S844JKfDaEFcmCbFvKacZDxrGyV9il0Jx1FnxwwBtOic6HPrJC83CxkOVjUAiyi2jg6wnEIzCVCY7eZmy8PKmZptGpo/s615/branch+50723.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"></span></a></div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /><span>You will notice in Mr. Jebb's branch that it says there is an average of 16 private variants between the two men in that branch. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span>Even though these two men are on the same branch of the haplotree, they are not considered to be a match because matches at FTDNA only include people who have no more than 30 total SNP differences which include private variants and named SNPs.</span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><b>What are private variants?</b></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">In the Family Tree DNA Learning Center, FTDNA provides an explanation:</span></span></div></div><div><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><p style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px;">On the Big Y Block Tree, you will see blocks labeled Private Variants. Private Variants are one of the following;</p></span></span></div></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><div><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><ul style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box;"><ul><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">mutations that are not named nor are shared between any branch members.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">mutations that have not yet been validated and placed on the Haplotree.</li></ul></ul></span></span></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><p style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px;">It is important to note that Private Variants are filtered to only include SNP calls from regions of the Y chromosome that can be reliably mapped with NGS technology. For this reason, the block tree number might be lower than what you see in your personal Big Y <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Private Variants</em> list.</p></span></span></div></div></blockquote><div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Family Tree DNA used to list "Private Variants" as "Unnamed Variants" [See the "Examining variants with the Chromosome Browser" section of <a href="https://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2017/12/the-big-y-could-be-best-dna-test-ever.html" target="_blank">The Big Y could be the best DNA test ever!</a>], but now most of them are named even though the official names do not appear on the list of private variants. Instead, private variants are listed by their position number on the Y chromosome. </span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">As previously stated, the Block Tree indicates that there is an average of 16 private variants between the two men in haplogroup R-BY50723. We want to see the actual list of private variants for Mr. Jebb.</span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><b>List of Private Variants</b></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">The private variants can be seen by clicking either the Matches link or the Results link in the Big Y section of the home page.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY02OsbxUGT0uugbMBDoq3IDdrpc1vOobrPnfsbskRDwfCox2I6WRN_LtU_nBgAjXJbUkCvCCULBaUWo1kdLgS9rUx8CHyc3mDfoOE2RjCXeZXKpzo6giI4wJcQMWgbihE_YioB4by-84/s707/Big+Y+options.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="FTDNA Big Y" border="0" data-original-height="137" data-original-width="707" height="123" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY02OsbxUGT0uugbMBDoq3IDdrpc1vOobrPnfsbskRDwfCox2I6WRN_LtU_nBgAjXJbUkCvCCULBaUWo1kdLgS9rUx8CHyc3mDfoOE2RjCXeZXKpzo6giI4wJcQMWgbihE_YioB4by-84/w640-h123/Big+Y+options.jpg" title="Big Y options" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span>Big Y options</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">You will then see a tab for Private Variants.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4bXV3zlRBmHlzynHEYsZZymc0t1OLDaoZBX6B1Z1GwmTi8cPSFCQ4lPdCnTWI1mIna9pNK0gGOGkXGIQvv0QVB3ptvTer71c3udDqvo73Ug6SP1YjK6hqQM4fx_Tbuk6ZqWJMVEXMMvo/s311/Big+Y+results.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Big Y private variants" border="0" data-original-height="106" data-original-width="311" height="136" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4bXV3zlRBmHlzynHEYsZZymc0t1OLDaoZBX6B1Z1GwmTi8cPSFCQ4lPdCnTWI1mIna9pNK0gGOGkXGIQvv0QVB3ptvTer71c3udDqvo73Ug6SP1YjK6hqQM4fx_Tbuk6ZqWJMVEXMMvo/w400-h136/Big+Y+results.jpg" title="FTDNA private variants" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span><span>Private Variants tab</span><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">I checked Mr. Jebb's Big Y results, and he had 22 private variants. The private variants are ones that were not seen in other men. They are listed below in three screens:</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNzByzaIbY_64Bp1MeYBF5jhjReXDgetkOhhe__rOVymTykocBFz6ReypqnW3ZJRfvJ2vM3x34DnxOhPqlH0_ZY-0IWNUn62LacaX7bKAMLBfUJDbtIXlk-UEgrWtJtNBBUIfFSPl38VM/s909/Jebb+private+variants.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="Private Variants" border="0" data-original-height="475" data-original-width="909" height="332" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNzByzaIbY_64Bp1MeYBF5jhjReXDgetkOhhe__rOVymTykocBFz6ReypqnW3ZJRfvJ2vM3x34DnxOhPqlH0_ZY-0IWNUn62LacaX7bKAMLBfUJDbtIXlk-UEgrWtJtNBBUIfFSPl38VM/w640-h332/Jebb+private+variants.jpg" title="Jebb Private Variants 1-10" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Jebb Private Variants 1-10</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhawaqSd2zc1ckZJQDQBbZydZHeFsa019BVFQJnacr11y-WJxWASPdorZrpyeuD-kDTjY5A2r27HmJXvMW9WUsMpWa-KilWfq8V-MP07OHUjIr5EM3noJK7i-Tra2NwzaODppQCVaBcN0/s1050/Jebb+priv+var2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="private variants" border="0" data-original-height="476" data-original-width="1050" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhawaqSd2zc1ckZJQDQBbZydZHeFsa019BVFQJnacr11y-WJxWASPdorZrpyeuD-kDTjY5A2r27HmJXvMW9WUsMpWa-KilWfq8V-MP07OHUjIr5EM3noJK7i-Tra2NwzaODppQCVaBcN0/w640-h290/Jebb+priv+var2.jpg" title="Jebb private variants 11-20" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Jebb Private Variants 11-20</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie_6fiC6zAJ8SoNNSYOzlskAr0IHl8eb3PLLxvX8Snx19fD_KrAFT9PdDXvItxAF2Zl6hT3XOaLtxYcM0GfHFOhViVLF5Q4Eyyt1bokQ6zr3MUoWQHugNXBNH6R0dvqXPaXAS0fl26bpU/s974/jebb+priv+var3.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="private variants" border="0" data-original-height="163" data-original-width="974" height="107" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie_6fiC6zAJ8SoNNSYOzlskAr0IHl8eb3PLLxvX8Snx19fD_KrAFT9PdDXvItxAF2Zl6hT3XOaLtxYcM0GfHFOhViVLF5Q4Eyyt1bokQ6zr3MUoWQHugNXBNH6R0dvqXPaXAS0fl26bpU/w640-h107/jebb+priv+var3.jpg" title="Jebb private variants 21-22" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Jebb Private Variants 21-22</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">With 22 private variants, Mr Jebb is remotely related to the other men on the Block Tree and is definitely not related to any of them within the genealogical time period.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><b>Gibbs Big Y</b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">The Gibbs Big Y results were not finished until September, but they were worth the wait. As suspected, he had one match:</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="FTDNA Y-DNA matches" border="0" data-original-height="311" data-original-width="1052" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjm1heA3IuBoX-BcwAqKLrpfiFXonaMhB7rX5yOvxduTEOreZNx_R5DDg_mzGW5ZFV2gg5dT1zXG1bWoSzS2D4-Ol8Hcgu9MMQ13budotRri-4vjlnG1woxKEB-HtKXdqYbvXccm3iwXY/w640-h190/Gibbs+match1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Big Y matches" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Big Y match list</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjm1heA3IuBoX-BcwAqKLrpfiFXonaMhB7rX5yOvxduTEOreZNx_R5DDg_mzGW5ZFV2gg5dT1zXG1bWoSzS2D4-Ol8Hcgu9MMQ13budotRri-4vjlnG1woxKEB-HtKXdqYbvXccm3iwXY/s1052/Gibbs+match1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"></span></a></div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">In the above screen you can see the name of the match [I have erased his given name], an envelope for sending an email to the person, an icon for comments, the list of non-matching variants, the number of shared variants, and the date the match was discovered. We will examine some of these later. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">In addition to accessing the Block Tree from your home page, you can click on the Blue link at the top of the above screen to "View Big Y Block Tree" and see your placement on the tree. </span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">The Block Tree now looks quite different from the way it appeared before the Gibbs Big Y results were completed:</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="FTDNA haplotree" border="0" data-original-height="1340" data-original-width="1099" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIC6B616G1dt7ej5S-FUd9cKDkD-yuw9WVTm5jSk_AfpRdSxEXofwV0FUlRU0__tvp8zMQPMd_LTZr_fRxmMmzCNHKlwTe9uqWlokjvAD5tBxkZnKZ7Pfm8iwdsSFwF5_mHSkblgno83A/w523-h640/Block+Tree.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Big Y Block Tree" width="523" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Big Y Block Tree with new match</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIC6B616G1dt7ej5S-FUd9cKDkD-yuw9WVTm5jSk_AfpRdSxEXofwV0FUlRU0__tvp8zMQPMd_LTZr_fRxmMmzCNHKlwTe9uqWlokjvAD5tBxkZnKZ7Pfm8iwdsSFwF5_mHSkblgno83A/s1340/Block+Tree.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"></span></a></div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /><span>The Jebb-Gibbs branch of the tree is the white block on the right. The original R-BY50723 block of 26 SNPs (which was previously shown in white because it was considered to be Mr. Jebb's block) has been now been broken into two blocks called R-BY50725 (9 SNPs) and R-BY50723 (17 SNPs). </span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span>This is because Jebb and Gibbs both had the SNPs BY50725, BY50788, BY50811, BY50831, BY50848, BY73197, FT123034, FT123036, and FT94586, but they did not have the rest of the SNPs in block R-BY50723 which all of the other men have. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">The SNPs in each block are listed in alphanumeric order because the order in which they occured is not yet known. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">What is now known, however, is that all of the SNPs in block R-BY50725 occurred before the ones in block R-BY50723. Jebbs and Gibbs are now on their own new branch of the tree which is called R-FT368124.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><b>Jebb and Gibbs common ancestors</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Jebb and Gibbs share 20 SNPs in the block R-FT368124 that have not been seen before. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">All of these SNPs represent an ancestor, but since a SNP did not occur at the birth of every male ancestor, these SNPs represent at <u>least</u> 20 generations of common ancestors. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">In the left column of the Block Tree, you can see that Family Tree DNA estimates that their branch of the tree was formed about 33 SNP generations ago. If we use an average of 80-100 years per SNP generation, this branch is about 2640-3300 years old. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="Block Tree" border="0" data-original-height="100" data-original-width="1068" height="60" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTNqq7mOaz8ohuQV2q04Vf4Ly1M1xd4aHG2to21_NNqqYmNAsXC6ciL-6gT662SjDlJOf1yrUSXXYQAIj21UlInIGraPmXW_2GuKkCO46OBZFEhls-2vLYlAgWx0QBmv4Gka-dmdxpfMI/w640-h60/generations.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="SNP generations" width="640" /></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Estimated SNP Generations</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTNqq7mOaz8ohuQV2q04Vf4Ly1M1xd4aHG2to21_NNqqYmNAsXC6ciL-6gT662SjDlJOf1yrUSXXYQAIj21UlInIGraPmXW_2GuKkCO46OBZFEhls-2vLYlAgWx0QBmv4Gka-dmdxpfMI/s1068/generations.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"></span></a></div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">At the bottom of the branch is where we see the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of Jebb and Gibbs. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">The most recent common ancestor is when the two branches of Jebb and Gibbs separated. These two men have an average of 3 private variants since that time:</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="FTDNA private variants" border="0" data-original-height="326" data-original-width="1078" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjofR2PHv_5z4cVl76tNOMEyNTNP0HNZ_NHBhVWHmxsFX2nx6Dh8iYdDLhbm7Savn3JWf2hM0tG67pXLGZ-Wt1kEu7rG26t36quCpd7IG5TU8__CHGojR6_tXXZ-FipWLqE7OlV8loBdLQ/w640-h193/MRCA.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Block Tree private variants" width="640" /></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Private Variants on Block Tree</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjofR2PHv_5z4cVl76tNOMEyNTNP0HNZ_NHBhVWHmxsFX2nx6Dh8iYdDLhbm7Savn3JWf2hM0tG67pXLGZ-Wt1kEu7rG26t36quCpd7IG5TU8__CHGojR6_tXXZ-FipWLqE7OlV8loBdLQ/s1078/MRCA.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"></span></a></div></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">You will notice that in the Family Tree DNA Block Tree the placement of more recent generations is far less reliable. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">FTDNA seems to be placing the most recent common Jebb-Gibbs ancestor at about 13 SNP generations ago, but as you can see there is a wide variation of private and shared SNPs at the bottom of the tree. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Unless we have genealogical evidence of the most recent common ancestor, we can only broadly estimate the time to this ancestor by examining the private SNPs. This is because in some families Y-DNA mutates more than others, there may be uncertainty about the validity of some of the private variants, etc. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">The date estimation becomes more accurate as more men take the Big Y test.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">To find out more about the most recent common ancestor, we will need to examine the private variants that are not shared between the two men. This is the only part of the Big Y that may require work. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Before we look at the private variants, I will provide an explanation on how variants are identified.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; text-align: center;"><b>How are variants identified?</b></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">Now we get to the difficult part. How do we know if a private variant or SNP is valid? How do we know whether we have more or fewer variants than FTDNA identified? </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">We must first understand how variants are determined. During the testing process, your DNA is not read in one continuous stretch. Instead, your DNA is broken into random fragments. The test reads these fragments from each end. These are called the forward read and the reverse read. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">Some positions are read many more times than others. Some locations on the Y-chromosome can be read in one person's test and not in other. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">After being read, the fragments are aligned to the reference sequence, and differences from the reference sequence are identified. The difference from the reference value is your "derived" value. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">Unfortunately, not all of the reads may give the same result. One read may show the reference allele (for example a C) and another read may show a derived value (for example a G). </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">To be considered a high quality SNP by Family Tree DNA the position must usually be read at least ten times. The number of differing calls is then taken into account. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">A position that was read a few times with different results will be considered to be a much less reliable variant than one that was read many times with a consistent result.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">We will see how this works when we examine the Chromosome Browser in the next section.</div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><b>Evaluating private mutations: Gibbs</b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">One of the most interesting parts of the Big Y test is the list of private mutations. These are mutations that are not shared between the two men which means that the mutations should have occurred after the time of the most recent common ancestor. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">As more and more men test their Y-DNA some of the private variants can eventually be identified with a specific ancestor.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">If you go to the Big Y results, then to the Private variants tab, you will see a list of the mutations that were only seen in this test. Below, Mr. Gibbs has five private variants.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Big Y private variants" border="0" data-original-height="524" data-original-width="1023" height="327" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0UWwe-j37qSuXB0KSkGi23fjeoWeRynkj6dRN1NF78HopLw3J34GLOyxezCy49mmJU1LGzUYFcFp-JNmw7oI3o5fd2bT7-dzLcofiaHUD-oV5rIEVBeb-QvZhZRNLNHjS05szxPdTdJo/w640-h327/private+variants.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Gibbs private variants" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Gibbs Private Variants</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0UWwe-j37qSuXB0KSkGi23fjeoWeRynkj6dRN1NF78HopLw3J34GLOyxezCy49mmJU1LGzUYFcFp-JNmw7oI3o5fd2bT7-dzLcofiaHUD-oV5rIEVBeb-QvZhZRNLNHjS05szxPdTdJo/s1023/private+variants.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"></span></a></div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Click on any variant to see it displayed in the Y-Chromosome Browsing Tool (I refer to this tool as the Chromosome Browser). Here we are clicking on private variant 21234315.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">In the Chromosome Browser you will see the various fragments being read during the test. </span></div><div><br /></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="FTDNA chromosome browser" border="0" data-original-height="594" data-original-width="1217" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjUjKanQ9uAXfV65ucJPeKiQZXeAUCFxEuiKKF65wUdKOLGKubri7lxj_S-1Go19bG1vLybNwvjJpMPBeL3_SmNmzRtPi1zmyZHnvnCPaum0dxuBjiqI10uqLhnQXHHVdaOCEZqve8WIE/w640-h312/Novel+variant.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Big Y chromosome browser" width="640" /></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Family Tree DNA Big Y Chromosome Browser</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjUjKanQ9uAXfV65ucJPeKiQZXeAUCFxEuiKKF65wUdKOLGKubri7lxj_S-1Go19bG1vLybNwvjJpMPBeL3_SmNmzRtPi1zmyZHnvnCPaum0dxuBjiqI10uqLhnQXHHVdaOCEZqve8WIE/s1217/Novel+variant.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"></span></a></div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span><br />In the above screen we are looking at the Gibbs private variant 21234315. The arrow at the top of the scan points to this position. It shows that the reference sequence had a G in this position, and then shows the various reads for the Gibbs test. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span>The fragments being read in the forward direction are indicated in blue; the ones read in the reverse direction are shown in green. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span>You can see where each scan started and stopped by scrolling across the bottom of the screen.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Notice on the third line that one of the reads showed a G in this position, but all of the rest showed an A. With 22 total reads, 21 showing A and only one showing G, this is considered to be a reliable private variant.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span>Although we know that private variants are named by Family Tree DNA, the name given to this position is not shown in the Chromosome Browser. </span><span>However, we can find out the name given to this variant by going to <a href="https://ybrowse.org/gb2/gbrowse/chrY/?" target="_blank">ybrowse.org</a></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWMQ9CvE2ykr7JjZ5rezbgHcoTn_pIv9zVLb3pgILmD-c3e5ZgHKksXgtL2i844Rzhvgp1eWpuHxTsaGPahyiMXDHCJnJw0vhOglYbcYnq74QdbaaY2tQbzYSMOuhzqMPPNecFE20KfsQ/s633/.21234315.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="YBrowse display" border="0" data-original-height="578" data-original-width="633" height="583" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWMQ9CvE2ykr7JjZ5rezbgHcoTn_pIv9zVLb3pgILmD-c3e5ZgHKksXgtL2i844Rzhvgp1eWpuHxTsaGPahyiMXDHCJnJw0vhOglYbcYnq74QdbaaY2tQbzYSMOuhzqMPPNecFE20KfsQ/w640-h583/.21234315.jpg" title="YBrowse" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Position 21234315 at ybrowse.org</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Position 21234315 has been identified as a SNP and has been given the name FT381499.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">The names given to private variants will be important when we examine the variants of Jebb. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><b>Examining private variants: Jebb</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">When we look at Mr. Jebb's Big Y results, and go to the Private Variants tab we see that he has only one private variant:</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><img alt="FTDNA private varants" border="0" data-original-height="207" data-original-width="556" height="237" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglEYaZbfwJSlJ8A8O5-i-9JNYhrWB-BQBa-lplM8VZBUdXXmig6gHLq-pSki26ORiLcqexZAAvo7T3-zsmPolqbbAWJdVx5se8ePAV0jIB21Io7dI7NSstr2KpER-tbhLalsPkKzrwIU0/w640-h237/jebb+1+priv.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Jebb private variants" width="640" /></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Big Y Private Variants</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglEYaZbfwJSlJ8A8O5-i-9JNYhrWB-BQBa-lplM8VZBUdXXmig6gHLq-pSki26ORiLcqexZAAvo7T3-zsmPolqbbAWJdVx5se8ePAV0jIB21Io7dI7NSstr2KpER-tbhLalsPkKzrwIU0/s556/jebb+1+priv.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"></span></a></div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Jebb and Gibbs share a common ancestor. After the time of the common Jebb/Gibbs ancestor, why did five mutations occur in the Gibbs descendants, and only one in the Jebb descendants? </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">It is known that mutations can occur for a variety of reasons including the age of the father (older fathers tend to pass down more mutations than younger ones), environmental factors, etc. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Was there a particular reason that the Gibbs line that left Ireland had more mutations than the Jebb line that remained, or did Mr. Jebb have some mutations that were not called by FTDNA? Were there some positions that were read in the Gibbs test but not in the Jebb test?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Unfortunately, FTDNA does not give us the tools to resolve any questionable variants that might have appeared in Mr. Jebb's test results. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><b>Jebb's initial list of unnamed variants vs. final list</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">When Mr. Jebb's test was originally completed he had 22 private variants. After the results of Mr. Gibbs were completed and compared, the two men had 20 shared variants, and Jebb had only one private variant left. What happened to the missing variant?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">We cannot use the Private Variants tab to answer this question because most of these are no longer private variants, and the Chromosome Browser does not show us the name given to any private variants. We must go to the Named Variants tab.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><img alt="Big Y Named Variants" border="0" data-original-height="222" data-original-width="558" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL575bvq8mOM_GcM63N4tHb0addRFlLNo9dGIJ8SR-rgHJxmde7w6dvywGxUMnOHkNOV6PrFBbPOvioD689T1BmvYMBaZKkSTKY1T8uqGQkf4eEouwyY7bEShawGWZfL4syZ7zJozidO0/w640-h254/Named+FT381739.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Big Y SNPs" width="640" /></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Big Y Named Variants</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL575bvq8mOM_GcM63N4tHb0addRFlLNo9dGIJ8SR-rgHJxmde7w6dvywGxUMnOHkNOV6PrFBbPOvioD689T1BmvYMBaZKkSTKY1T8uqGQkf4eEouwyY7bEShawGWZfL4syZ7zJozidO0/s558/Named+FT381739.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"></span></a></div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">I entered into the SNP search box the name of each SNP on the Block Tree that was only shared by Gibbs and Jebb. For each SNP click on the SNP name to see it in the Chromosome Browser.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><img alt="Big Y Chromosome Browser" border="0" data-original-height="404" data-original-width="695" height="372" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAr4QaYfs2vKQliwwKPLc8jYzkj3ogBTIY0kBA9A8LTvdvLcKOU_ubvmrFVr5GO1M5wFIQaGGc2Zhnvte9zQieuL3zsjpOFlIScLol-iLaXlsC9G6Npm2fs2S1EpojT1uuVTIS8RV70lc/w640-h372/FT381739.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Chromosome Browser" width="640" /></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Big Y Chromosome Browser</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAr4QaYfs2vKQliwwKPLc8jYzkj3ogBTIY0kBA9A8LTvdvLcKOU_ubvmrFVr5GO1M5wFIQaGGc2Zhnvte9zQieuL3zsjpOFlIScLol-iLaXlsC9G6Npm2fs2S1EpojT1uuVTIS8RV70lc/s695/FT381739.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"></span></a></div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /><span>The Chromosome Browser for Named Variants provides the SNP name and the position number. We now know that SNP FT381739 is at position 11105011 and was originally the unnamed variant of that name. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span>I went through all of the named variants and found that one of the previous unnamed variants did not appear. It is position 23825361.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">You cannot use the FTDNA Chromosome Browser to for look this position. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">We cannot search for it in the Named Variants because we do not know the name (if any) given to it. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">We also cannot view it using the Private Variants section because this position now shows "Currently no results":</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><img alt="FTDNA search for variants" border="0" data-original-height="212" data-original-width="560" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_CDiozh_KATc3GMvBQznKhC79cba_wKVfFQmtRQNG-xstCD3E79qfFL02Z9dPQ2r1t4McSEc5HmJ8nFPh9Zx7oru2bsx4CK3EWwJn5jEjpL9MfgNIqczlF_sp_PWRFiPu7JgB9MrilW8/w640-h242/23825361+FT.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Private Variant search" width="640" /></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Search for Private Variant shows no results</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_CDiozh_KATc3GMvBQznKhC79cba_wKVfFQmtRQNG-xstCD3E79qfFL02Z9dPQ2r1t4McSEc5HmJ8nFPh9Zx7oru2bsx4CK3EWwJn5jEjpL9MfgNIqczlF_sp_PWRFiPu7JgB9MrilW8/s560/23825361+FT.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">What happened to this variant that was previously on Jebb's list of Private Variants? Again, we can search for any position using YBrowse:</span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><img alt="YBrowse" border="0" data-original-height="552" data-original-width="984" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUpvNW4-IiN3lpRov0Ry374fAKckeaS_8tn5lU7DVHTMRsRsQB7r57epObna7kqQYYATKHdlBMhi0FfkXpt6NhdwFCwUWDCNUDmpQjd3DCRYTUeqdTOxCjCPPWEM4d41boz5DOA_aMxO8/w640-h360/22359329+YB.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Unnamed SNP in YBrowse" width="640" /></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Unnamed Y-chromosome position in YBrowse</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUpvNW4-IiN3lpRov0Ry374fAKckeaS_8tn5lU7DVHTMRsRsQB7r57epObna7kqQYYATKHdlBMhi0FfkXpt6NhdwFCwUWDCNUDmpQjd3DCRYTUeqdTOxCjCPPWEM4d41boz5DOA_aMxO8/s984/22359329+YB.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"></span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">This position was not given a name.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">At FTDNA you can only examine the private variants that appear on your list. So there is no way at FTDNA to see why that position was not named.</span></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span>In both Jebb and Gibbs, if I search for position </span><span>23825361</span><span> I see the message "Currently no results." I cannot see this position in the Chromosome Browser, so there is no way at FTDNA to see if this position was read at all in either test or why this position was not named as a SNP or was not on Jebb's list of private variants.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br />There is only one way to find out about this variant, and that is to examine either the VCF file or, even better, the BAM file that are available for download. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><b>VCF and BAM data files</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">First, let's acknowledge that few people have expertise, or even interest, in examining raw data files. But you don't have to do any analysis yourself. There are others who will do it for you. We will see some of those options below. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">From either the Big Y Results section or the Big Y Matches section you will see links to Download VCF or Buy Raw Data (the BAM file). </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">The VCF file is a filtered data file that can be quite useful, but the BAM file is the one that is needed to identify all possible private variants.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><img alt="Big Y Raw Data" border="0" data-original-height="100" data-original-width="958" height="66" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4xyvOdGG8Ex0Pcr-aZ02Jej2rf2DaKOijlGbLfGxclVS7LmHX1u1UIPfxJPEXtctR2UbSEBuAhhP91ETb7cB1B-zmefS-yK3ffjX5QRNIGkwskO4fcFq-T5SVuDGCZ5Zb8QRvL-OPjME/w640-h66/download+data.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Download Big Y Data" width="640" /></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Download Raw Data</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4xyvOdGG8Ex0Pcr-aZ02Jej2rf2DaKOijlGbLfGxclVS7LmHX1u1UIPfxJPEXtctR2UbSEBuAhhP91ETb7cB1B-zmefS-yK3ffjX5QRNIGkwskO4fcFq-T5SVuDGCZ5Zb8QRvL-OPjME/s958/download+data.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"></span></a></div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Downloading the VCF file is free. Unfortunately, the BAM file is under "Buy Raw Data" and FTDNA is now charging $100 to download this file. </span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Here's some positive news about the $100 fee: At the time this fee was imposed FTDNA reduced the price of the Big Y by the same amount, so you might consider that you are now paying for the Big Y in two stages.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Once you download either the VCF or BAM, let's see options for evaluating them.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><b>Transfer the results to YFull</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Transferring your results to <a href="https://www.yfull.com/" target="_blank">Yfull.com</a> is, by far, your best option. Yfull will accept either the VCF or BAM file. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">If you choose to submit the VCF file, you can later submit the BAM file at no additional charge. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Even without the BAM file, the VCF file can be very useful, and you will still find out much more about your Y-DNA and be able to use YFull tools with this file. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><div><span style="font-family: inherit;">For much more about the many benefits of YFull and how to use them see the following two blog posts:</span></div><div><ul><li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/7064587737424586464/650936451288981695" target="_blank">Advantages of Submitting to YFull</a></span></li></ul></div><div><ul><li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/7064587737424586464/3361906162207748157" target="_blank">Advantages of Submitting to YFull - Part 2</a></span></li></ul></div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">The Gibbs VCF file has been transferred to YFull, so even though Jebb's file is not there yet, we can still find out more about Jebb's missing private variant.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">YFull uses a different name for "Private Variants." They are called "Novel SNPs." YFull will separate Novel SNPs from a VCF file into three categories:</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><img alt="YFull private variants" border="0" data-original-height="63" data-original-width="332" height="120" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_jeLYH6pIG76qYjzukAO-llDfqPSkNX_3XZMfXZj2UthfbgNcMDElGovxGJYgrGVmEpDFXH7Thpj4pGwUx3_akbtSZs3s9V5r94A74FfZr12Z3kWB21KT8aZNX7y2k5iIX8W96AcSUdw/w640-h120/VCF+categories.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="YFull Novel SNPS from VCF" width="640" /></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">YFull Novel SNPs identified from VCF file</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_jeLYH6pIG76qYjzukAO-llDfqPSkNX_3XZMfXZj2UthfbgNcMDElGovxGJYgrGVmEpDFXH7Thpj4pGwUx3_akbtSZs3s9V5r94A74FfZr12Z3kWB21KT8aZNX7y2k5iIX8W96AcSUdw/s332/VCF+categories.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"></span></a></div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">YFull separates Novel SNPs from BAM files into five categories. For example, in the image below, these "One reading" variants could only be determined from a BAM file. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">After examining the BAM file YFull will show more variants than Family Tree DNA does.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><img alt="YFull novel SNPs" border="0" data-original-height="54" data-original-width="620" height="53" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4YXflqymXQST_yjkdpqMvnMBpwg9J1b4EJM5gvcPTSE_kkRli5WGBNMN3tolvFTl76z8Nvif8RB6pqOuzCY16eKCtmG2wZaZceUouL0hOe_okH-zP8CcAeuTeA3xxHmLFA22P1qiDMIg/w640-h53/BAM+categories.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="YFull Novel SNPs from BAM" width="640" /></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">YFull Novel SNPs identified from BAM file</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4YXflqymXQST_yjkdpqMvnMBpwg9J1b4EJM5gvcPTSE_kkRli5WGBNMN3tolvFTl76z8Nvif8RB6pqOuzCY16eKCtmG2wZaZceUouL0hOe_okH-zP8CcAeuTeA3xxHmLFA22P1qiDMIg/s620/BAM+categories.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"></span></a></div></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">One of the advantages of YFull is that you can search for any variant in your file. Click Browse Raw Data in the YFull menu:</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="YFull menu" border="0" data-original-height="526" data-original-width="108" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjzkyz7B65fI9FQqpoxMhjNZfUO4FdWyFyE-zhMK58LFSMZxapYy1UpEj5LPVZfE1YK4nqU0mZeJy4gA8PrWnMdbTvKZVe2q4LIw6_I3n-KKcSWso8hdkercQCFphl5u5hi4UVJyGW0gk/w130-h640/Browse+Raw+Data.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="YFull Browse raw date" width="130" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Browse Raw Data</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjzkyz7B65fI9FQqpoxMhjNZfUO4FdWyFyE-zhMK58LFSMZxapYy1UpEj5LPVZfE1YK4nqU0mZeJy4gA8PrWnMdbTvKZVe2q4LIw6_I3n-KKcSWso8hdkercQCFphl5u5hi4UVJyGW0gk/s526/Browse+Raw+Data.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"></span></a></div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Although I could not find out why Jebb's private variant 23825361 is no longer on his list and could not see this position in the Chromosome Browser for Gibbs at FTDNA, I can see this position in the Gibbs file at YFull.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><img alt="YFull raw data" border="0" data-original-height="281" data-original-width="623" height="287" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyvcbBSHByrTev6YlodjoXGbWPm61HSeKk6zE5WLWtMLZVfw4rA0y_ahugUFiA_jbREp9x_l4CZg2dkXPxME_rfKTQtWh05-SzKbdZP4rPUCIm0kEuvwAtaoRvxyRwNuus6aURK2ektds/w640-h287/23825361.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="YFull Raw Data display" width="640" /></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Browse Raw Data at YFull</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyvcbBSHByrTev6YlodjoXGbWPm61HSeKk6zE5WLWtMLZVfw4rA0y_ahugUFiA_jbREp9x_l4CZg2dkXPxME_rfKTQtWh05-SzKbdZP4rPUCIm0kEuvwAtaoRvxyRwNuus6aURK2ektds/s623/23825361.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"></span></a></div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br />In the above image you can see that at position 23825361 the Reference sample has a C (Reference allele). This position was read 129 times in the Big Y test for Gibbs. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">In the Position Data row, it shows that the Gibbs results had a read of "T" 66 times at this position, and had a read of "C" 63 times. The reads at this position are unreliable, so during the manual review Family Tree removed 23825361 from Jebb's list of private variants.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><b>Summary of Jebb and Gibbs Big Y results</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Here's what we now know for certain. The Canadian immigrant William Gibbs and the Jebbs family of Billis, County Monaghan, share a common ancestor.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">What we haven't proven yet is the name of the common ancestor. We can find out much more testing other Jebb descendants and by examining the shared and private variants of these men. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">So what are the next steps for Jebb and Gibbs? </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">In the next section I will provide a list of suggestions for all Y-DNA testers no matter what level of Y-DNA testing you have ordered. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><b>What to do after getting your Y-DNA results</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">There is always more to learn from our DNA. It's the gift that keeps giving. We must let others know about our discoveries and preserve this information for future generations. Getting the results is just the beginning! </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Although there are many more things we can do beyond what is listed below, here is a list of what I consider to be essential actions if you tested Y-DNA at Family Tree DNA. The list may vary if you tested at another company.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">If you want to make great matches with Y-DNA follow all of the steps below.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><b>At Family Tree DNA:</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">1. If you already have a FTDNA account, click Add ons & Upgrades at the top of the screen. If you have not ordered a Y-DNA test, you will click the Add ons tab. If you want to upgrade your STR test click the Upgrades tab.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: xx-large;"><font><br /></font></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: xx-large;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoJJCQTQ66TuYBL8lvNOSicSIePHOLjaawuJT5lNKXCbiGOxsXVk01R7iN9RmiYjZBQdorsr-YncAp0RIcSG-PDq-S1gbcADDs_PZV1hDuRTwlqR8m0VD4GHXud9ngMx_LBQsT9uHNBco/s378/upgrade.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="FTDNA test upgrade" border="0" data-original-height="55" data-original-width="378" height="92" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoJJCQTQ66TuYBL8lvNOSicSIePHOLjaawuJT5lNKXCbiGOxsXVk01R7iN9RmiYjZBQdorsr-YncAp0RIcSG-PDq-S1gbcADDs_PZV1hDuRTwlqR8m0VD4GHXud9ngMx_LBQsT9uHNBco/w640-h92/upgrade.jpg" title="Order DNA test at FTDNA" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span><span style="font-size: large;">Add Ons and Upgrades</span><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><span><font><div style="font-size: xxx-large;"><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span><font>2. </font></span> Add information about your earliest known paternal ancestor. Hover the mouse over your name, then click Account Settings.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div></font></span><span style="font-size: xx-large;"><font><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuuI9CIk5eHZ1zxZKp2DrYHgiwoN2rKB1OJmUC2WsEx2AVvQEFqTWWVW3SjsATV2chNkb4Z0cU9iwkVY2bAoxiXVFot1_K86YFtkgkdf7WLPxbx6HkQB-R2CD1hQTWBBXpPHNU7Y8Z4mk/s366/account+settings2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="mtDNA account settings" border="0" data-original-height="224" data-original-width="366" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuuI9CIk5eHZ1zxZKp2DrYHgiwoN2rKB1OJmUC2WsEx2AVvQEFqTWWVW3SjsATV2chNkb4Z0cU9iwkVY2bAoxiXVFot1_K86YFtkgkdf7WLPxbx6HkQB-R2CD1hQTWBBXpPHNU7Y8Z4mk/w640-h392/account+settings2.jpg" title="Change FTDNA account settings" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">FTDNA Account Settings</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div><span><font> </font></span></div></font></span><span><font><div><span style="font-size: x-large;">From the Account Settings page, click Genealogy, then Earliest Known Ancestors. </span></div></font></span><span style="font-size: xx-large;"><font><br /></font><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKHVDCJDw9kjA3gAAu9oTjEVU6YiBspD7AN3OAVUPhifBDNhWYPSh3BLtBHB23Wo0kezCxDLV0PxBC6rO_mqAU9ZE-MmcAbwOxCz1Go1qDsW2EIyUWUj9-Xks4S4L8nIg4waqwRuMuu_k/s800/EKA.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Paternal ancestor at YFull" border="0" data-original-height="461" data-original-width="800" height="367" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKHVDCJDw9kjA3gAAu9oTjEVU6YiBspD7AN3OAVUPhifBDNhWYPSh3BLtBHB23Wo0kezCxDLV0PxBC6rO_mqAU9ZE-MmcAbwOxCz1Go1qDsW2EIyUWUj9-Xks4S4L8nIg4waqwRuMuu_k/w640-h367/EKA.jpg" title="YFull Paternal ancestor" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Provide name, date, and place for earliest known paternal ancestor</span></td></tr></tbody></table></span><span><font><div><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;">Enter the name of your earliest-known direct paternal ancestor. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;">Even though the field says to enter birth and death dates, it is much better to enter a year of birth and the approximate birth location. This is what will appear on match lists and in FTDNA projects. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;">Enter a precise location using the location field below the ancestor's name. This is location that will appear in the Matches Maps section of your Y-STR results.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span><span><font>3. Review your Privacy Settings. Click the Privacy & Sharing tab. R</font></span>eview all privacy settings, and</span><span> </span><span>make sure you have opted into matching.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div></font></span><span><font><div style="font-size: xxx-large;"><span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRowxuGcfzLe1IY6BnQDt8mHOk4WQp2jZMFxVjd95nGGPO3DeM3CdcAUgJCqnag2FVNO1cHPMG6A-QgZB0Ko-vFi10r2dFzWEwbenUaLvWnuy_eM3jMzcann5g4db1bVUvOhUZcsO3w8Y/s911/Privacy+settings.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Update FTDNa account settings" border="0" data-original-height="404" data-original-width="911" height="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRowxuGcfzLe1IY6BnQDt8mHOk4WQp2jZMFxVjd95nGGPO3DeM3CdcAUgJCqnag2FVNO1cHPMG6A-QgZB0Ko-vFi10r2dFzWEwbenUaLvWnuy_eM3jMzcann5g4db1bVUvOhUZcsO3w8Y/w640-h284/Privacy+settings.jpg" title="Opt into matching" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Verify FTDNA account settings</span></td></tr></tbody></table></span></div><div style="font-size: xxx-large;"><span><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;">Select your Y-DNA match level. In most cases you will want to select All Levels.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-size: xxx-large; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDVNq_mPHse7-5kBIABgvbDVcuJCg5ALMbJD3z5k-GRPXtWn7yQl8X-I5zV9e6fXurI8QvqH6jPW_DT-HopNUlVVeJE4Ma4ZkgNy9vJAOs9TaMxe268FMHm_AVtwV3ONWxuQhyphenhyphenUwSrLJo/s799/Y+matching.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="match settings" border="0" data-original-height="240" data-original-width="799" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDVNq_mPHse7-5kBIABgvbDVcuJCg5ALMbJD3z5k-GRPXtWn7yQl8X-I5zV9e6fXurI8QvqH6jPW_DT-HopNUlVVeJE4Ma4ZkgNy9vJAOs9TaMxe268FMHm_AVtwV3ONWxuQhyphenhyphenUwSrLJo/w640-h190/Y+matching.jpg" title="FTDNA Y-DNA match level" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Select Y-DNA match level at FTDNA</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="font-size: xxx-large;"><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">4. Add a family tree to your account. Family trees at FTDNA are great for obtaining basic ancestral information, but the trees do not include sources. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">So, in addition to adding a family tree to their FTDNA account, some people put links to other online trees in the "About Me" section of their profile. To do this, go to Account Settings>Account Information>My Personal Story. </span></div><div><span><font size="6"><br /></font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span><font>Many people may not look at your profile, so be sure to add a family tree to your FTDNA account. </font></span>You can even link DNA matches to your family tree.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;">Click myTREE at the top of your home screen.</span></div><div><br /></div><div style="font-size: xxx-large;"><span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBzoNOB3vej4J7I9OIw9E74mDxnydv2NUW7vPQMXvPzgXyg9BAVC0Jfiana-iRPFKFfzOFB9Kt8rUH0GUjxiQTyzyEuKGzTcGYHSVz-k1Dh_pa8rpqTTc2tAmTfRMJEgAPkxmQS_xAFE0/s387/my+tree.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1em 0px;"><img alt="View Family Tree at FTDNA" border="0" data-original-height="54" data-original-width="387" height="90" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBzoNOB3vej4J7I9OIw9E74mDxnydv2NUW7vPQMXvPzgXyg9BAVC0Jfiana-iRPFKFfzOFB9Kt8rUH0GUjxiQTyzyEuKGzTcGYHSVz-k1Dh_pa8rpqTTc2tAmTfRMJEgAPkxmQS_xAFE0/w640-h90/my+tree.jpg" title="View your Family Tree" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">View your family tree at FTDNA</span></td></tr></tbody></table></span></div><div style="font-size: xxx-large;"><span><font><span style="font-size: xx-large;"> </span></font></span></div><div><span><font face="inherit" size="5">You will then be given the opportunity to create your tree.</font></span></div><div style="font-size: xxx-large;"><span><font><span style="font-size: xx-large;"><br /></span></font></span></div><div style="font-size: xxx-large;"><span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimy3E07PuW1X_4O0Dn3oCmcUkOn_Hp4lmf-K8BY-txRsK1KktZ7ZPl8Jv97vq8jSZWk0E3QNrhRYjmBS-cAq0LFkPsXSFozJliWsDSc7KTSbZr6aAg2LOez6ofjtfJfneXlq45ufqXOT0/s424/Create+tree.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="add family tree to FTDNA account" border="0" data-original-height="369" data-original-width="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimy3E07PuW1X_4O0Dn3oCmcUkOn_Hp4lmf-K8BY-txRsK1KktZ7ZPl8Jv97vq8jSZWk0E3QNrhRYjmBS-cAq0LFkPsXSFozJliWsDSc7KTSbZr6aAg2LOez6ofjtfJfneXlq45ufqXOT0/d/Create+tree.jpg" title="Add family tree for better DNA matching" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span><span style="font-size: large;">Create your family tree at FTDNA</span><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table></span></div><div style="font-size: xxx-large;"><span><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span><font>You can simply create a tree that contains only your paternal line. This</font></span> is not your best option, however, because you will want a more complete family tree for Family Finder results, mtDNA tests, and any other tests that may be offered in the future. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;">If you already have a family tree, click UPLOAD GEDCOM. You can create a GEDCOM file from your genealogy software program or from many online family trees.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div></font></span><span><font><div><span style="font-size: x-large;">For example, you can download your family tree from Ancestry.com and upload it as a GEDCOM to your Family Tree DNA account. To download your tree from Ancestry, log into your Ancestry.com account. Click the name of your tree, then click Tree Settings.</span></div></font></span><span><font><div style="font-size: xx-large;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-size: xx-large; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaOttn5WZY5Ar9xcB_D6P1m6IUT8fCpwPO4CGdXWJFdsM0-Fb3GyYhYwya3tg3qE3Q5hdBlvBOP5ivDSVdxrnMFaPGVTN4Hm1jIB94oa8igyGIQ0aUTg6bOEyzKpije0kSnhXz0DKwCSQ/s209/Ancestry+tree+settings.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Tree Settings at Ancestry.com" border="0" data-original-height="209" data-original-width="153" height="512" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaOttn5WZY5Ar9xcB_D6P1m6IUT8fCpwPO4CGdXWJFdsM0-Fb3GyYhYwya3tg3qE3Q5hdBlvBOP5ivDSVdxrnMFaPGVTN4Hm1jIB94oa8igyGIQ0aUTg6bOEyzKpije0kSnhXz0DKwCSQ/w375-h512/Ancestry+tree+settings.jpg" title="Ancestry Tree Settings" width="375" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ancestry.com tree settings</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div></font></span><span style="font-size: xx-large;"><font><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;">Find the "Manage your tree" section on the right of the next screen, then click Export tree.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><span><font><div style="font-size: xxx-large;"><span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhdAZMoTFTlFw1Uoc3dUsowCU2W0lnqyCsXZXr7Q7paK-nMmKIudhppz5bLxCNk5alC6ML5mMBQpI3PQsDUmzpFIEQF7DKFYvYP2-bAxfnk-CVTMnq5gPoezsez90WHqdJTEf6i_iGimk/s287/Export+tree.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Export Ancestry family tree" border="0" data-original-height="120" data-original-width="287" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhdAZMoTFTlFw1Uoc3dUsowCU2W0lnqyCsXZXr7Q7paK-nMmKIudhppz5bLxCNk5alC6ML5mMBQpI3PQsDUmzpFIEQF7DKFYvYP2-bAxfnk-CVTMnq5gPoezsez90WHqdJTEf6i_iGimk/w640-h268/Export+tree.jpg" title="Create GEDCOM file from Ancestry.com" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Export family tree as GEDCOM file</span></td></tr></tbody></table></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;">Ancestry will send you an email verifying that you are the account owner, then you will be able to download the GEDCOM and upload it to your Family Tree DNA account. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;">5. Join a FTDNA surname project. Go to myPROJECTS at the top of your FTDNA home page, then click Join A Project.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div style="font-size: xxx-large;"><span><font><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqK7Rab0TXfXxjO3rzRlI-kX2cIIjR1QzcTMO74xH1_N9Hq0iv6nEQWGE4PWnGK8EAf7fy_Mxt-ZNCxJAft9HhuWb5jLU5IT4Cd-FOfF7cADNouRsmSFDqboGUqw4dZrxfdISUKh3KI6A/s491/Join+project.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="FTDNA projects" border="0" data-original-height="117" data-original-width="491" height="153" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqK7Rab0TXfXxjO3rzRlI-kX2cIIjR1QzcTMO74xH1_N9Hq0iv6nEQWGE4PWnGK8EAf7fy_Mxt-ZNCxJAft9HhuWb5jLU5IT4Cd-FOfF7cADNouRsmSFDqboGUqw4dZrxfdISUKh3KI6A/w640-h153/Join+project.jpg" title="Join FTDNA project" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Join a Project</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;">Go to the Surname Projects section then click the first letter of your surname.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-size: xxx-large; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd9Xz_qhE8kBTkCZ1KBx3fio506qnsq3QAeu6XlshDODsGZCMSrWt7pnSAsPqGx05riufzhwuvLdVH243fCNQwhoTcxkUyA8jajiGKlDq3UAoUu3WvzeltyYXHrnn3p5LcuFh7ST-EEIA/s953/Surname+proj.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Join surname project" border="0" data-original-height="150" data-original-width="953" height="100" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd9Xz_qhE8kBTkCZ1KBx3fio506qnsq3QAeu6XlshDODsGZCMSrWt7pnSAsPqGx05riufzhwuvLdVH243fCNQwhoTcxkUyA8jajiGKlDq3UAoUu3WvzeltyYXHrnn3p5LcuFh7ST-EEIA/w640-h100/Surname+proj.jpg" title="FTDNA surname projects" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Surname Projects at FTDNA</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><span style="font-size: x-large;">There was not a Jebb surname project, but there was a Gibbs project. The project administrator has now added Jebb and Jebbs to the list of surnames for the project, and now both men appear together where we can compare the 111 STRs.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-size: xxx-large; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMi88vnFlU8Jx62t9eYNrin1FhrH4jfUH2nkfplDQXpi74Ke0FobNsi8frKRJLos8DJyx3gV9a9sdIUkn4s_pJ2qCtCgTZqftLzVD0wV9TN4GLTpPKh0iHegHfj5McicmIS6ruPfk_Q2Q/s855/surname+project.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="FTDNA surname project" border="0" data-original-height="72" data-original-width="855" height="52" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMi88vnFlU8Jx62t9eYNrin1FhrH4jfUH2nkfplDQXpi74Ke0FobNsi8frKRJLos8DJyx3gV9a9sdIUkn4s_pJ2qCtCgTZqftLzVD0wV9TN4GLTpPKh0iHegHfj5McicmIS6ruPfk_Q2Q/w640-h52/surname+project.jpg" title="STRs in Surname Project" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">STR results in Gibbs Surname Project</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="font-size: xxx-large;"><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;">6. Join a FTDNA haplogroup project for your Y-DNA haplogroup. One of the most important reasons for joining a haplogroup project is to extend your paternal line by finding men who are slightly more related to you than your closest surname matches.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;">First, find your haplogroup. If you have only tested STRs you will be assigned to an ancient haplogroup. One of the most common is R-M269. You can find your haplogroup on the left side of the screen in the Badges section.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-size: xxx-large; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwxrKRePaDj8bFZE6q_pkiCFdIjFe037MLXYqX4K8-RlXTNM4JofW1pUj48OYEhOR1sTGf6NKY9WRvQoHb83N1VJm3MBte_xrEWAPeMm5-BvEi2Bp_FC3QjrUKMyk5jGBnEggRCRqG6yk/s294/badges.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="FTDNA badge" border="0" data-original-height="268" data-original-width="294" height="291" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwxrKRePaDj8bFZE6q_pkiCFdIjFe037MLXYqX4K8-RlXTNM4JofW1pUj48OYEhOR1sTGf6NKY9WRvQoHb83N1VJm3MBte_xrEWAPeMm5-BvEi2Bp_FC3QjrUKMyk5jGBnEggRCRqG6yk/w320-h291/badges.jpg" title="Y-DNA haplogroup" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Haplogroup Badge</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><span style="font-size: x-large;">You can also find your haplogroup in the Y-DNA section of your home page.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-size: xxx-large; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1RUQQ5MnB_E_MqY_a7anNAGbqGZXAMn1D2vfey5HOnaEUYPfkSJ3RyF7Q8RpWykD96ZJcoMShmgEvfBy9BgFxToO3RY25RsvSl5NAMAGYjB7_bRRglJIIooR661icKJK-DVTRHuhENsY/s811/estimated+hg.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="FTDNA haplogroup" border="0" data-original-height="136" data-original-width="811" height="107" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1RUQQ5MnB_E_MqY_a7anNAGbqGZXAMn1D2vfey5HOnaEUYPfkSJ3RyF7Q8RpWykD96ZJcoMShmgEvfBy9BgFxToO3RY25RsvSl5NAMAGYjB7_bRRglJIIooR661icKJK-DVTRHuhENsY/w640-h107/estimated+hg.jpg" title="Y-DNA haplogroup" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Haplogroup recorded in Y-DNA section of FTDNA account</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="font-size: xxx-large;"><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;">At the top of your FTDNA home page, click myPROJECTS, then Join A Project. (You can also find this option on the left side of your home page.)</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div></font></span><span><font><div style="font-size: xxx-large;"><span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqK7Rab0TXfXxjO3rzRlI-kX2cIIjR1QzcTMO74xH1_N9Hq0iv6nEQWGE4PWnGK8EAf7fy_Mxt-ZNCxJAft9HhuWb5jLU5IT4Cd-FOfF7cADNouRsmSFDqboGUqw4dZrxfdISUKh3KI6A/s491/Join+project.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="FTDNA projects" border="0" data-original-height="117" data-original-width="491" height="153" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqK7Rab0TXfXxjO3rzRlI-kX2cIIjR1QzcTMO74xH1_N9Hq0iv6nEQWGE4PWnGK8EAf7fy_Mxt-ZNCxJAft9HhuWb5jLU5IT4Cd-FOfF7cADNouRsmSFDqboGUqw4dZrxfdISUKh3KI6A/w640-h153/Join+project.jpg" title="Join FTDNA project" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Join a Project</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></span></div><div style="font-size: xxx-large;"><span><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span><font>Find the Y-DNA Haplogroup Projects, then click the first letter of your Y-</font></span>DNA haplogroup.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div></font></span><span><font><div style="font-size: xxx-large;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8pRACjSSzttBirgmfY74m2d5zi2nr_bVU_8mj3m3Jp9hgqh03n09nfp-glM4DsMqzipK0V69xc_wl8gP7Eh5jMnY2Z_kETVA15uho8xXzYuo1wUpzK05H8-JlsN3Y1cXKlEM1z_AHFIA/s955/y-haplogroup+proj.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="join haplogroup project" border="0" data-original-height="155" data-original-width="955" height="103" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8pRACjSSzttBirgmfY74m2d5zi2nr_bVU_8mj3m3Jp9hgqh03n09nfp-glM4DsMqzipK0V69xc_wl8gP7Eh5jMnY2Z_kETVA15uho8xXzYuo1wUpzK05H8-JlsN3Y1cXKlEM1z_AHFIA/w640-h103/y-haplogroup+proj.jpg" title="Y-DNA haplogroup projects" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Y-DNA haplogroup projects at FTDNA</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: xxx-large; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">The Y-DNA haplogroup list can be confusing because some projects were formed when Family Tree DNA used an earlier system of naming haplogroups. For example, there is no haplogroup project named R-M269.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-size: xxx-large; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4nFJZugKR71vlPxuwP03HEc0Tn2VCh9S9aW3SVrJcBd_U9IRHROy-jWYiYSBUgnZExwQSqp8J6CcABmk6wIhVJGRQkqCK7nIFUMkDy-GXH0E3iCfW4qFIyFhgaoEPCmy_R5cClxZrDOM/s608/haplogroups+2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="Block Tree haplogroups" border="0" data-original-height="45" data-original-width="608" height="47" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4nFJZugKR71vlPxuwP03HEc0Tn2VCh9S9aW3SVrJcBd_U9IRHROy-jWYiYSBUgnZExwQSqp8J6CcABmk6wIhVJGRQkqCK7nIFUMkDy-GXH0E3iCfW4qFIyFhgaoEPCmy_R5cClxZrDOM/w640-h47/haplogroups+2.jpg" title="Y-DNA haplogroups" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Haplogroups listed at top of Big Y Block Tree</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="font-size: xxx-large;"><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;">The haplogroup project for R-M269 is called "R _R1b ALL Subclades":</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-size: xxx-large; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEit5mYnzPnT9sZ8KgA5BaX75tmdRzv21bwnwEJ-qxIa2ss-85qDKBLSxOV1HI4k1WDdbJvZbPK_pjYno8fnvvbwPfVH-Ag_QmUjpAFhwvV_kKIcbBUABYxzWvuRIUiXhw9zAgSsjpAssCU/s961/R1b.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="R1b Haplogroup Project" border="0" data-original-height="147" data-original-width="961" height="95" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEit5mYnzPnT9sZ8KgA5BaX75tmdRzv21bwnwEJ-qxIa2ss-85qDKBLSxOV1HI4k1WDdbJvZbPK_pjYno8fnvvbwPfVH-Ag_QmUjpAFhwvV_kKIcbBUABYxzWvuRIUiXhw9zAgSsjpAssCU/w640-h95/R1b.jpg" title="R-M269 haplogroup project" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">R1b haplogroup project at FTDNA</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="font-size: xxx-large;"><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;">If you have taken the Big Y test, there is likely not a haplogroup project for your specific terminal haplogroup which may only include a few people. However, your terminal haplogroup is a subclade of haplogroups formed earlier, and you can join a project for one or more of those haplogroups. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;">You can find a list of your haplogroup lineage, from ancient to modern, at the top of your Big Y Block Tree.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: xxx-large;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoHUxlnt52l7ruy29u6Bs6P2iz7WJIiq43MdpEPXt3h3xWvYCJlcNA80zD9RMjel8rfJHSBzgKobdSz8uBDKGmAgFUctoaWKybZ5yDyvijpahQIwIov7HOM8g1Ijg-GU3WIlAX2-_43qw/s1081/haplogroups.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="FTDNA haplogroups" border="0" data-original-height="161" data-original-width="1081" height="93" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoHUxlnt52l7ruy29u6Bs6P2iz7WJIiq43MdpEPXt3h3xWvYCJlcNA80zD9RMjel8rfJHSBzgKobdSz8uBDKGmAgFUctoaWKybZ5yDyvijpahQIwIov7HOM8g1Ijg-GU3WIlAX2-_43qw/w640-h93/haplogroups.jpg" title="Y-DNA haplogroup list" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Y-DNA haplogroups listed at top of Big Y Block Tree</span><br /></span><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;">Again, go to Join A Project, and in the Y-DNA Haplogroup Projects click the name of the project you wish to join. For example, Haplogroup R-FT368124 assigned to Jebb and Gibbs is a subclade of R-U106, so they should both join that project.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijjdSTkXlPDzoHbGvB6EMSMTIe3LmbgHKl00kvdqFIZn7HmCTFfRa8p-u1zdWW1RaNPkwbbNM7lMft5bhcAa9fCDpOoCxmVUdqqjc2Upkuo270gS1iRcsCnDHJ3qNg5vKorfZhYHSXj68/s599/R-U106.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="FTDNA haplogroup projects" border="0" data-original-height="228" data-original-width="599" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijjdSTkXlPDzoHbGvB6EMSMTIe3LmbgHKl00kvdqFIZn7HmCTFfRa8p-u1zdWW1RaNPkwbbNM7lMft5bhcAa9fCDpOoCxmVUdqqjc2Upkuo270gS1iRcsCnDHJ3qNg5vKorfZhYHSXj68/w640-h243/R-U106.jpg" title="Join haplogroup project" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Join haplogroup project</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="font-size: xxx-large;"><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;">On the next page click Join. Repeat this process to join multiple haplogroup projects. You can join as many upstream projects as you wish.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;">7. Update your Group Project Administrator Access. As you have done before, click on Account Settings, but this time click Project Preferences. Click the pencil icon next to the name of your project. In most cases, it is recommended to give all project administrators limited access.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-size: xxx-large; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB4cWCjoXpYKNuBvLGRFagHf5sck_9UtltUVVmJhw2ZiK_-6i1nuWv7rHboUN2jJwLt-13UgnV_pc6KGx1W8ftNfLrYWXfVn01bb-GKwc8NOGfTrOgjO8YGVsXnR8gc1Y0ZDZydV0KU9M/s840/group+proj+admin.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="FTDNA group administrator" border="0" data-original-height="429" data-original-width="840" height="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB4cWCjoXpYKNuBvLGRFagHf5sck_9UtltUVVmJhw2ZiK_-6i1nuWv7rHboUN2jJwLt-13UgnV_pc6KGx1W8ftNfLrYWXfVn01bb-GKwc8NOGfTrOgjO8YGVsXnR8gc1Y0ZDZydV0KU9M/w640-h326/group+proj+admin.jpg" title="Group Administrator access" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Group Project Administrator Access</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="font-size: xxx-large;"><br /></div></font></span><span><font><div><span><font><div><span><font><span style="font-size: x-large;">8. Download your Y-STR results. You will use this file to upload to mitoYDNA and, for Big Y tests, to update your results at YFull [both described below]. </span></font></span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Go to the Y-DNA section of your FTDNA home page, and click Y-STR Results.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: xxx-large;"><span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9jGayoINL3LaBhj0rohg1FBlHY9uH5QTuMRktLNlood2LF5yAZQyO1TBWIhlPGGpSQJEXTNn71JO35m8MaF9bRbCo0RO5mqqon4QSsgoFJzl5-8Y_nuTPwChB6ex9kQeixbhG2bBxfOk/s808/YSTRs.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="FTDNA STRs" border="0" data-original-height="281" data-original-width="808" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9jGayoINL3LaBhj0rohg1FBlHY9uH5QTuMRktLNlood2LF5yAZQyO1TBWIhlPGGpSQJEXTNn71JO35m8MaF9bRbCo0RO5mqqon4QSsgoFJzl5-8Y_nuTPwChB6ex9kQeixbhG2bBxfOk/w640-h222/YSTRs.jpg" title="Y-STR results" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Click on Y-STR Results</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></span></div><div><span><font><span style="font-size: x-large;">Scroll to the bottom of the results and click Download CSV.</span><span style="font-size: xx-large;"> </span></font></span></div><div><span><font><span style="font-size: xx-large;"><br /></span></font></span></div><div style="font-size: xxx-large;"><span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQyJlvrm1tKqfUsa_23LElwHwJTEajLyeq_IJ0x9XKIpZpcapstWoKN3JBfyqKb5Ggl6eIclCHLyOPwEahn9jiR3_u6KljOSLRW3jCGnTfMUT-zTsX9vH3RZEfSC4bF690jNY6_Hhflyw/s955/downoad+csv.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Download CSV" border="0" data-original-height="220" data-original-width="955" height="147" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQyJlvrm1tKqfUsa_23LElwHwJTEajLyeq_IJ0x9XKIpZpcapstWoKN3JBfyqKb5Ggl6eIclCHLyOPwEahn9jiR3_u6KljOSLRW3jCGnTfMUT-zTsX9vH3RZEfSC4bF690jNY6_Hhflyw/w640-h147/downoad+csv.jpg" title="Download STRs" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Download CSV file of STRs from FTDNA</span></td></tr></tbody></table></span></div><div style="font-size: xxx-large;"><span><font><b><br /></b></font></span></div><div><span><font size="6"><b>At MitoYDNA:</b></font></span></div><div><b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;">MitoYDNA replaces the databases YSearch and Mitosearch that had been created by Family Tree DNA but are now removed. MitoYDNA was created by private citizens, and not by a company, so its database should remain. You will use this database to compare and preserve your Y-STR results. <br /></span><div><font><br /></font></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Go to mitoYDNA.org and register. Log into our account, and </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">click Kits at the top of the screen.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div></div><div style="font-size: xxx-large;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijbPgzLpPg_W3xkqBrDe4AHHDEcLgNwaGAkkj4L6xBcRe3QtLQaXCtUh5d3bsrDOLN0biLZk-Bs2OY1YlGET3UPjY0l5019i86HxGL0mfDd5ItMoYZnkdLl3KKF753eNr3BnogtNkEQyw/s583/mitoydna+kits.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1em 0px;"><img alt="submit to mitoYDNA" border="0" data-original-height="63" data-original-width="583" height="69" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijbPgzLpPg_W3xkqBrDe4AHHDEcLgNwaGAkkj4L6xBcRe3QtLQaXCtUh5d3bsrDOLN0biLZk-Bs2OY1YlGET3UPjY0l5019i86HxGL0mfDd5ItMoYZnkdLl3KKF753eNr3BnogtNkEQyw/w640-h69/mitoydna+kits.jpg" title="Create mitoYDNA Kit" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Create new Y-DNA kit</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="font-size: xxx-large;"><span><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;">Click Create a new kit, then fill out the information on the next page. At the bottom of the screen click "Choose File" to upload the CSV file that you downloaded from Family Tree DNA. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div></font></span></div><div style="font-size: xxx-large;"><span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1xWpFo47UftRPqGw0t-G1BoNavEKI5qvIRn_onW_hRryP8yyRPQl6yJfaxz8IAp37Xp9bDHUsXmU2Twsy_GsddVJqkApYM_W59mHPRsebp4sr7VMYVLvmiUkjVKybGq33wX8yp7_Dddw/s479/mitoy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="mitoYDNA upload" border="0" data-original-height="187" data-original-width="479" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1xWpFo47UftRPqGw0t-G1BoNavEKI5qvIRn_onW_hRryP8yyRPQl6yJfaxz8IAp37Xp9bDHUsXmU2Twsy_GsddVJqkApYM_W59mHPRsebp4sr7VMYVLvmiUkjVKybGq33wX8yp7_Dddw/w640-h250/mitoy.jpg" title="Upload CSV file" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Choose CSV file</span></td></tr></tbody></table><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span><font><span style="font-size: x-large;">You also have the option to click "Manually Entered" to individually enter your mutations. Once you have created your file you may want to take a screen shot of it and upload it to your ancestor's profile in your online family trees.</span></font></span></div><div><span><font><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></font></span></div><div><span><font><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>If you have taken a Big Y test</b></span></font></span></div><div><span><font><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></font></span></div><div><span><font><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>At Family Tree DNA:</b></span></font></span></div><div><span><font><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></font></span></div><div><span><font><span style="font-size: x-large;">9. Go to your Big Y results, and download your VCF file. You can use this to submit to YFull and the Y-DNA Data Warehouse (see below). This is a different file from the CSV file of STRs that you previously downloaded.</span></font></span></div><div><span><font size="6"><br /></font></span></div><div style="font-size: xxx-large;"><span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcIASUHe5MUHnoqdKtKDrWoPqrGagIDX810mqPl1m8Ox2L6SLoVL0EqkRcD0hSO0ju45EX6dJGFgrA4P3vPVZMMFQJr1szrvw9vf2ZkViNZweeCbE5YBgyRfSgGdNjDFj-zWyyUyBcAes/s957/download+VCF.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Big Y download" border="0" data-original-height="109" data-original-width="957" height="70" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcIASUHe5MUHnoqdKtKDrWoPqrGagIDX810mqPl1m8Ox2L6SLoVL0EqkRcD0hSO0ju45EX6dJGFgrA4P3vPVZMMFQJr1szrvw9vf2ZkViNZweeCbE5YBgyRfSgGdNjDFj-zWyyUyBcAes/w640-h70/download+VCF.jpg" title="Download VCF" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Download VCF File from FTDNA</span></td></tr></tbody></table><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;">10. I strongly recommend that you also click Buy Raw Data and preserve your BAM file.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>At YFull:</b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;">1. Go to yfull.com and place your order.</span></div></font></span><div><div style="font-size: xx-large;"><br /></div><div><span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-size: xx-large; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBtvMV2tITxa4RhDfIH4N5ZcZ-aXTsE0hck1gYTNjShEBVYHCmzUbBEpqCXVAi1GN7L1Ei3gaFosfLp8w63vpBIIjAiujMEEJTU0co5tHcitsjI8weEqhUMDuWMomisGmrUXIvF4T-OTw/s1184/YFull+order.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Y-DNA analysis" border="0" data-original-height="568" data-original-width="1184" height="307" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBtvMV2tITxa4RhDfIH4N5ZcZ-aXTsE0hck1gYTNjShEBVYHCmzUbBEpqCXVAi1GN7L1Ei3gaFosfLp8w63vpBIIjAiujMEEJTU0co5tHcitsjI8weEqhUMDuWMomisGmrUXIvF4T-OTw/w640-h307/YFull+order.jpg" title="YFull order" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Order Y-DNA analysis at YFull</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Notice in the above image that uploading the VCF file does not include STR matching. I will show you how to get around this issue.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Fill out the order information, and load your VCF file on the next screen.</span></div><div style="font-size: xx-large;"><span><font><br /></font></span></div><div style="font-size: xx-large;"><span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrSMiRFMGSGiq0-oPm3ChkubHgV4F8OLppBtZf8-4TtZTH1LK3al273cCy2aSRZOCAUxx95SLXiKO6VXo1FnOMpnqsgi9-Ndq7SRjmoRqx-SVD4D-y3PaMScJt9E9RG17aKwNeezhPSj0/s439/load+to+YFull.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="YFull analysis" border="0" data-original-height="189" data-original-width="439" height="273" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrSMiRFMGSGiq0-oPm3ChkubHgV4F8OLppBtZf8-4TtZTH1LK3al273cCy2aSRZOCAUxx95SLXiKO6VXo1FnOMpnqsgi9-Ndq7SRjmoRqx-SVD4D-y3PaMScJt9E9RG17aKwNeezhPSj0/w640-h273/load+to+YFull.jpg" title="Upload to YFull" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Upload VCF file to YFull</span></td></tr></tbody></table><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span><font>Once you h</font></span><span>ave uploaded Y-DNA results, you can add mtDNA results at no additional charge. Log into your YFull account, and in the menu on the left click Upload mtDNA. </span></span></div><div style="font-size: xx-large;"><span><font><br /></font></span></div><div style="font-size: xx-large;"><span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ5P7ptmkDBbFoiLI_EM3Q3sF11SOVasCuwFY_VcSvoYCpOl0fIAgo7EZbAB142qXyd6QZ7U-IIRLeLPG3HEwtl-Anyjo0gP1pTCuB9vCgBfRb-wBG26aehi2i2WeVvqCX73pr3Fs_5iE/s143/upload+mtDNA.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="YFull mtDNA" border="0" data-original-height="118" data-original-width="143" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ5P7ptmkDBbFoiLI_EM3Q3sF11SOVasCuwFY_VcSvoYCpOl0fIAgo7EZbAB142qXyd6QZ7U-IIRLeLPG3HEwtl-Anyjo0gP1pTCuB9vCgBfRb-wBG26aehi2i2WeVvqCX73pr3Fs_5iE/w320-h262/upload+mtDNA.jpg" title="Upload mtDNA" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Upload mtDNA to your YFull account</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Then upload a FASTA file of your mtDNA results.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">You can also upload your BAM file of Big Y results at no additional charge.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span>2. Enter information about your most distant known paternal ancestor. Click Settings at t</span><span>he upper right of your Home page.</span></span></div><div style="font-size: xx-large;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: xx-large;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBcFVFpSpSTWlBycXToXQ8E8Mm-0lzJYqFgosSMI9GZhMgW1vs8zYagcUich38L_ZcTFj1TxLtNzy9GvaWtUSM-gR3J3WwyDxdKthDCKxkuRtc5ffQEYkL_zyXu4i_BNbgj1TKzqlde-s/s161/YFull+settings.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Account settings at YFull" border="0" data-original-height="57" data-original-width="161" height="141" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBcFVFpSpSTWlBycXToXQ8E8Mm-0lzJYqFgosSMI9GZhMgW1vs8zYagcUich38L_ZcTFj1TxLtNzy9GvaWtUSM-gR3J3WwyDxdKthDCKxkuRtc5ffQEYkL_zyXu4i_BNbgj1TKzqlde-s/w400-h141/YFull+settings.jpg" title="YFull account settings" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Update account settings</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Click Most Distant Ancestor.</span></div><div style="font-size: xx-large;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: xx-large;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPf5T0D69gEOkFjchjYxUWD61zjT8xeHFJXBp93tUzivkQoNX8h9zmOfqaB2aPSizi9JOuCOq15wtzfXhdjNtpYZmOv04yGPFSS_b4ca-MT76c4aHx9CNzLZl2yp2MN-rlr0YuOC3AqoI/s471/Ancestor+Settings.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="YFull settings" border="0" data-original-height="40" data-original-width="471" height="53" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPf5T0D69gEOkFjchjYxUWD61zjT8xeHFJXBp93tUzivkQoNX8h9zmOfqaB2aPSizi9JOuCOq15wtzfXhdjNtpYZmOv04yGPFSS_b4ca-MT76c4aHx9CNzLZl2yp2MN-rlr0YuOC3AqoI/w640-h53/Ancestor+Settings.jpg" title="Enter Most Distant Ancestor in YFull account" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Enter Most Distant Ancestor and Place of Origin</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="font-size: xx-large;"><span><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span>E</span><span>nter your ancestor's name along with the approximate year and place where he was born. Be as specific as you can. </span><span>Again, in the screenshot below, the example below the ancestor field shows the name John Johnson with dates of birth and death. This is not very helpful. We need a </span><span>name, date, and PLACE. </span></span></div><div style="font-size: xx-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-size: xx-large; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKT9eCFoAc6YuOsgmRvV2Km-DFRH2Bhid2ITaU2lC4bSusb7m5v1jhO1O5rZXoz19NcftFzyRYo-4k87NBiAiDRzcem_7uEMSlw5GqOE3iYZPWapzOeB6PBdMfmDupV9cfVtxuiS0otKU/s502/MDA.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="YFull ancestor" border="0" data-original-height="137" data-original-width="502" height="172" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKT9eCFoAc6YuOsgmRvV2Km-DFRH2Bhid2ITaU2lC4bSusb7m5v1jhO1O5rZXoz19NcftFzyRYo-4k87NBiAiDRzcem_7uEMSlw5GqOE3iYZPWapzOeB6PBdMfmDupV9cfVtxuiS0otKU/w640-h172/MDA.jpg" title="YFull Most Distant Ancestor" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">YFull: Most Distant Ancestor</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="font-size: xx-large;"><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span>Next, click Country of Origin. Enter not only the country but also </span><span>the region, if known. </span></span></div><div style="font-size: xx-large;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: xx-large;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtdB83Ikp_-VYlj5GfUqIgmNQXP9keSe8iqpUsCTgu2rYsLZcd6khHF1BxsCeaSOY744SV-0A8EIW8xQOIbB5rhmaviSFzOKXbUEycpch4OXfHwQ_L35fRwapIDeX5PHYg45fIeZaK1GE/s313/Origin.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Origins at YFul" border="0" data-original-height="120" data-original-width="313" height="152" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtdB83Ikp_-VYlj5GfUqIgmNQXP9keSe8iqpUsCTgu2rYsLZcd6khHF1BxsCeaSOY744SV-0A8EIW8xQOIbB5rhmaviSFzOKXbUEycpch4OXfHwQ_L35fRwapIDeX5PHYg45fIeZaK1GE/w400-h152/Origin.jpg" title="YFull country and region of origin" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Add Country and Region of Paternal Origin</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div><div style="font-size: xx-large;"><span><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">3. After your results are ready, upload your CSV file of STRs to your YFull account. YFull can extract STRs from your BAM file, but they cannot extract them from the VCF file. </span></div><div style="font-size: xx-large;"><span><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSTHgQJ0Snlyd2-jROq4VzN1KdL-3Bv8_WlhM9GVILpUm-MBtj89oXFqxDDmJH5HF0zks8_F5tlqfLjfKHjKqJCVz_v1IIn5yHkbbfH3PYhqBqrncFxa_0ZRwz4tivdI1d-qDSnyDdkK4/s556/YFull+STR+matches.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="VCF file STRs" border="0" data-original-height="288" data-original-width="556" height="330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSTHgQJ0Snlyd2-jROq4VzN1KdL-3Bv8_WlhM9GVILpUm-MBtj89oXFqxDDmJH5HF0zks8_F5tlqfLjfKHjKqJCVz_v1IIn5yHkbbfH3PYhqBqrncFxa_0ZRwz4tivdI1d-qDSnyDdkK4/w640-h330/YFull+STR+matches.jpg" title="YFull STR matches" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">STR matches at YFull</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Please note, however, the <b>neither the BAM nor the VCF contains the complete list of 111 STRs</b> that can only be obtained from the CSV file. To submit your CSV file of STRs, go to the STRs section of the YFull menu, and click Upload STRs.</span></div><div style="font-size: xx-large;"><span><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-size: xx-large; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBjX9j0IjjcdSoQBeQmR4etzi58lXvWs2-AFM2QOxKpatQVsazsOW8GUkou4J3OdyPNZ8k1sp7GDjY0K3qB05Ucyr-LA7VfGXrOebxaMqv9Z20eXxYDfnuecIqzNzOdkzJDdfng-z9WXg/s127/upload+STRs.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Upload STRs to YFull" border="0" data-original-height="127" data-original-width="125" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBjX9j0IjjcdSoQBeQmR4etzi58lXvWs2-AFM2QOxKpatQVsazsOW8GUkou4J3OdyPNZ8k1sp7GDjY0K3qB05Ucyr-LA7VfGXrOebxaMqv9Z20eXxYDfnuecIqzNzOdkzJDdfng-z9WXg/w317-h320/upload+STRs.jpg" title="Upload CSV file" width="317" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Upload CSV file of STRs</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-size: xx-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">You will now be able to compare all STRs (not just the first 111) in YFull groups. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">4. Join a group if one exists for your haplogroup. YFull "groups" are similar to FTDNA "projects".</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">In the menu on the left, scroll down to Groups Y.</span></div><div style="font-size: xx-large;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: xx-large;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7qD2oy89f-6sL1R7QwsiLb27YMblMEnCfsSWjmnHu58mg9m8FCUi6OpzOTQ0GtiOrOx2wlhhppY_vHKEbjEbrdLYooxRKqt61I3G6hxjYMy-LwMfZLptCB1pDtLQgB6QQFbFLo1rL0lk/s168/Groups+Y.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="YFull projects" border="0" data-original-height="168" data-original-width="122" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7qD2oy89f-6sL1R7QwsiLb27YMblMEnCfsSWjmnHu58mg9m8FCUi6OpzOTQ0GtiOrOx2wlhhppY_vHKEbjEbrdLYooxRKqt61I3G6hxjYMy-LwMfZLptCB1pDtLQgB6QQFbFLo1rL0lk/w292-h400/Groups+Y.jpg" title="YFull groups" width="292" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Y-DNA Groups at YFull</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><span><br /><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">On the next page click the name of the group you wish to join, then click Join request.</span></span></div><div style="font-size: xx-large;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-size: xx-large; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBYAXHoeSTcJaFALxvZWPAW483DEb6RYyldO_AyU8oVzzEKMSQpGj487CYqreGS6yZtvOof3inwOcaXWsVDeyezxmG0XOahYzmvpIUUxWqpzA5lmRN9HXkKmuG59ek74lv1tIckW8PHEc/s517/YFull+group.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="YFull groups" border="0" data-original-height="80" data-original-width="517" height="100" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBYAXHoeSTcJaFALxvZWPAW483DEb6RYyldO_AyU8oVzzEKMSQpGj487CYqreGS6yZtvOof3inwOcaXWsVDeyezxmG0XOahYzmvpIUUxWqpzA5lmRN9HXkKmuG59ek74lv1tIckW8PHEc/w640-h100/YFull+group.jpg" title="Join YFull group" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Submit Join Request</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="font-size: xx-large;"><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">If there is no Y-DNA group for your haplogroup or for your surname you can easily start one yourself. Send a message to YFull stating something like, "I would like to start a Y-DNA group for the surname Jebb." Your new group will be quickly formed. You will periodically receive an email when a new person wants to join your group. All results within the group are automatically sorted, but you can create your own subgroups if you wish. For example, subgroups were created in the R-U106 group, and Mr. Gibbs is in the subgroup "Z2265+ Z381- Z18-".</span></div><div style="font-size: xx-large;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: xx-large;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8j_wRh-7ysbNye4WTkCNOMQug0wLXnpr8hIbA3V0KUYwXEeTZiIDvNnwQXpjADHtD2fagoFYqWmZi7g9nd-Hnwg-Zpjj6n0JUr6EGFNbaJUMSUzYyS4ORx6ZWGZeQlaLZNHlcIJtOHuo/s378/subgroups.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Subgrouping at YFull" border="0" data-original-height="378" data-original-width="260" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8j_wRh-7ysbNye4WTkCNOMQug0wLXnpr8hIbA3V0KUYwXEeTZiIDvNnwQXpjADHtD2fagoFYqWmZi7g9nd-Hnwg-Zpjj6n0JUr6EGFNbaJUMSUzYyS4ORx6ZWGZeQlaLZNHlcIJtOHuo/w275-h400/subgroups.jpg" title="YFull subgroups" width="275" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">YFull Group with subgroups</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">The complete list of STRs can now be compared in a YFull group. For example, even though Gibbs submitted a VCF fie and has no matches in the STR matches section of his YFull account, he can make STR matches in YFull groups because he also submitted a CSV file. In the screenshot below, the STR results of Mr. Gibbs are in the fifth row from the top:</span></div><div style="font-size: xx-large;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: xx-large;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZCKarZoyoN0W6oibQisVOl1rmy9TFNf3-LaVyq013UU66kYxnXRfT5x6B9ZFfA1ah1UBEWFKDGBXUBo8agDLDky71iPAXOp6RCBkNGoiDe6Y2SS1PrRGCtk9BgikwGS1DueSHO5UYx8/s1112/Gibbs+STRs+YF.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="YFull group" border="0" data-original-height="324" data-original-width="1112" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZCKarZoyoN0W6oibQisVOl1rmy9TFNf3-LaVyq013UU66kYxnXRfT5x6B9ZFfA1ah1UBEWFKDGBXUBo8agDLDky71iPAXOp6RCBkNGoiDe6Y2SS1PrRGCtk9BgikwGS1DueSHO5UYx8/w640-h186/Gibbs+STRs+YF.jpg" title="YFull STR comparison" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Comparison of STRs in YFull group</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: xx-large;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">At Y-DNA Data Warehouse:</span></b></div><div><div><font face="inherit" size="6"><br /></font></div><div></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">The primary use of the Y-DNA Data Warehouse has been to submit VCF files for inclusion in Alex Williamson's The Big Tree for haplogroup R-P312 and subclades. The Warehouse has recently been expanded to include all haplogroups, although it is not yet known if the other haplogroups will be displayed online. This will be a subject for a futu<span>re blog post. In the meantime, go to</span><span> </span><a href="https://ydna-warehouse.org/submit.php" target="_blank">Y-DNA Data Warehouse</a> and upload your VCF file. <span>This is especially important if your haplogroup is within haplogroup R-P312 so that you can get into </span><a href="https://www.ytree.net/" target="_blank">The Big Tree</a><span>. See an example of a subclade in The Big Tree here: </span><a href="https://www.ytree.net/DisplayTree.php?blockID=1315" target="_blank">R-A9871</a><span>.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div></div></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Recruit other men for Y-DNA testing</span></b></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Recruit other male descendants of your ancestral line to test their Y-DNA. For example in the case of Jebb and Gibbs, we do not yet know their common ancestor but the DNA results of other Jebb/Gibbs men with known family trees can provide the answer. I will definitely try to recruit another Jebb with ancestors from County Monaghan.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div></span></div></div><div><div><span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">a. Contact your Y-DNA matches. They likely share your interest and may help recruit other men with your surname to test their Y-DNA.</span></div></span></div></div><div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><div><span><div><br /></div><div><span>b. From your surname or haplogroup project at Family Tree DNA, post in the group's Activity Feed (if the group is using that feature).</span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>c. Join an online forum for your haplogroup.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span>d. Recruit other testers in surname societies and their newsletters or online forums.</span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>e. Post links or screenshots of STR results in online family trees. People may contact you regarding these results.</span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>f. Communicate with people who share your common ancestor </span></div></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span><b>Summary</b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span>The basic genetic outline for the Jebb and Gibbs families has been provided by the Big Y results of two men. All future descendants of their Irish ancestors will provide a more complete picture. The best results will be obtained by following all of the steps above.</span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>For yourself. please complete as many of the steps above as you can. Then after you're finished contact your Y-DNA matches, and encourage them as well. If more people preserve and compare their results as outlined above we could be seeing some amazing results in a relatively short time. </span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>For a Colonial America immigrant study see <a href="https://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2021/01/the-identity-of-jacob-bertschinger.html" target="_blank">The identity of Jacob Bertshinger solved with Y-DNA</a>.</span></div><div><span><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;"><span style="font-size: large;">______________________________________________________</span></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Disclosure</span></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></div><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #373737; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; margin-bottom: 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Links to Family Tree DNA appear in the sidebar. I receive a small contribution if you make a purchase, but clicking through the link does not affect the price you pay. </span></div></span></div><div><br /></div></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><span><br /></span></div></div>Linda Jonashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00245944818580411111noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7064587737424586464.post-69639596378109174612020-08-08T19:02:00.054-04:002021-07-30T21:16:43.307-04:00How to make matches with Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) <font><br />
<span><b>Updated 8 May 2021</b></span></font><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">How can we make genealogical matches with mitochondrial DNA? Can we extend our family trees with mtDNA? This used to be very difficult, but with the advanced tools recently released, it is now much easier. </span></font><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span><span style="font-size: large;">We will compare the current tools from two companies, Family Tree DNA and YFull, and see how to use them to their best advantage. We will also see how to get results into a relatively new database called mitoYDNA.</span></span></font></div><div><font><span><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
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<span><b><font size="4">What are the origins of my great-great grandmother?</font></b></span></div>
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</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvsEHlyp5fz31I_LqVhuLppznVyC3dooAiXZ-ed_wXnLNh3IKuKAafLSzwpcBIT94P_BzofJw3-0ny-5S4VZSAd7vkegFIHkhmcihomjrdzzc6iInJvW9UP46M7QMG6i1PjHZWxntfS_8/s1600/George+women+%25281%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="mitochondrial DNA ancestors" border="0" data-original-height="1129" data-original-width="1600" height="450" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvsEHlyp5fz31I_LqVhuLppznVyC3dooAiXZ-ed_wXnLNh3IKuKAafLSzwpcBIT94P_BzofJw3-0ny-5S4VZSAd7vkegFIHkhmcihomjrdzzc6iInJvW9UP46M7QMG6i1PjHZWxntfS_8/w640-h450/George+women+%25281%2529.jpg" title="mtDNA ancestors" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Women in my mitochondrial DNA line</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br /><br /><font size="4"><span>My mother was not raised with her biological family. She was separated from them when she was six years old, and she did not see her parents or siblings again.</span><span> </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font size="4"><span>We knew nothing about my mother's family until, </span><span>after exhaustive research, I located her mother. At that time, my mother and grandmother had been separated for 52 years, so it was quite a reunion. </span></font></div><div><font size="4"><span><br /></span></font></div><div><font size="4"><span>My grandmother asked me, "If you can find me, can you find my other children?" It took awhile because this was before DNA testing, but I did find them. </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font size="4"><span>Then I started asking about our origins. My grandmother</span><span> gave me the above photo of her maternal line. My great-great-grandmother is in the front-center of the photo. Her daughter, my great-grandmother, is on the right side of the photo. </span></font><span style="font-size: large;">My grandmother's sister is standing in front of her mother and is holding flowers. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">The other women in the photo were married to my great-grandmother's brothers, so they are not biologically related to me. </span></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font><span>Even though many of these people were alive in my lifetime I never saw them. </span></font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font><span><br /></span></font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font><span>However, two of those women are my direct maternal line. I feel a real connection to them because I know that I inherited their mitochondrial DNA.</span></font><br />
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<font><span>My grandmother told me that her grandmother was Native American. Is this another of those erroneous family stories about Native American heritage? </span></font></span></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">Can I prove this and find out more through a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) test? I decided to order some mtDNA tests and find out.</span></font><div><font size="5"><br /></font></div><div><font><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">What is mitochondrial DNA?</span></b><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">Mitochondria are organelles found outside the nucleus of the cell. They carry their own DNA. Mitochondria are always inherited from the mother.</span><span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">Both males and females inherit mitochondrial DNA from their mother, but only females can pass the mtDNA to their children. So your mitochondrial DNA can be used to find out more about your strictly maternal line: your mother's mother's mother . . . .</span><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;"><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-size: x-large; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4yXThTuS3XeG3rzn9nY0DkrhxWf3mX4JD89PTVqis-eBKTps2wNMcEWXcqs8OF2e7U8RPoeLZTOb7gKAAzwrpSYHT6jUInWTUojRm6c2St52XWzwFZYWdNU5gSDyY2EBe9Y13bXya5SA/s698/y+and+mito.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1em 0px;"><img alt="Y-DNA and mtDNA inheritance" border="0" data-original-height="308" data-original-width="698" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4yXThTuS3XeG3rzn9nY0DkrhxWf3mX4JD89PTVqis-eBKTps2wNMcEWXcqs8OF2e7U8RPoeLZTOb7gKAAzwrpSYHT6jUInWTUojRm6c2St52XWzwFZYWdNU5gSDyY2EBe9Y13bXya5SA/w640-h282/y+and+mito.jpg" title="Mitochondrial DNA inheritance" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span>mtDNA inheritance is shown in red</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span><div style="font-size: x-large;"><font><span><br /><br /></span></font></div><b style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"> Why is it difficult to trace maternal ancestry with mtDNA?</span></b></span></font></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><font><span><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">Mitochondrial DNA has far fewer mutations than nuclear DNA, and it mutates much less frequently. Therefore, you may have mtDNA matches where the common ancestor is beyond the genealogical time frame. Most people have not tested their mtDNA, so it may take a long time to make a genealogical match.</span></font></div></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span>We will trace the history of mtDNA testing, and see why it used to be considered almost impossible to extend maternal lines with this test. But due primarily to the innovation of Family Tree DNA (FTDNA), and with new tools from YFull and mitoYDNA, it is now very possible. </span><br />
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<span>As you will see in this post, when I did early mtDNA testing there were few, if any, matches. It could have been considered a complete waste of time and money. </span></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><span>But the entire point of this blog post is to show that even if you don't get immediate results with mtDNA, don't give up. </span></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">Lead the way. Recruit people. Get into more databases. Follow the progress below. You are leaving a lasting legacy of your maternal line. </span></font></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><br />
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<span><b><font size="4">Early mtDNA testing</font></b></span></div>
<font><span><div style="font-size: x-large;"><font><span><br /></span></font></div><span style="font-size: large;">The mystery of my maternal line was really nagging me. So, many years ago I ordered mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) tests from as many companies as were offering them at the time. </span></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">Why didn't I pick just one company? Because I wanted to find as many people as possible who shared my mtDNA. I assumed that extending my maternal line with mtDNA could be a long process.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">When I first ordered my mitochondrial DNA tests, all companies only tested the regions that are called hypervariable regions. These two mitochondrial regions are the ones that mutate the most, so they were considered best for tracing ancestors. </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">The two hypervariable regions are called HVR1 and HVR2. The test results are compared to a reference sequence, and the differences are reported. The early mtDNA results were compared to the revised Cambridge Reference Sequence (rCRS). </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div style="text-align: center;"><font><span style="font-size: large;"><b>MITOCHONDRIAL DNA RESULTS AT FTDNA</b></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div style="text-align: center;"><font><span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></font></div><div style="text-align: center;"><font><span style="font-size: large;"><b>HVR1 and HVR1 results</b></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">My MTDNA results from Family Tree DNA looked like this:</span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
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</font><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="MtDNA mutations" border="0" data-original-height="113" data-original-width="628" height="114" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA89Ty7D0wCcQt63i5R7CgmDqEZXMR7NyiLSnOXGPYxklYop9iYcrffxfQbGPWWUFvUdCoUTYBA9kOQi4TlTYDxVc9AAvMlqWstzod9of81eKwgUfGzEvtFn7xS-YKUGLVdAiHBatE3sE/w640-h114/HVR1+and+HVR2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="HVR1 and HVR2 differences" width="640" /></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">HVR1 and HVR2 mutations</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA89Ty7D0wCcQt63i5R7CgmDqEZXMR7NyiLSnOXGPYxklYop9iYcrffxfQbGPWWUFvUdCoUTYBA9kOQi4TlTYDxVc9AAvMlqWstzod9of81eKwgUfGzEvtFn7xS-YKUGLVdAiHBatE3sE/s1600/HVR1+and+HVR2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><font size="5"></font></a></div>
<font><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">In addition to receiving the mutations I was assigned a basic haplogroup, U5b. </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font><span>A mtDNA haplogroup is a broad grouping of people who share similar mtDNA results and have a common ancestor in the distant past. At the time I received these results, haplogroup U5b was mostly known for being associated with Finland. </span></font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font><span><br /></span></font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font><span>It appeared that </span></font><span>U5b was definitely not a Native American haplogroup!</span><span> </span><span>What were my maternal origins? </span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Along with the mtDNA results, I got a list of people who had the same, or very similar, mutations. H</span><span>ere is an example of how these results would have appeared:</span></span></div><div><font size="5">
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</font><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="mtDNA match list at FTDNA" border="0" data-original-height="73" data-original-width="832" height="56" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYABhu842vOvj8N1NivU_fe1ubCmQ3vCtrhhkQ_QNBeEu_xVMC2wctQo0ZMR8b7JWKpTXwL21hOs9wL_Q2NWdAY-edzT6v5D924R4NiWnvit3sNjhcPYUPN_GpyE-HIKGblA9TF2eoXeA/w640-h56/HVR2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Family Tree DNA mtDNA matches" width="640" /></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">mtDNA match list</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYABhu842vOvj8N1NivU_fe1ubCmQ3vCtrhhkQ_QNBeEu_xVMC2wctQo0ZMR8b7JWKpTXwL21hOs9wL_Q2NWdAY-edzT6v5D924R4NiWnvit3sNjhcPYUPN_GpyE-HIKGblA9TF2eoXeA/s1600/HVR2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><font size="5"></font></a></div>
<font><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">The name of the person taking the mtDNA test is listed in the first column. </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">In the second column is a link to email the person, a place for notes, and the notation HVR2 which means that the person tested regions HVR1 and HVR2. </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">The third column contains the name of the earliest known ancestor, and the fourth column is the mitochondrial DNA haplogroup. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">To be perfectly honest, most of this information was pretty useless. There is no way with HVR1 and HVR2 results to tell how closely these people are related because there is no genetic distance indication or any way to compare the actual DNA mutations. </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">The Earliest Known Ancestor column was often of little value because in many cultures the woman's surname changes upon marriage, so every generation there is a new surname. Most people did not enter enough information in this column.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">The biggest problem was that there were so few mutations, and they were shared by so many people.</span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
<br />
</font><div style="text-align: center;">
<span><b><font size="4">Full Sequence mtDNA at Family Tree DNA</font></b></span></div>
<font><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">One day I was looking at my Family Tree DNA account and noticed something that was not there the day before. Family Tree DNA was offering a full-sequence mitochondrial DNA test! No other company offered this test. </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">I knew that I needed more mutations, so I was very excited. I was less excited when I saw that the price was $895 [It has since come down considerably!!], but I immediately ordered the test because these mtDNA results might actually help break through this maternal brick wall. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">I was told by FTDNA that I was the first person to ever order the full-sequence mtDNA test. So when the results came back, of course, I had no matches at all. </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">In fact, I was assigned a new haplogroup that had never been seen: U5b1c. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">You may wonder, if I knew I would have no matches, what's the point of upgrading? Because even with meager beginnings, eventually you may make a great match. </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">If you want to encourage other people to test your mtDNA line, somebody has to go first. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
<span><span style="font-size: large;">With no matches at all, what could I do with these results?</span></span></font></div><div><font><span><span style="font-size: large;"><b style="text-align: center;"><br /></b></span></span></font></div><div><br /></div><div>
<font><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>The first-ever haplogroup project</b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
<span><span style="font-size: large;">It was (and still is) far easier to trace ancestors with Y-DNA because the male surname in a family may have remained intact for multiple generations. </span></span></font></div><div><font><span><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></font></div><div><font><span><span style="font-size: large;">Also, there are many more mutations, and the Y-DNA mutations could be compared by joining a surname project. </span></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">At the time I first tested mtDNA, the only kind of project or group that existed at any company was the surname project. </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">The display of Y-STR mutations in a Y-DNA surname looked something like this:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
<br />
</font><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Y-STR comparison" border="0" data-original-height="38" data-original-width="1041" height="22" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUmbQbxJP4Fxx6CslvJD4x8t5jKyWbNKjms-2woSLIXo122h1DH7ANmQvfP8JPebUgYAhjzzEqLG2h9ZRiuhZnKOJdjSxmbFvXbymDV6jQ-HXXZgutNHS1uq6D_Xynl0MqNk-zIwgr2RA/w640-h22/Y-DNA+STRs.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="FTDNA surname group" width="640" /></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Y-DNA STR comparison in FTDNA surname group</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUmbQbxJP4Fxx6CslvJD4x8t5jKyWbNKjms-2woSLIXo122h1DH7ANmQvfP8JPebUgYAhjzzEqLG2h9ZRiuhZnKOJdjSxmbFvXbymDV6jQ-HXXZgutNHS1uq6D_Xynl0MqNk-zIwgr2RA/s1600/Y-DNA+STRs.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><font size="5"></font></a></div>
<font><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
<span><span style="font-size: large;">These men all share the same surname. We can see that these three men appear to be related, and one of them has one mutation that the other two men don't have. </span></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span><span style="font-size: large;">We needed a way to do the same thing with mtDNA mutations. But surname projects would not be useful for mtDNA because of the continual changing of maternal surnames. So I was trying to come up with some way to compare mtDNA results. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">I came up with the idea of a haplogroup project. This kind of grouping did not exist at any DNA company. </span></font></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">I contacted three of the companies where I had tested my mtDNA and asked if I could start a haplogroup project. </span></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">Two of the companies said no. One company, Family Tree DNA (FTDNA), said they had never done this before, but they would consider it. </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">In 2005, the first-ever haplogroup project was formed at FTDNA. I joined my new U5b project, and, of course, I was the only one in it. Not too useful! So I contacted my HVR1 and HVR2 matches and asked them to join. </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">I posted in the relatively few relevant online forums that existed at the time, and pretty soon more mtDNA haplogroup projects started forming, people started joining them, then Y-DNA haplogroups started. </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">From that small beginning, haplogroup projects are now considered by many to be an essential part of our ancestral research.</span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></font><div style="text-align: center;">
<font><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Display of mtDNA results in a FTDNA haplogroup project</b></span></font></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span><b><font size="5"><br /></font></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><font>Now that we had a way to compare mutations, we could begin to do something with mtDNA. As the price went down many people started testing their full mtDNA sequence, and the haplogroups started refining</font><font>. </font></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Here are results from a Family Tree DNA project. In mitochondrial DNA projects at Family Tree DNA, only the HVR1 and HVR2 mutations are shown, even for people who tested their full sequence, because some people would not want their full list of mutations to be displayed. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">The columns below show the earliest known maternal ancestor, the country of origin, the haplogroup, and the HVR1 and HVR2 mutations.</span></div>
<font size="5"><br />
</font><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5QAUbCWBYbmGjluICM_73DmYTJF8-Gj7lZt53oJowZM6Kb-yjHE_rDFCMu6ZeimT1-Ue5wNxzwnvzyN-NenKCN_-8VBiybLldrA4zg3UF5kvu9VZTBsiH2ZkUNAHBydAyzi6odrTFrf0/s1600/MTDNA+group.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><font size="5"><img border="0" data-original-height="27" data-original-width="708" height="24" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5QAUbCWBYbmGjluICM_73DmYTJF8-Gj7lZt53oJowZM6Kb-yjHE_rDFCMu6ZeimT1-Ue5wNxzwnvzyN-NenKCN_-8VBiybLldrA4zg3UF5kvu9VZTBsiH2ZkUNAHBydAyzi6odrTFrf0/s640/MTDNA+group.jpg" width="640" /></font></a></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="HVR1 and HVR2 comparison" border="0" data-original-height="146" data-original-width="710" height="130" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9bbjSmd_qw1kAzLelQDHtQlWU-lkjRrU4mMxBv6CVj4k_rKnY8Z5ByyX2rxnV4akSIbF3PDXzBfY89IdJuWMfUNGSHHYUWOzJ69lYLqbJklY0bD9nIf4lS_Ti_u42g5ppEq4sci_AbyE/w640-h130/haplogroup+results.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="mtDNA haplogroup project" width="640" /></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Comparing mutations in FTDNA haplogroup project</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9bbjSmd_qw1kAzLelQDHtQlWU-lkjRrU4mMxBv6CVj4k_rKnY8Z5ByyX2rxnV4akSIbF3PDXzBfY89IdJuWMfUNGSHHYUWOzJ69lYLqbJklY0bD9nIf4lS_Ti_u42g5ppEq4sci_AbyE/s1600/haplogroup+results.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><font size="5"></font></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font>
<span style="font-size: large;">Making mitochondrial DNA matches with the above information can be very difficult:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">1. Many people do not enter enough information about the earliest-known maternal ancestor.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">2. The Country field can be very misleading. For example, people have been told in the past not to select "United States" unless the ancestor was Native American.</span><span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font><span style="font-size: large;">Next, what does "origin" really mean? If someone has traced her ancestry to the 1850s in North Carolina, but heard that the ancestor might have immigrated from Ireland, did this person enter United States or Ireland in the country field? Were the ancestors in Scotland before they emigrated to Ireland?</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font><span style="font-size: large;">Without more precise information about the earliest known ancestor, we can't tell much from the Country field. Furthermore, the country of origin is not specific enough. </span></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font><span style="font-size: large;">For example, there's quite a difference between Alabama and Massachusetts in the United States, or between the Fujian Province and the Gansu Province in China.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">3. The main problem with HRV1 and HVR2 mtDNA mutations is that there are so few of them, and some of them can be quite old. </span></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font><span style="font-size: large;">Are any of the above mutations shared by everybody within haplogroup U5? Are any of them shared in another haplogroup? We can't tell by looking at these results. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span>Even with the above shortcomings, limited results can still be useful. </span><span>The first person in the chart above tested both HVR1 and HVR2, so there are more mutations to compare. The second and third people only tested HVR1, and hundreds of people in the U5 group may share those mutations. </span></span></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font><span style="font-size: large;"><span>You really need a more complete list of mtDNA mutations. However, </span><span>there is one result above that is useful for tracing ancestry: the second one. </span></span></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span><font size="4"><b>How can you use limited mtDNA results to trace ancestors?</b></font></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span><font size="5"><b><br /></b></font></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><font><span>To extend your mtDNA line at FTDNA, having matching mutations is not enough. Matching mutations with an ancestral surname are not enough. </span></font></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><font><span><br /></span></font></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><font><span>What you need is the information found in the second row in the example above. A</span></font><span>long with the list of mutations y</span><span>ou need a name, date, and place where the earliest known ancestor lived. </span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>For example, if you had a maternal ancestor who was born about 1865 in or near Broome County, New York, her parents could have lived there around the 1840s when Rhoda Ann Collar was born. </span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>If your HVR1 mutations match, you have somewhere to start. </span><span>You might try to connect your family tree to Rhoda Ann Collar, and y</span><span>ou would definitely want to encourage the descendant of Rhoda to upgrade her results to a full mitochondrial DNA sequence to see if the two of you are still matches. </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span><font size="5"><br /></font></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<font><span style="font-size: large;">Here's an example of such mtDNA success. Shortly after the U5b project was formed at Family Tree DNA, I noticed that one woman had matching HVR1 and HVR2 results with another woman in the project, and their earliest known ancestors had lived in the same county. </span></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font size="5"><span><br /></span></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font><span style="font-size: large;">One of the women had traced her family much further back than the other woman. So I traced the ancestry of the woman who had less information and was able to extend her ancestral line three generations further when I connected her line with one of the other woman's ancestors. </span></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><font><span>This was only possible because we were able to compare their results in a haplogroup project.</span></font></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Yes, tracing ancestry with mitochondrial DNA can be difficult, but it's definitely possible!</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<font><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>More refined haplogroup with full-sequence results</b></span></font></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Hypervariable region results can only estimate a broad haplogroup like "U5." But the full sequence results can provide a more precise haplogroup that may get further refined as more people test their mtDNA. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font size="5"><br />
</font><div style="text-align: center;">
<span><b><font size="4">GenBank: Advancing scientific research</font></b></span></div><font>
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">In 2005 nobody with haplogroup U5b1c was in GenBank which is the database of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). GenBank is very important for researchers. </span></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font><span style="font-size: large;">I wondered if there were any way to get my results into that database. I found that there was a man, Ted Kandell, who was doing programming to try to make FTDNA submissions compatible with the GenBank database, but GenBank had not yet agreed to the submissions. </span></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font><span style="font-size: large;">So, Ted did the programming, and I helped negotiate with GenBank. In 2006, both of us submitted our full-sequence results. </span></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font><span style="font-size: large;">Submitting to GenBank helps refine the mtDNA haplogroups for all further testers, and it is possible for you to contribute to scientific research by submitting your full mtDNA sequence.</span></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<br />
</font><div style="text-align: center;">
<span><b><font size="4">Progress at FTDNA with Full sequence matches</font></b></span></div>
<font><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span>Although my full-sequence mtDNA results were originally assigned to haplogroup U5b1c, there have been many more testers in the fifteen years since that test. </span></span></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font><span style="font-size: large;"><span>I now have 19 exact full-sequence matches at Family Tree DNA, and the haplogroup has been further refined to U5b1c2. </span><span>Here are some of the matches:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
</font><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="mtDNA matches" border="0" data-original-height="309" data-original-width="932" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkuKh5r8sWKcUN40NP5e0Tz8FLCiWX7GIm6cO17xP0qF9v5Qr_37xViKKVLpFng7T9i_LL0oD5wgmB87nUdXPt_hrFJcIEquKQ6-4CCJtRSBHmg0OYYMcW4Xped6ls1ZrI5tHU5wfcMtI/w640-h212/match+list.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Full-sequence mtDNA match list" width="640" /></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Full-sequence mtDNA matches at FTDNA</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"><font size="5">
</font><div style="text-align: left;">
<span><font><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><font><span style="font-size: large;">Notice that with full-sequence results there is a Genetic Distance column. The 0 in the Genetic Distance column shows that this is an exact match. </span></font></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><font><span style="font-size: large;">The name of the person taking the test is next, and if you click on the name you will see the person's profile information and email address. </span></font></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><font><span style="font-size: large;">Some of these people actually have family trees as shown by the Family Tree symbol.</span></font></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="FTDNA family tree symbol" border="0" data-original-height="19" data-original-width="20" height="98" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFuNk3gc8gp8PCErR7NNhpkEoGky8ps_m_oAUlQfCwHNbYdbOidx6RI6-qe61XM9onxfkDSLkUBX3cfRRGCoqKS6h_qsbcJ_X0tkgqYptNcJG2ed9ARFuMG6slg2oOni20476HqLmthsg/w104-h98/tree.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Family tree in mtDNA match list" width="104" /></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Family Tree symbol<br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: left;"><span><br /><span style="font-size: large;">The ability to add a family tree is an extremely important advantage for making matches.</span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">To compare the individual mutations you must still join a project.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<font size="5"><span><br /></span>
</font><div style="text-align: center;">
<span><font size="4"><b>Differences in Full-sequence mtDNA haplogroups at FTDNA</b></font></span></div>
<font><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span>Today, in </span><span>FTDNA mitochondrial DNA haplogroup projects</span><span> the display of results looks the way it did in the beginning with one exception: the names of the haplogroups have been expanded beyond the basic U5 or U5b. [I removed the first few columns in the screenshot below to focus on the one that changed.]</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
</font><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="expanded mtDNA haplogroup" border="0" data-original-height="47" data-original-width="450" height="66" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTgpTX7EHJfp3lN_B3BfsjrcOzSR7W6Tb1vHt6-lLbk273LiQO_koD4njoZdee2KwI1kg1iGnxiBwxm3Ww8vX6aiQpz-nWo4wW_2EAIy1-OlfliNJZ0rl_MpV_kRP9SLdEi4J5ecTCaV0/w640-h66/haplogroup+refined.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="refined mtDNA subclade" width="640" /></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Refined mtDNA haplogroup</span></td></tr></tbody></table><font size="5">
</font><div style="text-align: left;">
<span><font><br /><span style="font-size: large;">Although the results have not changed, the number of people in many of the mtDNA groups has expanded dramatically.</span></font></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><font><div style="font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"><span><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Precise locations for mtDNA matches</b></span></div><div style="font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">The most useful feature for making mtDNA matches is not found in your FTDNA match list or in your haplogroup project. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">By far, the most important piece of information for mtDNA matching is the place where your ancestor lived. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">The best matching information is found in the Matches Maps section of your FTDNA account.</span></div><div style="font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: x-large;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5K0jqzoOh7Xt9Dswo1ifO8AL2U-_abnhl_2HFK3y9J3NrFrbTlmQ3OxEN_vmomsEkKst8FOp2tfDhPTr_9ySpL3IKhPWe9zqXtdZ3O0Z6xkOVjQGGVjC4Cvgc06_4UdVK3olK-c5So00/s691/maps.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1em 0px;"><img alt="mtDNA maps at Family Tree DNA" border="0" data-original-height="247" data-original-width="691" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5K0jqzoOh7Xt9Dswo1ifO8AL2U-_abnhl_2HFK3y9J3NrFrbTlmQ3OxEN_vmomsEkKst8FOp2tfDhPTr_9ySpL3IKhPWe9zqXtdZ3O0Z6xkOVjQGGVjC4Cvgc06_4UdVK3olK-c5So00/w640-h229/maps.jpg" title="Link to mtDNA origins map" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Matches Maps at FTDNA</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span>When you click on this link you will be taken to a map. Many of my matches have added the exact location coordinates to their most distant ancestor. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span>This precise location does not show up in the match list or on the haplogroup project results page. </span></span></div><div style="font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">The haplogroup project does have a map display, but it is not as useful as the one in your Matches Maps section because the haplogroup maps do not display the name of the ancestor. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Here is what you see on Matches Maps:</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: x-large;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO_GbMo1VG1YH-YOTExAOKDW52rxj2KSW8-Vop6z28EkdOU1Pm6_SK6AMKdkOpiavTWvFXRNV3yuzmokU1EE6e4Li2SfINnovU1V_NetWvBf_A-Reb1ubr_7LfIY4vjRUoF1HJGX0TUJk/s948/Matches+map.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1em 0px;"><img alt="mtDNA origins map" border="0" data-original-height="530" data-original-width="948" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO_GbMo1VG1YH-YOTExAOKDW52rxj2KSW8-Vop6z28EkdOU1Pm6_SK6AMKdkOpiavTWvFXRNV3yuzmokU1EE6e4Li2SfINnovU1V_NetWvBf_A-Reb1ubr_7LfIY4vjRUoF1HJGX0TUJk/w640-h358/Matches+map.jpg" title="Matches Map at FTDNA" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Map of mtDNA origins</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></font></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">You can click on any pin to find more information. Your own pin is the white one. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">The locations for the most distant maternal ancestor of your exact mtDNA matches are colored red. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Remember, however, that these are locations reported by your matches. Look at their family tree to verify this information. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">For example, I clicked on the red pin at the bottom left, and here is one of my exact matches:</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_oN0CFXPy41Gl8jdy_bqELMfNYnJ2cCiNKcKylQu8RIJ1W89UGOpkU28ncldczUsaIxeqXlaX4oeDCH0ss6qq7ooUGI5isdmjV-6gQpZrKPl7I_HkuOfWq7YbCfZqKABmaFKmMDIckJQ/s558/man+in+map.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1em 0px;"><img alt="mtDNA matches map at Family Tree DNA" border="0" data-original-height="313" data-original-width="558" height="359" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_oN0CFXPy41Gl8jdy_bqELMfNYnJ2cCiNKcKylQu8RIJ1W89UGOpkU28ncldczUsaIxeqXlaX4oeDCH0ss6qq7ooUGI5isdmjV-6gQpZrKPl7I_HkuOfWq7YbCfZqKABmaFKmMDIckJQ/w640-h359/man+in+map.jpg" title="mtDNA origins details" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Details of mtDNA origins</span></td></tr></tbody></table></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">This appears to be a paternal ancestor, not a maternal ancestor. This person is on my match list and has no family tree. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">So I will disregard this pin unless it is verified that the maternal ancestor was named John or that the most distant known maternal ancestor was John's daughter who lived in this location.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>These pins have the most potential for allowing you to make great matches, so be sure to update the most precise location for your ancestor, if known. </span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Instructions appear in the "</span><span style="text-align: center;">How to make matches with Mitochondrial DNA" section below.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="text-align: center;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span><font size="4"><b>A second mitochondrial DNA test at FTDNA</b></font></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<font size="5"><span><b><br /></b></span>
</font><div style="text-align: left;">
<span><font size="4">In 2007 I ordered a full-sequence mtDNA test for a Chinese relative of mine. We will call her Mary. Mary has always lived in China, and most people who test at Family Tree DNA are from the United States. </font></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><font size="4"><br /></font></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><font size="4">Mary is in haplogroup M8a2b. Since Mary didn't have any close matches, I went no further until YFull started mtDNA groups (discussed below). So those results have been sitting for 13 years.</font></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><font size="4"><br /></font></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<font><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Grouping in mtDNA projects at FTDNA</b></span></font></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span><font size="4"><br /></font></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<font size="4"><span>There is no M8 or M8a project at Family Tree DNA, but there is a haplogroup M project, so Mary has recently been put in that project. Projects at FTDNA require manual grouping by the project administrators</span><span>. Mary is in </span><span>the last row of the Ungrouped section:</span></font></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span><font size="5"><br /></font></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Ungrouped DNA results" border="0" data-original-height="461" data-original-width="770" height="382" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeAfpRO32IQ3gxxRiztbLvtw8GL9HGQckItkzzQm7NttpnxoXd8E2-yjxhB9mVqugumtnwYo2rdK_CHHe2f5KBUllTfPF5JcoAS4xRmTnmm9jEkGAMizsJRI6C9P3BCyxmcgvLqeDF5NE/w640-h382/ungrouped.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Ungrouped results in haplogroup project" width="640" /></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ungrouped results in FTDNA haplogroup project</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: left;"><font>
<span><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font><span><span style="font-size: large;">If we look at the M8 section of the haplogroup M project we can see that when Mary's results are moved to the appropriate subclade of haplogroup M, Mary will still have no matches in the project. </span></span></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font><span><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font><span><span style="font-size: large;">There are only two people in the M haplogroup project who are within subclade M8. Neither of them is in haplogroup M8a2b.</span></span></font></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span><font size="5"><br /></font></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="haplogroup M8" border="0" data-original-height="131" data-original-width="767" height="108" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdt8Rc0i2lFeBQKeTQ_ORH4ZHQCYldicecjY7VQgC2Hig_GDuSBbi9aDfKvkdAXXBAMwhS4ppWd6sS6b5IieK7SXfZXpjWfcLkUE_E6GEOmNHObwREu2laeJzrWUO6rY8ZO04b1Safwhk/w640-h108/M8-FTDNA.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Haplogroup M project" width="640" /></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Subclade M8 in haplogroup project M</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdt8Rc0i2lFeBQKeTQ_ORH4ZHQCYldicecjY7VQgC2Hig_GDuSBbi9aDfKvkdAXXBAMwhS4ppWd6sS6b5IieK7SXfZXpjWfcLkUE_E6GEOmNHObwREu2laeJzrWUO6rY8ZO04b1Safwhk/s1600/M8-FTDNA.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><font size="5"></font></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><font><span>With no matches to compare, Mary's results will still have to wait until more people test. </span></font><span>Mary needs to be in more than one database. Her results were submitted to YFull.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font size="5"><br /></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">MITOCHONDRIAL DNA RESULTS AT YFULL</span></b></div><font size="5">
</font></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>What is YFull?</b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div>
<font><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">YFull is not a DNA testing company. YFull is an analysis and comparison service for Y-DNA Next Generation Sequencing and full mitochondrial DNA sequences. </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">These interpretation and comparison services are quite different from those found at any DNA testing company. </span></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><font><b style="font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Why would you want to submit your </span><br />
<span>mitochondrial DNA results to YFull?</span></span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></font></div>
<font><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">At YFull, your results will be compared to scientific samples and to people who tested at different companies. </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">This will prove to be increasingly significant because the full mitochondrial DNA sequence can be extracted from full genome tests. </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font><span>People are now beginning to test their full genome at companies such as Dante Labs, Nebula Genomics, and YSEQ. They are transferring these results to YFull.</span></font></span></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">Furthermore, there will always be more scientific studies.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">YFull only began to do mitochondrial DNA analysis in 2019, and so many people do not know about its mtDNA services. It is possible that you may not yet have many matches there. </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">However, even though many of YFull's mtDNA services are just starting you will learn much more about your mitochondrial DNA from YFull's matching system and YFull's groups. </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Mitochondrial DNA matches at YFull</span></b></div><font>
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span>When you submit results to YFull you will see a menu of options for Y-DNA and for mtDNA. Here are the current options in the mtDNA menu:</span></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span>
</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-size: x-large; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBKHzGwcD1ntea7mg4d9kVnYli0P1En21MSAbDAnctLhIJ63MAR7GkkxvGgKQe3NdyPqXHB-i5-V3EPIOa1wjvV6srXAle6hKaIDWZhEHziDN9KKVjAXcmzHSyofrfv_sVUYIMInVCcRc/s147/mtDNA+menu.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="YFull mtDNA menu" border="0" data-original-height="111" data-original-width="147" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBKHzGwcD1ntea7mg4d9kVnYli0P1En21MSAbDAnctLhIJ63MAR7GkkxvGgKQe3NdyPqXHB-i5-V3EPIOa1wjvV6srXAle6hKaIDWZhEHziDN9KKVjAXcmzHSyofrfv_sVUYIMInVCcRc/w320-h242/mtDNA+menu.jpg" title="mtDNA at YFull" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span>mtDNA menu at YFull</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><span><span style="font-size: large;">When you click on Hg [abbreviation for haplogroup] and SNPs, you will see a screen similar to the following. Only the first two lines are shown below.</span></span></font></div><div><font><span><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
</font><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOT1M4joXIuDsj48NNLuzZYEwDbLptYa_LltCRhKrk9DskcORnSK0VmX23HdaMn2MJKfeySEi_tCIiwuUwbo9VrUPLZE8oy_Zy9-wBMdtdMYVH9GnoC5Z0B5Bn18fasqsvc3BkyWUna7o/s1600/hg+and+SNPs.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><font size="5"><img alt="YFull mtDNA haplogroup and SNPs" border="0" data-original-height="179" data-original-width="1111" height="102" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOT1M4joXIuDsj48NNLuzZYEwDbLptYa_LltCRhKrk9DskcORnSK0VmX23HdaMn2MJKfeySEi_tCIiwuUwbo9VrUPLZE8oy_Zy9-wBMdtdMYVH9GnoC5Z0B5Bn18fasqsvc3BkyWUna7o/w640-h102/hg+and+SNPs.jpg" title="mtDNA mutations at YFull" width="640" /></font></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><font size="4">Haplogroup and SNPs</font></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<font><span style="font-size: large;"><br />Here is a closeup of the SNP information on the right of the screen:</span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-size: x-large; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibOpng7xeKPg9tbXuZfU8j0w7EijQYixo1YcOUxsTR_ImH83U3fAIZimcCLmdxjDGoDok694DBB1jBtZF42dl91xFL_k603ZVHccdrjcW3TweROBUkm1R2dnLYB0G4nWR5UDmFubylpWE/s305/regions.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="mtDNA haplogroup and SNPs" border="0" data-original-height="125" data-original-width="305" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibOpng7xeKPg9tbXuZfU8j0w7EijQYixo1YcOUxsTR_ImH83U3fAIZimcCLmdxjDGoDok694DBB1jBtZF42dl91xFL_k603ZVHccdrjcW3TweROBUkm1R2dnLYB0G4nWR5UDmFubylpWE/w640-h262/regions.jpg" title="mtDNA mutations" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span>mtDNA haplogroup and SNPs</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span><div style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">For the first mutation on the list, the Reference Sequence has A at position 15052. This is called the Ancestral value (Anc). </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">The tester has a G in this position which is called the Derived value (Der). So the mutation is listed as A15052G.</span></font></div><div style="font-size: x-large;"><font><span><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">Notice at the top of the image that you can download three versions of your results at any time. </span></font></div><div style="font-size: x-large;"><font><span><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">Here is a closeup of the left of the screen:</span></font></div><div style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></div></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-size: x-large; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVpnDBjZ0W6zYg2Q9dNAZI0oRrN7xI8b5eh2flqkrUYyaF_m3b86NMfLjRW_QGlESbFq85C_HIjB2TcYJBKwz7d5a5fuiWqusRxLLJuG5cVBvqxEL1i-Z67fubh26ZR-ifkSe7LhyphenhyphenWmCg/s189/H1J2a.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="mtDNA haplogroup at YFull" border="0" data-original-height="129" data-original-width="189" height="348" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVpnDBjZ0W6zYg2Q9dNAZI0oRrN7xI8b5eh2flqkrUYyaF_m3b86NMfLjRW_QGlESbFq85C_HIjB2TcYJBKwz7d5a5fuiWqusRxLLJuG5cVBvqxEL1i-Z67fubh26ZR-ifkSe7LhyphenhyphenWmCg/w512-h348/H1J2a.jpg" title="mtDNA haplogroup and SNPs" width="512" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span>mtDNA haplogroup</span></td></tr></tbody></table>
<span><div style="font-size: x-large;"><font><span><br /></span></font></div><span style="font-size: large;">Hover your mouse over on the name of the haplogroup. The green haplogroup name turns yellow to indicate that it will now go to your branch of the YFull mtDNA tree. </span></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><br />
</font><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="branch of mtDNA tree" border="0" data-original-height="86" data-original-width="393" height="138" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgoc513qbfHk7bExkZixbWEx-pttZXl53pOe7brHWjnajBtLWniD693IkUUHk_4-HXSwpc_fip5Z6cdZSYoxACP7wy-cDDacRKyQ3wi7IWFnrg5I9SHVDD-Q5SzRZoXjMsWcL9AcvvkL0/w640-h138/Go+to+tree.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="mtDNA haplogroup at YFull" width="640" /></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Click to go to YFull public mtDNA tree</span></td></tr></tbody></table><font>
<span><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></font></div><div><font><span><span style="font-size: large;">Click on it to be taken to your placement in the YFull mtDNA tree. You can scan up and down the tree to any position. I did this, so in the example below we are seeing results from haplogroup HV4.</span></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
<br />
</font><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5-OkuprFBlNUVFw-c5fpSuQzJUTwuAbGzigu9f8q8BeK_PJaYxtrvtNYBOpVtzURz3zOqgf1t34MiiQGXR9BU6-PP_NmwECYdtXWOzwE_P2TkIz4JP2YgEEQznC97JMLF_Wx2BWTsZWU/s406/HV4.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="YFull public mtDNA tree" border="0" data-original-height="215" data-original-width="406" height="339" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5-OkuprFBlNUVFw-c5fpSuQzJUTwuAbGzigu9f8q8BeK_PJaYxtrvtNYBOpVtzURz3zOqgf1t34MiiQGXR9BU6-PP_NmwECYdtXWOzwE_P2TkIz4JP2YgEEQznC97JMLF_Wx2BWTsZWU/w640-h339/HV4.jpg" title="DNA samples on YFull mtDNA tree" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Some DNA samples in mtDNA haplogroup HV4</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><font>
<span><span style="font-size: large;">The above screen shows a portion of the public YFull mtDNA tree. All DNA samples are identified only by an ID number. </span></span></font></div><div><font><span><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></font></div><div><font><span><span style="font-size: large;">The ones beginning with YF are from people who submitted their results. The others are from scientific studies. </span></span></font></div><div><font><span><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></font></div><div><font><span><span style="font-size: large;">You can click on any haplogroup name to see just that portion of the mtDNA tree, or you can click on the tabs above to see earlier haplogroups. </span></span></font><div><font size="5"><br /></font><div><span style="font-size: large;">Each time the tree is updated, you will see the notation "New" next to samples that have recently been added. In the above screenshot there are four samples from scientific studies, and three have countries of origin. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Of the three private submissions, only one has a country of origin, but it also has a specific region. Hover the mouse over the abbreviated place names to see the place in full. The specific regions of a country are especially useful.</span></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">This is the only information available to the general public, but you can find much more by clicking on the Mt matches link in your account menu.</span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font size="5"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6QglGEclbEO1AN-ReV0qqDWldmxKWmyYtD3KPE-G-GuSRX-ekz9ilx6wmTEJLZEZR3p9ciXsZEqLHaLawA98CC_TowHP4D1j46HJm8mfo_eLJBffjwFxbr3jJmViZIv1QvaI05JgyOKc/s146/mt+menu.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="YFull mtDNA matches" border="0" data-original-height="106" data-original-width="146" height="319" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6QglGEclbEO1AN-ReV0qqDWldmxKWmyYtD3KPE-G-GuSRX-ekz9ilx6wmTEJLZEZR3p9ciXsZEqLHaLawA98CC_TowHP4D1j46HJm8mfo_eLJBffjwFxbr3jJmViZIv1QvaI05JgyOKc/w439-h319/mt+menu.jpg" title="YFull mtDNA menu" width="439" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Click on mtDNA matches</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span><br /></span></font></div><div style="text-align: center;"><font><span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></font></div><div style="text-align: center;"><font><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Mitochondrial DNA match lists at YFull</b></span></font></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font><span>Your matches can evolve rather quickly. For example, a few months ago I was identified as U5b1c2 at YFull. </span></font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font><span><br /></span></font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font><span>I was moved to a more downstream subclade in the next version of the haplotree, and even further in the version of the tree that was released this week. Each time I get a new </span></font><font><span>list of matches. </span></font></span></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">Below is part of a list of matches.</span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font size="5"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3OfsCX3oFnnK4mx4woF5QuZ7Naa7x46Hz7VA1_GdnPOq8ZtHX8i2XRSBIqBzAFHVjyb6Ekj7NHJCjTLoAPL9nuAMkPQ6_lYLG_fqea0BVP_nuX2kdIg70J_Yb3q-5oCboAfZL8rGCJqQ/s1018/mtdna+matches.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1em 0px;"><img alt="scientific samples for mtDNA" border="0" data-original-height="171" data-original-width="1018" height="108" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3OfsCX3oFnnK4mx4woF5QuZ7Naa7x46Hz7VA1_GdnPOq8ZtHX8i2XRSBIqBzAFHVjyb6Ekj7NHJCjTLoAPL9nuAMkPQ6_lYLG_fqea0BVP_nuX2kdIg70J_Yb3q-5oCboAfZL8rGCJqQ/w640-h108/mtdna+matches.jpg" title="m8a2b matches" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Scientific samples in mtDNA match lis</span><span>t</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></font></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><font><span style="font-size: large;">The match list shows the haplogroup, an estimated time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA--this is a very broad estimate), the most distant ancestor of the person submitting the DNA sample [this will not be shown for scientific samples], the country of origin if reported, the sample ID, and Private Message link. </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">You will not receive any identifying information about your matches. For example, you will not receive an email address, but you will be able to contact anyone in your match list or in your groups, no matter how distant the match is, by using the Private Message (PM) envelope. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
<span><span style="font-size: large;">The PM column is listed next to the YFull ID column. </span></span></font></div><div><font><span><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></font></div><div><font><span><span style="font-size: large;">You will see a link</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTisiPhxRYPMT8YxwmC3Rp9a_huNIjsnL09SpVJcgMiGEFb3lbLmfpPYF1OmpXGxxcrtZp5DSNvJMOtDV5RG1bZhgDsiZLryYe1a6CT7lp9Gc1SSJkXQCxvKMceBuU_Rb1BnJcz7UeTQY/s45/link.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="45" data-original-width="41" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTisiPhxRYPMT8YxwmC3Rp9a_huNIjsnL09SpVJcgMiGEFb3lbLmfpPYF1OmpXGxxcrtZp5DSNvJMOtDV5RG1bZhgDsiZLryYe1a6CT7lp9Gc1SSJkXQCxvKMceBuU_Rb1BnJcz7UeTQY/s0/link.jpg" /></a></div></div></span></font></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font><span>next to scientific samples. [Some images in this blog post show the old arrow link that existed before May 2021.]</span></font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font><span><br /></span></font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font><span>You will see </span></font><span>an envelope</span></span></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgi6DqRjS3q78QVy0Aat3XYzc6qLC7nLm5hW6ts4p_UnHahNHZ7gvVLABpho1HrDG1WHtdo3cpe6xq4YIVey2FljTv05fQX5YcYHJRXxC7pCprpFl3z0jOqQmqnFNfF9YX-L3vv4QlNJU/s46/envelope.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="40" data-original-width="46" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgi6DqRjS3q78QVy0Aat3XYzc6qLC7nLm5hW6ts4p_UnHahNHZ7gvVLABpho1HrDG1WHtdo3cpe6xq4YIVey2FljTv05fQX5YcYHJRXxC7pCprpFl3z0jOqQmqnFNfF9YX-L3vv4QlNJU/s0/envelope.jpg" /></a><br />next to individual submissions. </div></span></font></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span><font size="4">When you click the PM envelope, you will see something like this:</font></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span><font size="5"><br /></font></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="YFull Private Message screen" border="0" data-original-height="332" data-original-width="617" height="344" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWtycAE1xgbbrbkmaZz1Cfa5UxYctFs8V1Ou7gppT3AlD-gST6_gxwz4QI8wGDrTUQXQHGbOwz7tiusPLLLgtl0Em0Oc5Dfwk60SzdX2RyAZdGRblLcsZc_ENDwub1A0cXoPZES2UvRcs/w640-h344/PM.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="YFull Private Messaging" width="640" /></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Send Private Message (PM)</span><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWtycAE1xgbbrbkmaZz1Cfa5UxYctFs8V1Ou7gppT3AlD-gST6_gxwz4QI8wGDrTUQXQHGbOwz7tiusPLLLgtl0Em0Oc5Dfwk60SzdX2RyAZdGRblLcsZc_ENDwub1A0cXoPZES2UvRcs/s1600/PM.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><font size="5"></font></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span><font><span style="font-size: large;">When you click the link next to a scientific sample ID, you see much more information. In my own list of matches I clicked the link next to KM102073.1. The link takes me to the GenBank record. Below is only a small portion of it.</span></font></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span><font><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-size: x-large; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJEHXjECJsOT1Vw3Kc2mOgXgBilwBixAAfBeCnwCVcLcu5oytDyW5ot9ygIK3gHbQ8ppEL0W0OD_9lMIm0yA-fiWwgR0EUimdUYUqtVUvSJ9Dp2ySuSQCUxCeEs2WIfYTnHQTNntKtqsk/s605/GenBank+record.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1em 0px;"><img alt="GenBank record" border="0" data-original-height="323" data-original-width="605" height="342" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJEHXjECJsOT1Vw3Kc2mOgXgBilwBixAAfBeCnwCVcLcu5oytDyW5ot9ygIK3gHbQ8ppEL0W0OD_9lMIm0yA-fiWwgR0EUimdUYUqtVUvSJ9Dp2ySuSQCUxCeEs2WIfYTnHQTNntKtqsk/w640-h342/GenBank+record.jpg" title="GenBank mtDNA sample" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span>GenBank entry</span></td></tr></tbody></table></font></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><font>
<span style="font-size: large;">To me, the most interesting piece of information is where to find more about the study of this sample. </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">The GenBank record shows that the name of the article in which this sample appeared is "Full mtGenome reference data: Development and characterization of 588 forensic-quality haplotypes representing three U.S. populations." </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">But how do I find this article?</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">YFull has a list of mitochondrial DNA articles for samples found in their database. Enter the sample ID into the YFull Paper Search:</span></font><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><div><font><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJaV_XJHeQQDL3e-I_xePCyX16qT1zjBTQnr6Wkx8rnSuwsoHTUh1EIgzGTtz6oc79fETZZjTK_nMEr-Yt_jk0onMJORTh7524LC9HMiCAN7e5TrX1WjZ-n51-tFozbHiFVmXaWw25wsk/s348/YFull+paper+search.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="YFull Paper Search screen" border="0" data-original-height="91" data-original-width="348" height="105" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJaV_XJHeQQDL3e-I_xePCyX16qT1zjBTQnr6Wkx8rnSuwsoHTUh1EIgzGTtz6oc79fETZZjTK_nMEr-Yt_jk0onMJORTh7524LC9HMiCAN7e5TrX1WjZ-n51-tFozbHiFVmXaWw25wsk/w400-h105/YFull+paper+search.jpg" title="YFull Paper Search" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">YFull Paper Search</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><span>You will be taken to screen that shows the name of the article and a link to access it.</span></font></div><div><font><span><br /></span></font></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgs_VtQEXW2iqwAaGCgTPJj_UlMt0zWHpNXBwziyn4p7cLsxW0B56sAKnol1qPkr3M2uebsH2iCoQMiCoWsg3bt5r8rOA4unzwzpMTG5weYmxYO8cacQLYEv4KmTyp0CAhedQaFL7rJ4qg/s696/article+link.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Link to scientific article and samples" border="0" data-original-height="306" data-original-width="696" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgs_VtQEXW2iqwAaGCgTPJj_UlMt0zWHpNXBwziyn4p7cLsxW0B56sAKnol1qPkr3M2uebsH2iCoQMiCoWsg3bt5r8rOA4unzwzpMTG5weYmxYO8cacQLYEv4KmTyp0CAhedQaFL7rJ4qg/w640-h282/article+link.jpg" title="YFull link to scientific article and samples" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Link to scientific article and samples</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><font><span><br /></span></font></div>Included with the name of the article is a link to Samples. When you click the Samples link, you will be taken to the list of samples from the study. Here is a portion of them:</span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrOdLmUEe04gt5D7BwjQMyAYpGWtvNnSTSSI7lAuoIxbN61HKhtFGJ6doOTUsOyZPsAmSvpqcOFdlUARr8hJbfv5tGA7XPJbtlfsrDhRIKhY8WSeozfNG4J0h1p0YmAnsZbqDV0Tkn7tA/s561/samples+in+article.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="YFull samples from scientific article" border="0" data-original-height="246" data-original-width="561" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrOdLmUEe04gt5D7BwjQMyAYpGWtvNnSTSSI7lAuoIxbN61HKhtFGJ6doOTUsOyZPsAmSvpqcOFdlUARr8hJbfv5tGA7XPJbtlfsrDhRIKhY8WSeozfNG4J0h1p0YmAnsZbqDV0Tkn7tA/w640-h280/samples+in+article.jpg" title="YFull samples from scientific article" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">YFull samples from scientific article</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><font><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">This list includes the YFull ID for the sample, the country of origin (if reported), and a link to the YFull haplogroup where it appears.</span></div><div style="font-size: x-large; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">In the sample list above, ID KM102073.1 is on my list of matches. This is from a hispanic sample in the United States.</span></div><div style="font-size: x-large; text-align: left;"><br /></div></font><div style="text-align: center;"><span><b><font size="5"><br /></font></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;">
<span><b><font size="4">YFull mtDNA Groups</font></b></span></div>
<font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">As with FTDNA, your match list does not let you compare mutations. For that you will need to join a YFull mtDNA group.<br /></span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">So now we get to the best part--YFull mtDNA groups. </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">At first, there were no mtDNA groups, so I asked YFull if I could start a group for the U5 mtDNA haplogroup. They agreed. </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">I thought it would be similar to starting the haplogroup project at FTDNA, but it was not remotely similar.</span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">First, the administrator of a YFull group can add sequences from scientific samples to the group. </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">It took awhile to enter them because there were so many for haplogroup U5 (I should have started with a subclade of haplogroup U5!) </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font><span>But it was great that from the beginning, even though not a single other person had joined the group, my sample was in the group with more than 1400 scientific samples. </span></font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font><span><br /></span></font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font><span>I instantly could compare my results with hundreds of others. </span></font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font>The best part of all is that the mtDNA groups are automatically sorted by haplogroup, so it requires no effort from the group administrator, and no results will appear in an ungrouped section.</font><font> </font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font><br /></font></span></div><div><font size="5"><span><br /></span>
</font><div style="text-align: center;">
<span><font size="4"><b>How are the results displayed in YFull mtDNA groups?</b></font></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<font><span style="font-size: large;">First, there is no identifying information of any kind, either in the match list or in the mtDNA groups. Your DNA sample will be identified only by your YFull ID number. </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font><span>Next, the Most Distant Ancestor column is not displayed in mtDNA groups. This is because, unlike in Y-DNA groups where men can have the same surname for multiple generations, the surname in a mtDNA group only represents one generation of the ancestry. </span></font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">You can see the name of the most distant ancestor in your match list, but it is not displayed in the mtDNA group results page. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">So, for any close match, compare the ID number in the group results with the ID number on your match list to find information about the most distant ancestor. If there is no information about the most distant maternal ancestor contact the match using the PM envelope. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Here's what you do see on the mtDNA group results page: The YFull ID, the PM column, the country of origin, the haplogroup, the list of mutations that are on the YFull tree in the approximate order in which they occurred, and the list of mutations that are not yet on the tree (shown to the right in blue). </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Some mutations are not on the YFull tree because there aren't enough closely matching samples in that subclade to determine the order in which the mutations occurred. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">For example, the first person on the list below needs many more matches to determine the order of all the mutations that are not yet on the YFull tree.</span></div><div><font size="5">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-tHmm0-ggG4tqD_bkf0XC34BX2ihLczVlwBmoHi4t7rnZKKAS2GTxOEHCFb2mMkCU9xHasP6hZxNwuDYyfIwesDPtjRABuDL4Wik5EaDoRssN7kXsWm0jGSGpqDKCOphNqB9ApvK427c/s1600/title.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><font size="5"><img border="0" data-original-height="26" data-original-width="1249" height="12" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-tHmm0-ggG4tqD_bkf0XC34BX2ihLczVlwBmoHi4t7rnZKKAS2GTxOEHCFb2mMkCU9xHasP6hZxNwuDYyfIwesDPtjRABuDL4Wik5EaDoRssN7kXsWm0jGSGpqDKCOphNqB9ApvK427c/s640/title.jpg" width="640" /></font></a></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="mtDNA mutations in YFull group" border="0" data-original-height="47" data-original-width="1249" height="24" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFlJibZVEPOEJOVZd2Cp0sSQOCYgO3g1B5hf4g4HCRCRcgJ0qt_PGyNxQJ5rPCCEuH9oNIZZ8oIFoNwZKSNt2MIv2lzgAoGUKcfDGS6g-t-nRxfrwVpFEpQf7rLCy8vxIsx_MRLMc_r44/w640-h24/science+samples.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="YFull comparison of mtDNA mutations" width="640" /></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Display of mutations in YFull mtDNA group</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFlJibZVEPOEJOVZd2Cp0sSQOCYgO3g1B5hf4g4HCRCRcgJ0qt_PGyNxQJ5rPCCEuH9oNIZZ8oIFoNwZKSNt2MIv2lzgAoGUKcfDGS6g-t-nRxfrwVpFEpQf7rLCy8vxIsx_MRLMc_r44/s1600/science+samples.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><font size="5"></font></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><font size="5"><br /></font></div>
<font><span style="font-size: large;">The list of mutations is where the results are extremely different from those at FTDNA. </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">In Family Tree DNA's mitochondrial DNA projects, the HVR1 and HVR2 mutations are displayed. There is no comparison of any coding region mutations because of privacy concerns. </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">In YFull mtDNA groups the complete sequence is compared, but only the mutations relevant to the haplogroup are displayed. </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">There are no privacy concerns about any particular mutation because no participants' names or email addresses are displayed in the match lists. </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">There is no way to identify anyone in the YFull database unless the person chooses to reveal identifying information through the Private Messaging system.</span><br /><span><br /><span style="font-size: large;">At YFull there is a U5 group as well as a U5b1c group. U5b1c is a subclade of haplogroup U5. The list of mutations differs between the two groups because only the mutations that are relevant to the particular haplogroup are shown.</span></span><span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">The mutations in the U5 group include only those that occurred within haplogroup U5. More ancient mutations are not included. Here is the list of mutations from a scientific sample in the U5 mtDNA group:</span></font></div><div><font size="5"><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia0IvFXswTZ7e3eb2bdmd1EbkChR4wEGEMAWXbWBCcGqqNZynVyriZlvw75FyoE8uOKPZOrcq2IIzwz1_MC6ysN8I19g2koZyqnoheRaJzmJVvJPt928VC4SYn8ZCoJadUPicEVoFh-34/s910/U5.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="U5 mtDNA mutation list" border="0" data-original-height="30" data-original-width="910" height="21" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia0IvFXswTZ7e3eb2bdmd1EbkChR4wEGEMAWXbWBCcGqqNZynVyriZlvw75FyoE8uOKPZOrcq2IIzwz1_MC6ysN8I19g2koZyqnoheRaJzmJVvJPt928VC4SYn8ZCoJadUPicEVoFh-34/w640-h21/U5.jpg" title="Display of mutations in YFull U5 group" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">List of mutations in YFull U5 mtDNA group</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></font></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font>The same sample shows fewer mutations in the U5b1c group. Mutations that occurred when Haplogroup U5b1c was formed, or before, are not listed. Here we can focus on only the mutations that are relevant to this subclade.</font><span> </span></span></div><div><font size="5"><br /></font></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMEhZKbd4Rs9fWguIzriDt3N_612Q3Tt_QuUB7_ib-wLV4ZY7h5ugQSLRIe2i3hn8MljWHudhPZIaBw1jXQRCVUMADn9d_tgsul2K6B0ps1tZAthbdkdwOeIWlSb0EdLXLnukULnEtOYc/s907/U5b1c.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="U5b1c mutations" border="0" data-original-height="30" data-original-width="907" height="21" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMEhZKbd4Rs9fWguIzriDt3N_612Q3Tt_QuUB7_ib-wLV4ZY7h5ugQSLRIe2i3hn8MljWHudhPZIaBw1jXQRCVUMADn9d_tgsul2K6B0ps1tZAthbdkdwOeIWlSb0EdLXLnukULnEtOYc/w640-h21/U5b1c.jpg" title="Display of mutations in YFull U5b1c group" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">List of mutations in YFull U5b1c mtDNA group</span></td></tr></tbody></table><font><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">More information about scientific samples</span></b></div></font><div style="text-align: center;"><span><b><font size="5"><br /></font></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">You can find much more information about scientific samples besides the name of the scientific article. For example, most of the ID numbers end in .1. If you see an ID number like AY519497.2, you may wonder why does it end in ".2"?</span></div><div style="font-size: x-large; text-align: left;"><br /></div><span style="text-align: left;"><div style="font-size: x-large;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Scientific sample revision" border="0" data-original-height="28" data-original-width="88" height="101" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ_IKDyuDA9R5VP69111CvldjctGhYEofwjsN5iEdS0fu1HTsW2KkE01QvkWV4T-hQC_U2RVpyVgRaQFLi7Ly4ZIqG6jqAFFbUqc1u7uxquK6pmv9t-vRJryZLFtA8mm1ziJ3r415gFB8/w320-h101/point2+sample.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Revised scientific sample" width="320" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">YFull Scientific sample ID</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ_IKDyuDA9R5VP69111CvldjctGhYEofwjsN5iEdS0fu1HTsW2KkE01QvkWV4T-hQC_U2RVpyVgRaQFLi7Ly4ZIqG6jqAFFbUqc1u7uxquK6pmv9t-vRJryZLFtA8mm1ziJ3r415gFB8/s1600/point2+sample.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><font></font></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><font><br /></font></div><div><font size="4">Click the link, and you will be taken to the GenBank entry.</font></div><div style="font-size: x-large;"><font><span><br /></span></font></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-size: x-large; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Scientific sample revision in GenBank" border="0" data-original-height="83" data-original-width="563" height="94" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJVyrCkUPl2dsHBj7u4KzJp2Raz0_1EXSBTBL5_mVlyuDrtMAJQwvF-gumFYurwnbOcWWz_4X4vv0VxaKAReFrYDYOK_zUl1Hr-EjWlPhrACG42H_DNewF1jdMImYaxFR1JHJ9KAVZyEA/w640-h94/mtDNA+version.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Revised GenBank entry" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span>Scientific sample revision</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="font-size: x-large;"><font><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJVyrCkUPl2dsHBj7u4KzJp2Raz0_1EXSBTBL5_mVlyuDrtMAJQwvF-gumFYurwnbOcWWz_4X4vv0VxaKAReFrYDYOK_zUl1Hr-EjWlPhrACG42H_DNewF1jdMImYaxFR1JHJ9KAVZyEA/s1600/mtDNA+version.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><font></font></a></span></font></div></span><span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;"></span><span style="text-align: left;"><div style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">As you can see, the ".2" is a revised version of a sample that was previously named AY519497.1.</span></font></div><div style="font-size: x-large;"><font><span><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">Here's another question. Sample DQ489511.1 appears in the U5 group in the subclade U5b2b3, but it is missing mutations that are shared by others within U5b2b3. </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-size: x-large; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWiVuAPT2Wolh8TLoRhSoC1j914LEJlTdaolF6BHbmjMvNANQKb6MTUr77mkhmWg4E_ZqFmngq8uUA71EYLGfwTNx7tWrwbc9LVqROKGe2p3bIkOowmobfUs0jNEbnAfgQRibIe1G6mZY/s253/U5b2b3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="U5b scientific sample" border="0" data-original-height="27" data-original-width="253" height="43" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWiVuAPT2Wolh8TLoRhSoC1j914LEJlTdaolF6BHbmjMvNANQKb6MTUr77mkhmWg4E_ZqFmngq8uUA71EYLGfwTNx7tWrwbc9LVqROKGe2p3bIkOowmobfUs0jNEbnAfgQRibIe1G6mZY/w400-h43/U5b2b3.jpg" title="mtDNA sample from the Netherlands" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">U5b2b3 scientific sample</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span><div style="font-size: x-large;"><font><span><br /></span></font></div><span style="font-size: large;">Click the link next to the ID number, and the GenBank entry reveals why this sample is missing some mutations: </span></span></font></div><div style="font-size: x-large;"><font><span><br /></span></font></div><div style="font-size: x-large;"><font><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5nvlfpnAPBjzfxnYk0FN1TAQ8DuFBL_z6cgz6MBfpZXsO7F3enMCb0RFpHNWXiOHDEXOaIlNxnEi50AKhvaeVdKZZnVcG6yC7L8QmgyONxbKwINfeZHd9VF6MlMyqrjyvbNo7kdJIqio/s670/partial+genome.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1em 0px;"><img alt="Partial mtDNA genome" border="0" data-original-height="54" data-original-width="670" height="52" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5nvlfpnAPBjzfxnYk0FN1TAQ8DuFBL_z6cgz6MBfpZXsO7F3enMCb0RFpHNWXiOHDEXOaIlNxnEi50AKhvaeVdKZZnVcG6yC7L8QmgyONxbKwINfeZHd9VF6MlMyqrjyvbNo7kdJIqio/w640-h52/partial+genome.jpg" title="GenBank incomplete mtDNA sequence" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Partial Genome in GenBank</span></td></tr></tbody></table></font></div><div style="font-size: x-large;"><font><span><br /></span></font></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font><span>The test for this sample was only a partial genome. Perhaps someday it can be upgraded to version ".2"! </span></font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font><span><br /></span></font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></font></span></div><div><br /></div></span></span></div><font><span><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Ancestral origins from scientific samples</span></b></div><div style="font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"><br /></div></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><span>As I stated earlier, haplogroup U5b used to be associated primarily with Finland. Here is a portion of the U5b1b haplogroup at YFull: </span></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
</font><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="U5b1b origins" border="0" data-original-height="190" data-original-width="258" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjR2vMpaLsGYCBYyyw9zgUjiaiiKUbf0mb8wgIPpdWKVvPSy5WrnzW2ZYDaBEBA6vvGyleUyLvSbHRtzSIBlOgesah-WTGAR84szyhRGyYlIrLVOx1t4w-vwlQBBy51xKC75eGwtBVsw0/w400-h295/Finland.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Some origins of mtDNA haplogroup" width="400" /></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">U5b1b origins</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjR2vMpaLsGYCBYyyw9zgUjiaiiKUbf0mb8wgIPpdWKVvPSy5WrnzW2ZYDaBEBA6vvGyleUyLvSbHRtzSIBlOgesah-WTGAR84szyhRGyYlIrLVOx1t4w-vwlQBBy51xKC75eGwtBVsw0/s1600/Finland.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><font size="5"></font></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<font><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">I have removed the ID numbers, but you can tell which IDs were from scientific studies and which were submitted by mtDNA testers. </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">The results in the screenshot above show two IDs beginning with YF, and there is an envelope next to those IDs so that you can contact the person by the private messaging system. </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">The other samples are from scientific studies, and you can click the arrow for more information. The origin of all of the above samples is reported as Finland.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Here is a portion of the U5b1c haplogroup. The origins are quite different from the U5b1b samples:</span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
<br />
</font><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="mtDNa origins" border="0" data-original-height="257" data-original-width="154" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp0OZQOT7Okf_2CFhbh3HAUfGF9lok13VMKywPgb38Ww6T2qpFaz0IN6PU2by1ISJbfmMzssZX0rM8yb75GyT8_VNnEW6dmz_WAfAlEXbtJ59zhvZEuw1As6tq4lnU4N2MVrOkbJtfxhQ/w240-h400/U5b1c+origins.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="mtDNa origins of U5b1c" width="240" /></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">U5b1c Origins</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp0OZQOT7Okf_2CFhbh3HAUfGF9lok13VMKywPgb38Ww6T2qpFaz0IN6PU2by1ISJbfmMzssZX0rM8yb75GyT8_VNnEW6dmz_WAfAlEXbtJ59zhvZEuw1As6tq4lnU4N2MVrOkbJtfxhQ/s1600/U5b1c+origins.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><font size="5"></font></a></div>
<font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">Many of the samples from the U5b1c group are close to the Mediterranean Sea. </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">When there are enough matches to my specific subclade, this will help determine the true origins of my mtDNA ancestors.</span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Comparing mutations in under-tested populations</span></b></div>
</font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;">What about Mary's results? Remember, she had no matches in the M haplogroup project at FTDNA because there are few Chinese samples in its database. </span></font></div><div><font><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></font></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font><span>The YFull M8 and M8a groups were formed this week. There are now approximately 2000 samples in the M8 group at YFull and 84 samples in the M8a subclade. </span></font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font><span><br /></span></font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font><span>Since the group is brand new, Mary is the only individual in the group aside from the scientific samples. </span></font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font><span><br /></span></font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font><span>But even though nobody else has joined the group yet, </span></font><span>Mary has 13 matches in her specific M8a2b subclade. She can compare her mutations and maternal origins with these samples. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">This M8a2b haplogroup designation will be much further refined as more samples join the group and as more scientific studies are completed.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="mtDNA haplogroup M8a2b" border="0" data-original-height="418" data-original-width="207" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzvaB555EGnRKSex2TBE_i2lz7_wb33-pEqHKxbrVAEAHRPAvTLmOZ1Wk2v2vZoUJO34TRAUgianaV8f2ZeMU97FWfCt43cBWYfmvNTs526SY9Kg7FDsrLkc2r_NwmG6hwAOkoZGseoJg/w198-h400/m8a2b.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="YFull M8a2b origins" width="198" /></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>M8a2b matches at YFull</span><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><br /></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><div style="text-align: center;"><b>The best feature of YFull mtDNA groups: mtDNA maps</b></div></span></div><div><span><font size="5"><br /></font></span></div><div><span><font size="4">In addition to being able to compare mutations in mtDNA groups, you can also begin to find common ancestral origins. Remember, the names of the most distant ancestors are not displayed on the group results page. They are displayed in the mtDNA maps.</font></span></div><div><span><font size="5"><br /></font></span></div><div><span><font size="4">To view the map, go to Mt-Results, then View map. You must select a subgroup or the map will not display results. For most groups select All.</font></span></div><div><span><font size="5"><br /></font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1nY-Bn8j-cNxyFiaoO6SHIbj8WEuoISNK-Umd6gW4Yel9pcJQPjzf6vA1zBZ8BLuJh4OIL3ZuwKT3A8OIbX_8h6rYfhzFq5o6wefhaj9qd-xJ3u8JpORY9mzQeUzJaebsaZiMyN4fqIQ/s536/mtDNA+map+all.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="View YFull mitochondrial map" border="0" data-original-height="211" data-original-width="536" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1nY-Bn8j-cNxyFiaoO6SHIbj8WEuoISNK-Umd6gW4Yel9pcJQPjzf6vA1zBZ8BLuJh4OIL3ZuwKT3A8OIbX_8h6rYfhzFq5o6wefhaj9qd-xJ3u8JpORY9mzQeUzJaebsaZiMyN4fqIQ/w640-h252/mtDNA+map+all.jpg" title="View mitochondrial DNA map" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Click View map, then select the subgroup</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">When the map is displayed, zoom in to focus on your region of interest. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Notice that the map displays in the native characters and language of each country. The pin below is from a region near the border of Russia and China. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh67rE5tE0GlQx70WNiOlZzG23KE6n-_CP28txK_M2bsh4CZGXG0pIDTJjIH_e5Lq2vsplI_U-1nP6frRjTzcIHgEXd-r6HhBiyj0hr1cYn48CF30qtP9-O_TPkoAX6FvNnt5DImdOn1I/s616/M8a+map.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="YFull map with haplogroup display" border="0" data-original-height="616" data-original-width="442" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh67rE5tE0GlQx70WNiOlZzG23KE6n-_CP28txK_M2bsh4CZGXG0pIDTJjIH_e5Lq2vsplI_U-1nP6frRjTzcIHgEXd-r6HhBiyj0hr1cYn48CF30qtP9-O_TPkoAX6FvNnt5DImdOn1I/w460-h640/M8a+map.jpg" title="YFull map with Sample ID and haplogroup" width="460" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">YFull mtDNA map with haplogroup</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><span><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">When you click on the pin you can see the YFull ID number and the haplogroup. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Even better, if you have entered the coordinates and the name and place of your maternal ancestor, it will display on the map. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">In this case, all that was known about the ancestor was that her surname was Wang, and her place of birth was Linzi in the province of Shandong.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5ZEv2AHd8T-a6P5XAIwmQg_IQiH7iSP60Wlkva5lJQrQ5pr4vw5jZz6BZoBFe-c9zOuGFH9Pzub0SxsodHemtkE5O6kDDC5IpqpFKnQhTsSMbCGifgmfA8cNKZN88_03pMVktDohHjE4/s400/m8a+map2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="YFull map with surname and location" border="0" data-original-height="398" data-original-width="400" height="636" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5ZEv2AHd8T-a6P5XAIwmQg_IQiH7iSP60Wlkva5lJQrQ5pr4vw5jZz6BZoBFe-c9zOuGFH9Pzub0SxsodHemtkE5O6kDDC5IpqpFKnQhTsSMbCGifgmfA8cNKZN88_03pMVktDohHjE4/w640-h636/m8a+map2.jpg" title="YFull mtDNA map with maternal surname" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">YFull map with surname and location</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">You can see how much better it gets as you add more information about your ancestor. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDbQ1Cq1UPNdfaiNhzcFrmCw3gG-cbZVP6R39VEjjZgCi1BbwAQJqNwBXy3dFThwSvOu8kQuTqEjp0kZnDHe0eZYckic9WwmY0AaR6Bl67ZHTfDarmpRq9T3kjDNVHfzd5-liO6Wbiy0o/s420/hv4+map.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="mtDNA map showing name, dates, and places" border="0" data-original-height="351" data-original-width="420" height="534" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDbQ1Cq1UPNdfaiNhzcFrmCw3gG-cbZVP6R39VEjjZgCi1BbwAQJqNwBXy3dFThwSvOu8kQuTqEjp0kZnDHe0eZYckic9WwmY0AaR6Bl67ZHTfDarmpRq9T3kjDNVHfzd5-liO6Wbiy0o/w640-h534/hv4+map.jpg" title="mtDNA map with name, dates, and places" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"> mtDNA map with name, dates, and places</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><span>You can actually get quite creative:</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEkvMGeikEaOXw_lasRCpoYtUrehZNyEARG_z-HNGMTCcr40nFNXsdP-6Uf97tvP_lnO-zD90zjpeKt9LsuEehzaQBnZzCgTZE5p3fap9W0w6rNY1i4jQ7DNmdJKETK1mxfeNK4lKt8sQ/s545/U5+map.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Three generations of ancestors on map" border="0" data-original-height="349" data-original-width="545" height="410" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEkvMGeikEaOXw_lasRCpoYtUrehZNyEARG_z-HNGMTCcr40nFNXsdP-6Uf97tvP_lnO-zD90zjpeKt9LsuEehzaQBnZzCgTZE5p3fap9W0w6rNY1i4jQ7DNmdJKETK1mxfeNK4lKt8sQ/w640-h410/U5+map.jpg" title="Three generations of ancestors on mtDNA map" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Three generations of ancestors on map</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">As you can see above, the screen contains information about the earliest known maternal ancestor along with information about her daughter and granddaughter.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Now imagine how great this will be when everybody does this! Scientific samples as well as individual submissions are included in the map.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><font size="4"><b>A THIRD DATABASE: mitoYDNA</b></font></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><font size="5"><b><br /></b></font></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><font size="4">An additional database has recently been formed to compare results from mitochondrial DNA tests as well as from Y-DNA tests. This database will replace the YSearch and MitoSearch databases that no longer exist. </font></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><font size="5"><br /></font></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><font size="4">Many years ago, Family Tree DNA formed the YSearch and MitoSearch databases for people to publicly compare their DNA results. Anybody could submit to these databases, and they contained entries from multiple DNA companies that existed at the time as well as extracted entries from the Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation (SMGF). </font></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><font size="4"><br /></font></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><font size="4">The YSearch and MitoSearch databases preserved records from companies such as Ancestry.com, GeneTree, and many others who had offered Y-DNA or mtDNA tests and were no longer doing so. They were extremely useful for finding common ancestors. </font></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><font size="5"><br /></font></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><font>Unfortunately, Family Tree DNA removed these databases because of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR),</font><font color="#494949" face="" style="background-color: white;"> </font><span>and all of the information from the submissions is no longer available. </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Many companies have removed databases, and this is another reason to get your DNA results into more than one database! </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><font size="5"><br /></font></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><font size="4">mitoYDNA was started, and is maintained, by private citizens, so its database should remain. Currently, you may have very few matches in the database, but it's just a matter of time until more people discover the usefulness of mitoYDNA. </font></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><font size="4"><br /></font></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><font size="4">mitoYDNA has some great tools that I will show in a future blog post when more people add their results. In the meantime, submit your results! Instructions appear in the list below.</font></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><font size="5"><br /></font></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><font size="5"><b><br /></b></font></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><font size="4"><b>HOW TO MAKE MATCHES WITH MITOCHONDRIAL DNA</b></font></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><font size="4"><br /></font></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><font size="4">If you want to make great matches with mitochondrial DNA follow all of the steps below.</font></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><font size="4"><br /></font></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><font size="4"><b>At Family Tree DNA:</b></font></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><font size="4"><br /></font></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><font size="4">1. If you already have a FTDNA account, click Add ons & Upgrades at the top of the screen. If you have not ordered a mtDNA test, you will click the Add ons tab. If you have ordered HVR1 or HVR2 click the Upgrades tab.</font></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><font size="4"><br /></font></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoJJCQTQ66TuYBL8lvNOSicSIePHOLjaawuJT5lNKXCbiGOxsXVk01R7iN9RmiYjZBQdorsr-YncAp0RIcSG-PDq-S1gbcADDs_PZV1hDuRTwlqR8m0VD4GHXud9ngMx_LBQsT9uHNBco/s378/upgrade.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="FTDNA test upgrae" border="0" data-original-height="55" data-original-width="378" height="93" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoJJCQTQ66TuYBL8lvNOSicSIePHOLjaawuJT5lNKXCbiGOxsXVk01R7iN9RmiYjZBQdorsr-YncAp0RIcSG-PDq-S1gbcADDs_PZV1hDuRTwlqR8m0VD4GHXud9ngMx_LBQsT9uHNBco/w640-h93/upgrade.jpg" title="Order mtDNA full sequence at FTDNA" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Add Ons and Upgrades</span><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><font size="5"><br /></font></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span><font><div><span><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span><font>2. </font></span> Add information about your earliest known maternal ancestor. Hover the mouse over your name, then click Account Settings.</div><div><br /></div></font></span><span><font><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuuI9CIk5eHZ1zxZKp2DrYHgiwoN2rKB1OJmUC2WsEx2AVvQEFqTWWVW3SjsATV2chNkb4Z0cU9iwkVY2bAoxiXVFot1_K86YFtkgkdf7WLPxbx6HkQB-R2CD1hQTWBBXpPHNU7Y8Z4mk/s366/account+settings2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="mtDNA account settings" border="0" data-original-height="224" data-original-width="366" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuuI9CIk5eHZ1zxZKp2DrYHgiwoN2rKB1OJmUC2WsEx2AVvQEFqTWWVW3SjsATV2chNkb4Z0cU9iwkVY2bAoxiXVFot1_K86YFtkgkdf7WLPxbx6HkQB-R2CD1hQTWBBXpPHNU7Y8Z4mk/w640-h392/account+settings2.jpg" title="Change FTDNA account settings" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">FTDNA Account Settings</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div><span><font> </font></span></div></font></span></span><div></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span><font><div><span><font><br /></font></span></div><div>From the Account Settings page, click Genealogy, then Earliest Known Ancestors. </div></font></span><span><font><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRtNDpkRJtGgxwUic79AIHDqdF9RRYwdUje1u5SBDRlKYmfzGE75r9MGAM9G_gfv_MzNRxtnoptz2ASLqNNlfya8B3zSX-hH44vEW2XwCmyyEUbJxF1STF5xIMeVDuiK3gn3EadqgNqlc/s744/earliest+known+ancestor.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Earliest Known maternal ancestor" border="0" data-original-height="581" data-original-width="744" height="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRtNDpkRJtGgxwUic79AIHDqdF9RRYwdUje1u5SBDRlKYmfzGE75r9MGAM9G_gfv_MzNRxtnoptz2ASLqNNlfya8B3zSX-hH44vEW2XwCmyyEUbJxF1STF5xIMeVDuiK3gn3EadqgNqlc/w640-h500/earliest+known+ancestor.jpg" title="Update earliest Maternal ancestor" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Provide name, date, and place for maternal ancestor</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div></font></span><span><font><div><br /></div><div>Enter the name of your earliest-known direct maternal ancestor (your mother's mother's mother's mother . . .). </div><div><br /></div><div>Even though the field says to enter birth and death dates, it is much better to enter a year of birth and the approximate birth location. This is what will appear on match lists and haplogroup pages. </div><div><br /></div><div>Enter a precise location using the location field below the ancestor's name. This is the location that will appear on the Matches Maps discussed above.</div><div><br /></div><div><span><font>3. Review your Privacy Settings. Click the Privacy & Sharing tab. R</font></span>eview all privacy settings, and make sure you have opted into matching.</div></font></span><span><font><div><span><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRowxuGcfzLe1IY6BnQDt8mHOk4WQp2jZMFxVjd95nGGPO3DeM3CdcAUgJCqnag2FVNO1cHPMG6A-QgZB0Ko-vFi10r2dFzWEwbenUaLvWnuy_eM3jMzcann5g4db1bVUvOhUZcsO3w8Y/s911/Privacy+settings.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Update FTDNa account settings" border="0" data-original-height="404" data-original-width="911" height="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRowxuGcfzLe1IY6BnQDt8mHOk4WQp2jZMFxVjd95nGGPO3DeM3CdcAUgJCqnag2FVNO1cHPMG6A-QgZB0Ko-vFi10r2dFzWEwbenUaLvWnuy_eM3jMzcann5g4db1bVUvOhUZcsO3w8Y/w640-h284/Privacy+settings.jpg" title="Opt into matching" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Verify FTDNA account settings</span></td></tr></tbody></table><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span><font><br /></font></span></div><div>Select your mtDNA match level.</div><div><br /></div><div><span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij4YW_n90RnXu6rcoXi2R942pMEigNU9vB2LrfhUAuh0oocH4C4sFcHZ8o-v8fHIwCCjzA_FgtBRx9nX9va61bD8Be9jLG9KeDyTQEfQj4DU2OvgzOlVWX4oK4JPQghKCRD21txCIAyOU/s821/Match+level.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="mtDNA matching setting" border="0" data-original-height="86" data-original-width="821" height="67" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij4YW_n90RnXu6rcoXi2R942pMEigNU9vB2LrfhUAuh0oocH4C4sFcHZ8o-v8fHIwCCjzA_FgtBRx9nX9va61bD8Be9jLG9KeDyTQEfQj4DU2OvgzOlVWX4oK4JPQghKCRD21txCIAyOU/w640-h67/Match+level.jpg" title="MtDNA match levels" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Select mtDNA match level at FTDNA</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></span></div><div><span><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span><font>4. Add a family tree to your account. FTDNA trees are great for obtaining basic ancestral information, but the trees do not include sources. </font></span></div><div><span><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span><font>So, in addition to adding a family tree to their FTDNA account, some people put links to other online trees in the "About Me" section of their profile. To do this, go to Account Settings>Account Information>My Personal Story. </font></span></div><div><span><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span><font>Many people may not look at your profile, so be sure to add a family tree to your FTDNA account. </font></span>You can even link DNA matches to your family tree.</div><div><span><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span><font>Click myTREE at the top of your home screen.</font></span></div><div><span><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBzoNOB3vej4J7I9OIw9E74mDxnydv2NUW7vPQMXvPzgXyg9BAVC0Jfiana-iRPFKFfzOFB9Kt8rUH0GUjxiQTyzyEuKGzTcGYHSVz-k1Dh_pa8rpqTTc2tAmTfRMJEgAPkxmQS_xAFE0/s387/my+tree.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="View Family Tree at FTDNA" border="0" data-original-height="54" data-original-width="387" height="90" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBzoNOB3vej4J7I9OIw9E74mDxnydv2NUW7vPQMXvPzgXyg9BAVC0Jfiana-iRPFKFfzOFB9Kt8rUH0GUjxiQTyzyEuKGzTcGYHSVz-k1Dh_pa8rpqTTc2tAmTfRMJEgAPkxmQS_xAFE0/w640-h90/my+tree.jpg" title="View your Family Tree" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">View your family tree at FTDNA</span></td></tr></tbody></table><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span><font>You will then be given the opportunity to create your tree.</font></span></div><div><span><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimy3E07PuW1X_4O0Dn3oCmcUkOn_Hp4lmf-K8BY-txRsK1KktZ7ZPl8Jv97vq8jSZWk0E3QNrhRYjmBS-cAq0LFkPsXSFozJliWsDSc7KTSbZr6aAg2LOez6ofjtfJfneXlq45ufqXOT0/s424/Create+tree.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="add family tree to FTDNA account" border="0" data-original-height="369" data-original-width="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimy3E07PuW1X_4O0Dn3oCmcUkOn_Hp4lmf-K8BY-txRsK1KktZ7ZPl8Jv97vq8jSZWk0E3QNrhRYjmBS-cAq0LFkPsXSFozJliWsDSc7KTSbZr6aAg2LOez6ofjtfJfneXlq45ufqXOT0/d/Create+tree.jpg" title="Add family tree for better mtDNA matching" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Create your family tree at FTDNA</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span><font>You can simply create a tree that contains only your maternal line. </font></span>Start with yourself, then add your parents, then your mother's parents, etc. </div><div><br /></div><div>It is not your best option to include only the maternal line, however, because you will want a more complete family tree for Family Finder results, Y-DNA tests (if you are a male), and any other tests that may be offered in the future. </div></font></span><span><font><div><br /></div><div>If you already have a family tree, click UPLOAD GEDCOM. You can create a GEDCOM file from your genealogy software program or from many online family trees.</div><div><br /></div><div>For example, you can download your family tree from Ancestry.com and upload it as a GEDCOM to your Family Tree DNA account. </div><div><br /></div><div>To download your tree from Ancestry, log into your Ancestry.com account. Click the name of your tree, then click Tree Settings.</div></font></span><span><font><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaOttn5WZY5Ar9xcB_D6P1m6IUT8fCpwPO4CGdXWJFdsM0-Fb3GyYhYwya3tg3qE3Q5hdBlvBOP5ivDSVdxrnMFaPGVTN4Hm1jIB94oa8igyGIQ0aUTg6bOEyzKpije0kSnhXz0DKwCSQ/s209/Ancestry+tree+settings.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Tree Settings at Ancestry.com" border="0" data-original-height="209" data-original-width="153" height="512" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaOttn5WZY5Ar9xcB_D6P1m6IUT8fCpwPO4CGdXWJFdsM0-Fb3GyYhYwya3tg3qE3Q5hdBlvBOP5ivDSVdxrnMFaPGVTN4Hm1jIB94oa8igyGIQ0aUTg6bOEyzKpije0kSnhXz0DKwCSQ/w375-h512/Ancestry+tree+settings.jpg" title="Ancestry Tree Settings" width="375" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ancestry.com tree settings</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div></font></span><span><font><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></font></span><span><font><div><span><font>Find the "Manage your tree" section on the right of the next </font></span>screen, then click Export tree. </div><div><br /></div></font></span><span><font><div><span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhdAZMoTFTlFw1Uoc3dUsowCU2W0lnqyCsXZXr7Q7paK-nMmKIudhppz5bLxCNk5alC6ML5mMBQpI3PQsDUmzpFIEQF7DKFYvYP2-bAxfnk-CVTMnq5gPoezsez90WHqdJTEf6i_iGimk/s287/Export+tree.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Export Ancestry family tree" border="0" data-original-height="120" data-original-width="287" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhdAZMoTFTlFw1Uoc3dUsowCU2W0lnqyCsXZXr7Q7paK-nMmKIudhppz5bLxCNk5alC6ML5mMBQpI3PQsDUmzpFIEQF7DKFYvYP2-bAxfnk-CVTMnq5gPoezsez90WHqdJTEf6i_iGimk/w400-h168/Export+tree.jpg" title="Create GEDCOM file from Ancestry.com" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Export family tree as GEDCOM file</span></td></tr></tbody></table><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span><font>Ancestry will send you an email verifying that you are the account owner, then you will be able to download the GEDCOM and upload it to your Family Tree DNA account.</font></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span><font>5. Join a FTDNA </font></span>haplogroup project for your mtDNA haplogroup. At the top of the screen, click myPROJECTS, then Join A Project. (You can also find this option on the left side of your home page.)</div></font></span><span><font><div><span><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqK7Rab0TXfXxjO3rzRlI-kX2cIIjR1QzcTMO74xH1_N9Hq0iv6nEQWGE4PWnGK8EAf7fy_Mxt-ZNCxJAft9HhuWb5jLU5IT4Cd-FOfF7cADNouRsmSFDqboGUqw4dZrxfdISUKh3KI6A/s491/Join+project.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="FTDNA projects" border="0" data-original-height="117" data-original-width="491" height="153" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqK7Rab0TXfXxjO3rzRlI-kX2cIIjR1QzcTMO74xH1_N9Hq0iv6nEQWGE4PWnGK8EAf7fy_Mxt-ZNCxJAft9HhuWb5jLU5IT4Cd-FOfF7cADNouRsmSFDqboGUqw4dZrxfdISUKh3KI6A/w640-h153/Join+project.jpg" title="Join FTDNA project" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Join a Project</span><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span><font>Find the mtDNA Haplogroup Projects, then click the first letter of y</font></span>our mtDNA haplogroup.</div></font></span><span><font><div><span><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyLzxefU6GAyOKXMLBvG4pEW6_3DsCA-HTM-7tR55eUMm-_0qfGwsaAvuBtryh_FJsv883JlmbnC-M7Mgxj4RHa_2MT2gMMsKk3zQGIUU2uOX6f4IGP7VdzeerWJbhyphenhyphenYo9gkDgYv5cjPY/s951/haplogroup+projects.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="mtDNA projects" border="0" data-original-height="125" data-original-width="951" height="84" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyLzxefU6GAyOKXMLBvG4pEW6_3DsCA-HTM-7tR55eUMm-_0qfGwsaAvuBtryh_FJsv883JlmbnC-M7Mgxj4RHa_2MT2gMMsKk3zQGIUU2uOX6f4IGP7VdzeerWJbhyphenhyphenYo9gkDgYv5cjPY/w640-h84/haplogroup+projects.jpg" title="FTDNA haplogroup projects" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">mtDNA haplogroup projects at FTDNA</span></td></tr></tbody></table><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span><font>Click the name of the project you wish to join.</font></span></div><div><span><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPaXjSkrlDsNX8nyDzQtYIvcIT3cfUzK8t137k3jDYfnuWaFuhp0842Xqi-6IudHAhnTxoeY840mYVeYlM13fD0_LXrpXIdLISTowffQco6EU8k9pLOZZKaQlFhHpxw0XmNwmmCVDNk0I/s956/Hap+K.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="mtDNA haplogroup project" border="0" data-original-height="177" data-original-width="956" height="118" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPaXjSkrlDsNX8nyDzQtYIvcIT3cfUzK8t137k3jDYfnuWaFuhp0842Xqi-6IudHAhnTxoeY840mYVeYlM13fD0_LXrpXIdLISTowffQco6EU8k9pLOZZKaQlFhHpxw0XmNwmmCVDNk0I/w640-h118/Hap+K.jpg" title="Join mtDNA haplogroup project" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Select mtDNA haplogroup project</span></td></tr></tbody></table></span></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>On the next page click Join.</div><div><br /></div><div>6. Update your Group Project Administrator Access. As you have done before, click on Account Settings, but this time click Project Preferences. </div><div><br /></div><div>Click the pencil icon next to the name of your mtDNA haplogroup. In most cases, it is recommended to give all project administrators limited access.</div><div><br /></div></font></span><span><font><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh99fvO-MVvn69WIhT5a-gbSQ_sS31UNVuCMuvNF72uuQSpSlO2RPTxvcQTDvUDMyG64t9Dt0BeD0PyHi57qExbYAOEEL4-Gozs0D4uDc_Lx7jz35phSatDVe1uwRnEzu-DMiVpl_YOS1I/s825/Admin+access.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="FTDNA group administrator access" border="0" data-original-height="359" data-original-width="825" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh99fvO-MVvn69WIhT5a-gbSQ_sS31UNVuCMuvNF72uuQSpSlO2RPTxvcQTDvUDMyG64t9Dt0BeD0PyHi57qExbYAOEEL4-Gozs0D4uDc_Lx7jz35phSatDVe1uwRnEzu-DMiVpl_YOS1I/w640-h278/Admin+access.jpg" title="Grant access to mtDNA project administrator" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Group Project Administrator Access</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div><span><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span><font>7. Download your FASTA file. This is the file you will need to submit to YFull. This file can also be used to submit to GenBank.</font></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span><font>Click myDNA, mtDNA, then Mutations (or go to the mtDNA section of your home page and click Mutations).</font></span></div><div><span><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUJp9J2REUsYRfZPwa0x82BMk144eaZceHvJMt0KaTHdjHjRL1c1Pmv8w9Rd7wPUFQyVyb_iNwEcqyIYsgECd14qKKhzNUyc4CDOTypHPTnXz6XdvOAAvNMFvgA5VqhaifSpoHgV5eSFY/s390/Mutations.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="FTDNA mtDNA results" border="0" data-original-height="256" data-original-width="390" height="420" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUJp9J2REUsYRfZPwa0x82BMk144eaZceHvJMt0KaTHdjHjRL1c1Pmv8w9Rd7wPUFQyVyb_iNwEcqyIYsgECd14qKKhzNUyc4CDOTypHPTnXz6XdvOAAvNMFvgA5VqhaifSpoHgV5eSFY/w640-h420/Mutations.jpg" title="MtDNA mutations" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">mtDNA results</span></td></tr></tbody></table><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span><font><br /></font></span></div>Go to the bottom of your results, and click FASTA to download the file to your computer.</font></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4VjkpCO3JcmtbXrb6ylSYT77ov5m_lD2sjIDLhXlwiVbpwySdpjZxuXZ3Gl5hznWzI_PBBZRocw_ipg_wOpjO-08jHf_Ds0S2XcZoWETDzI48WCnVFwh3lrx68-FIWE4DkWLf96rQ7WI/s195/FASTA.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="mtDNA FASTA file" border="0" data-original-height="54" data-original-width="195" height="111" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4VjkpCO3JcmtbXrb6ylSYT77ov5m_lD2sjIDLhXlwiVbpwySdpjZxuXZ3Gl5hznWzI_PBBZRocw_ipg_wOpjO-08jHf_Ds0S2XcZoWETDzI48WCnVFwh3lrx68-FIWE4DkWLf96rQ7WI/w400-h111/FASTA.jpg" title="Download mtDNA FASTA file" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Download FASTA file</span></td></tr></tbody></table><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span><font size="5"><br /></font></span></div><div><span><font size="5"><br /></font></span></div><div><span><font size="4"><b>At YFull:</b></font></span></div><div><span><font size="4"><br /></font></span></div><div><span><font size="4">1. Go to yfull.com and place your order. </font><font size="5"> </font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheZcgrSB0H2DRj03lExJ7Q2BGdyKRRhdjjI69tmYRRHma_npg0JUH_D0INexCmG38JrsfwY-sFNGjgFcZkSbSNDtaH9_67Mo77-6mpDLi3YcvQZghuWCkCaKnN60PWTg1HcHWiwBtlHH8/s1191/mtDNA+order.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1em 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="YFull mtDNA order" border="0" data-original-height="372" data-original-width="1191" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheZcgrSB0H2DRj03lExJ7Q2BGdyKRRhdjjI69tmYRRHma_npg0JUH_D0INexCmG38JrsfwY-sFNGjgFcZkSbSNDtaH9_67Mo77-6mpDLi3YcvQZghuWCkCaKnN60PWTg1HcHWiwBtlHH8/w640-h200/mtDNA+order.jpg" title="Submit mtDNA to YFull" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Order mtDNA analysis at YFull</span><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span><font size="5"><br /></font></span></div><div><span><font size="4">Fill out the information, and load your FASTA file on the next screen.</font></span></div><div><span><font size="5"><br /></font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span><font>If you h</font></span><span>ave already uploaded Y-DNA results for the same person, you may add mtDNA results at no additional charge. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Log into your YFull account, and in the menu on the left click Upload mtDNA. </span></span></div><div><span><font size="5"><br /></font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ5P7ptmkDBbFoiLI_EM3Q3sF11SOVasCuwFY_VcSvoYCpOl0fIAgo7EZbAB142qXyd6QZ7U-IIRLeLPG3HEwtl-Anyjo0gP1pTCuB9vCgBfRb-wBG26aehi2i2WeVvqCX73pr3Fs_5iE/s143/upload+mtDNA.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Upload mtDNA link" border="0" data-original-height="118" data-original-width="143" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ5P7ptmkDBbFoiLI_EM3Q3sF11SOVasCuwFY_VcSvoYCpOl0fIAgo7EZbAB142qXyd6QZ7U-IIRLeLPG3HEwtl-Anyjo0gP1pTCuB9vCgBfRb-wBG26aehi2i2WeVvqCX73pr3Fs_5iE/w350-h289/upload+mtDNA.jpg" title="Upload mtDNA link" width="350" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Upload mtDNA to your YFull account</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Then upload your FASTA file.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span>2. Enter information about your most distant known maternal ancestor. Click Settings at t</span><span>he upper right of your Home page.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBcFVFpSpSTWlBycXToXQ8E8Mm-0lzJYqFgosSMI9GZhMgW1vs8zYagcUich38L_ZcTFj1TxLtNzy9GvaWtUSM-gR3J3WwyDxdKthDCKxkuRtc5ffQEYkL_zyXu4i_BNbgj1TKzqlde-s/s161/YFull+settings.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Account settings at YFull" border="0" data-original-height="57" data-original-width="161" height="141" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBcFVFpSpSTWlBycXToXQ8E8Mm-0lzJYqFgosSMI9GZhMgW1vs8zYagcUich38L_ZcTFj1TxLtNzy9GvaWtUSM-gR3J3WwyDxdKthDCKxkuRtc5ffQEYkL_zyXu4i_BNbgj1TKzqlde-s/w400-h141/YFull+settings.jpg" title="YFull account settings" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Update account settings</span><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">In the Account Settings tab you will find the Settings option at the right of the screen. Click Most Distant Ancestor.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigzeiWp8sIl5N8VCz3bUDTaQaFzOeP0Ge_qot4VxDgrVHvIgMS6TU-bEZ5d5_KRg9c7z_LA-jAgc_iadV88_Rfic99YO7VMRBjR6GkI6ifPLEuURKV2IL3KBZsPpWQQLEDizV83g7y7nA/s287/mda.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Most Distant ancestor in account settings" border="0" data-original-height="183" data-original-width="287" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigzeiWp8sIl5N8VCz3bUDTaQaFzOeP0Ge_qot4VxDgrVHvIgMS6TU-bEZ5d5_KRg9c7z_LA-jAgc_iadV88_Rfic99YO7VMRBjR6GkI6ifPLEuURKV2IL3KBZsPpWQQLEDizV83g7y7nA/w640-h408/mda.jpg" title="Account settings" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Account Settings</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span>E</span><span>nter at least her name along with the approximate year and place where she was born. You can add even more information if you wish. Be as specific as you can. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Again, in the screenshot below, the example below the ancestor field shows the name Ann Johnson with dates of birth and death. This is not very helpful. We need a </span><span>name, date, and PLACE. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span>In the example below, I do not know the county where Elizabeth Clark was born. All I know is that she was born in Pennsylvania.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo7pHV2qkv1qBMZ7RG6O0ASIsDbwibSXSAIEcXn4spyRjbttGB9iUO3sNHScXJaJAfo8vvFuVfwj8iseN9p649GlU9xb6ErcrRp1003Tdruk-UmMI3btMCqnA650zEarZAW7xbLnTWsEA/s418/most+distant+ancestor.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Enter most distant ancestor" border="0" data-original-height="51" data-original-width="418" height="78" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo7pHV2qkv1qBMZ7RG6O0ASIsDbwibSXSAIEcXn4spyRjbttGB9iUO3sNHScXJaJAfo8vvFuVfwj8iseN9p649GlU9xb6ErcrRp1003Tdruk-UmMI3btMCqnA650zEarZAW7xbLnTWsEA/w640-h78/most+distant+ancestor.jpg" title="Most distant ancestor" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Most Distant Ancestor information</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Next, click Country of Origin. Enter not only the country but also </span><span>the region, if known. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2Abvxy29fUGFkiUHCLd1hVlVZ2DZRNB0CrkZD0HXwhPGyCTanjwy8AvmprOgStCmTo7fblLDYVU29lGvTRs0ef7L6hY7WfbwfR7q71i0-RkIT1JUSzgOzV2e_PT8pm2mSNJVLC8ij_a4/s263/Country.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Add country and region" border="0" data-original-height="85" data-original-width="263" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2Abvxy29fUGFkiUHCLd1hVlVZ2DZRNB0CrkZD0HXwhPGyCTanjwy8AvmprOgStCmTo7fblLDYVU29lGvTRs0ef7L6hY7WfbwfR7q71i0-RkIT1JUSzgOzV2e_PT8pm2mSNJVLC8ij_a4/w640-h207/Country.jpg" title="add country and region" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Add Country and Region of Maternal Origin</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Set the map coordinates so that your sample will display in the precise location on the mtDNA maps.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbL9AOdYCnkn518026gL46pEQqnG15ombrRlwypIuaT1JFMCfo8-Icc0adoiYpgm9daj2-qeThi6cZuu-Uqg0fBFh78KnXlIaR9A89xgWv4oegi4ZKNrDvimAhemDB3JbYnf05oHykEak/s250/set+coordinates.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Set map coordinates for YFull maps" border="0" data-original-height="203" data-original-width="250" height="325" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbL9AOdYCnkn518026gL46pEQqnG15ombrRlwypIuaT1JFMCfo8-Icc0adoiYpgm9daj2-qeThi6cZuu-Uqg0fBFh78KnXlIaR9A89xgWv4oegi4ZKNrDvimAhemDB3JbYnf05oHykEak/w400-h325/set+coordinates.jpg" title="Set map coordinates for YFull maps" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Set map coordinates</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">3. Join a mtDNA group if one exists for your haplogroup.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">In the menu on the left, scroll down to Groups | Mt.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivFQVRcvftLboQYQRXtJ8Bg4gU_HmOMQd77jKFQ3a7tlSHL1PLsoOgpLexmsuSZwG5NcfRvKsiEFyLUJwWgdscjob_1geUrg2aG5F-0o5vRnY4R0GcL85gFMbsQzUuZM3_F86CVTkNwCc/s292/Groups+Mt.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="MtDNA groups link" border="0" data-original-height="292" data-original-width="122" height="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivFQVRcvftLboQYQRXtJ8Bg4gU_HmOMQd77jKFQ3a7tlSHL1PLsoOgpLexmsuSZwG5NcfRvKsiEFyLUJwWgdscjob_1geUrg2aG5F-0o5vRnY4R0GcL85gFMbsQzUuZM3_F86CVTkNwCc/w191-h456/Groups+Mt.jpg" title="Link to mtDNA groups" width="191" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">YFull mtDNA Groups</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><div><br /></div>On the next page click the name of the group you wish to join, then click Join request.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqepLsIs9i26_1VFzdBWbvbywch6JJ8hRHGobDetrtQMdNLw1qBAX5H3fohgk9p2B5muz9wtzh1IZ5BJzD9dk0YUtQoA3igkJ009Hq7VNlaxaKtZeqnl9audZmzSY4URZUDso_hyphenhyphenAS0sQ/s468/m8a+join+request.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1em 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Group join request" border="0" data-original-height="65" data-original-width="468" height="89" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqepLsIs9i26_1VFzdBWbvbywch6JJ8hRHGobDetrtQMdNLw1qBAX5H3fohgk9p2B5muz9wtzh1IZ5BJzD9dk0YUtQoA3igkJ009Hq7VNlaxaKtZeqnl9audZmzSY4URZUDso_hyphenhyphenAS0sQ/w640-h89/m8a+join+request.jpg" title="Join Request for YFull group" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Submit Join Request</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">If there is no mtDNA group for your haplogroup, you can wait for someone to start one (new groups are currently being formed), or you can easily start one yourself. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Look at the YFull mtDNA tree, and select a haplogroup that has a manageable number of scientific samples. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">For example, I would not want to start a group for haplogroup K, but a subgroup could be easily started. Send a message to YFull stating something like, "I would like to start a mtDNA group for haplogroup K1b1c." </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Your new group will be quickly formed. Then add the scientific samples, and you're ready to go. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">You will periodically receive an email when a new person wants to join your group. Approve or deny the request (you would deny the request if, for example, someone from a different haplogroup wants to join your group). </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">No other efforts are necessary.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span><font size="4"><b>At MitoYDNA:</b></font></span><div><font size="5"><br /></font></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font>Mitochondrial DNA results can be entered manually into the database. If you tested at FTDNA, there's an easier way to do so. Install this Chrome extension: <a href="https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/mitoydna-file/obnalpnjpcdcdnoaalkjgmnpcjjmbcoh" target="_blank">mitoYDNA file</a> . </font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font><br /></font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font>Log into your FTDNA account and cl</font><span>ick on mtDNA Mutations as shown above (when you downloaded your FASTA file) or click Mutations as shown in the screenshot below.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4E-72eFcZAYESz_aU4Cxx_e3ywEPgSHj6QrxWipCvZe0plarF8MwVJwbEsEZ_NOd0xrpvyetrQmhxC2ewEuHtqx9pUFbE9D_uIsCBtmCV56a_zpxPOltwWH61rMzgbWSjkboTIVNj6eg/s698/mtDNA+mutations.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1em 0px;"><img alt="mtDNA mutations link" border="0" data-original-height="245" data-original-width="698" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4E-72eFcZAYESz_aU4Cxx_e3ywEPgSHj6QrxWipCvZe0plarF8MwVJwbEsEZ_NOd0xrpvyetrQmhxC2ewEuHtqx9pUFbE9D_uIsCBtmCV56a_zpxPOltwWH61rMzgbWSjkboTIVNj6eg/w640-h225/mtDNA+mutations.jpg" title="mtDNA mutations at FTDNA" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">mtDNA mutations at FTDNA</span></td></tr></tbody></table></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><font>At the top of your list of mutations, click Download mitoYDNA file.</font></span></div><div><span><font size="5"><br /></font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQG_Bk6hipBRqsYBgnLxWFxUo1Y3Pb_pT0CrbkPhid32V7oj43witNZCDv580AxRju1FmC3Sp0BDXF5p7jv2bO7ZrigDAokphXqQjyiHQBWBsPt1xMdLo77zi8oVa9t3AQgxHBm572D4c/s314/mitoYDNA.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="mitoYDNA" border="0" data-original-height="46" data-original-width="314" height="94" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQG_Bk6hipBRqsYBgnLxWFxUo1Y3Pb_pT0CrbkPhid32V7oj43witNZCDv580AxRju1FmC3Sp0BDXF5p7jv2bO7ZrigDAokphXqQjyiHQBWBsPt1xMdLo77zi8oVa9t3AQgxHBm572D4c/w640-h94/mitoYDNA.jpg" title="Download mitoYDNA file" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Download file to your computer</span></td></tr></tbody></table><font><br /></font></span><br /></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Go to mitoydna.org and register. Log into our account, and </span><span>click Kits at the top of the screen.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijbPgzLpPg_W3xkqBrDe4AHHDEcLgNwaGAkkj4L6xBcRe3QtLQaXCtUh5d3bsrDOLN0biLZk-Bs2OY1YlGET3UPjY0l5019i86HxGL0mfDd5ItMoYZnkdLl3KKF753eNr3BnogtNkEQyw/s583/mitoydna+kits.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1em 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="submit to mitoYDNA" border="0" data-original-height="63" data-original-width="583" height="69" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijbPgzLpPg_W3xkqBrDe4AHHDEcLgNwaGAkkj4L6xBcRe3QtLQaXCtUh5d3bsrDOLN0biLZk-Bs2OY1YlGET3UPjY0l5019i86HxGL0mfDd5ItMoYZnkdLl3KKF753eNr3BnogtNkEQyw/w640-h69/mitoydna+kits.jpg" title="Create mitoYDNA Kit" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Create new mtDNA kit</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Click Create a new kit, then fill out the information on the next page. At the bottom of the screen click Manually Entered to individually enter your mutations or click Choose File to upload the mitoYDNA file from Family Tree DNA.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="File upload to mitoYDNA" border="0" data-original-height="179" data-original-width="460" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-ujbQndsAy6uaQfaYRb3RHipu4SIpQDjUwvndvqaEa9dQGWdmgw3BNR9EZdtRx-JCiy8a2GhpzU4M1ecMTGeC_5B-XbvMe8gITcy9lLY4q5nPtA3hE8DrUVuor1nYQVqsowrcOpwBF4Y/w400-h156/mtdna+file.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="File upload" width="400" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">File upload</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-ujbQndsAy6uaQfaYRb3RHipu4SIpQDjUwvndvqaEa9dQGWdmgw3BNR9EZdtRx-JCiy8a2GhpzU4M1ecMTGeC_5B-XbvMe8gITcy9lLY4q5nPtA3hE8DrUVuor1nYQVqsowrcOpwBF4Y/s460/mtdna+file.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><b>At GenBank:</b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Submitting your mtDNA full sequence to GenBank will not help with your family history research. But you may want to consider contributing to science.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span>See </span><span><a href="http://ianlogan.co.uk/submission.htm">http://ianlogan.co.uk/submission.htm</a></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Summary</b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Please complete as many of the steps above as you can. For the best results, do them all. Then after you're finished, contact your mtDNA matches, and encourage them as well. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">If more people followed the steps above we could be seeing some amazing results in a relatively short time. I look forward to seeing you on my mtDNA match lists!</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>What's next?</b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b> </b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">The following post describes why you would want to transfer your mtDNA results from Nebula Genomics. It describes the YFull mtDNA services in much greater detail, including how to form your own mtDNA group. See <a href="http://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2021/07/nebula-genomics-deep-ancestry_01055843910.html" target="_blank">Nebula Genomics Deep Ancestry: Mitochondrial DNA</a><b> <br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">We have seen various techniques for using mtDNA to trace your direct maternal line. You can do even more with Y-DNA to trace your direct paternal line (your father's father's father . . .). </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Get started with Y-DNA by seeing how I used a simple Y-DNA test to trace my paternal line all the way back to the immigrant ancestor in the 1600s. See <a href="http://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2017/08/breaking-through-brick-walls-with-y-dna.html" target="_blank">Breaking through brick walls with Y-DNA</a>.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Continue the journey by following the links in that article to see how you can use Y-DNA tests to break down your own brick walls. Y-DNA is the gift that keeps giving!</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span><span style="font-size: large;">_______________________________________</span><span style="font-size: medium;">_______________</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Disclosure</span></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div><p style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px none; color: #373737; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1.625em; outline: currentcolor none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Links to Family Tree DNA appear in the sidebar. I receive a small contribution if you make a purchase, but clicking through the link does not affect the price you pay. </span></div></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><br /></div></div></div></div>Linda Jonashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00245944818580411111noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7064587737424586464.post-33619061622077481572020-07-12T20:50:00.004-04:002021-05-18T05:26:31.098-04:00Advantages of submitting to YFull - Part 2<b>Updated 18 May 2021</b><div><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">In my previous post <a href="https://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2019/10/advantages-of-submitting-to-yfull.html" target="_blank">Advantages of submitting to YFull</a>, I discussed mostly what you can find in YFull even if you don't have any close matches. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: large;">In the summary I mentioned that the post did not cover "all of the benefits of YFull including SNP matches, STR matches outside of projects, estimating the dates when SNPs occurred, and many others." </span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: large;">In this Part 2 we will discover many of these benefits that may not be immediately obvious. </span></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">Although I did previously mention that if you tested at Family Tree DNA (FTDNA) you would be able to find matches at YFull who tested with other companies, I did not mention that you would be able to find missing matches from FTDNA. </span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">You may think, "What missing matches? FTDNA has the most comprehensive database." Yes, FTDNA has the largest database, but their matching algorithm prevents you from finding many of them. </span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">Here's a very frustrating example.</span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">In <a href="http://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2018/04/the-amazing-power-of-y-dna.html" target="_blank">The amazing power of Y-DNA</a> I showed how Y-DNA results gave me the clues I needed to trace the ancestors of Michael Karnes back to Germany. This would not have been possible without Y-DNA. </span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">Two Big Y tests showed matching results for two Karnes descendants. The ancestry of one of them is known, but we needed to test more Karnes descendants to find how the other man connects.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222;">After that post, another Karnes descendant agreed to take the Big Y-700. I knew his ancestry, and he is a descendant of Michael, son of Nicholas Karnes.</span><span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span style="color: #222222;">Fantastic!</span></span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span></span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span>To protect their privacy we will call the three Big Y testers Mr. Carnes, John Karnes, and Robert Karnes.</span></span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span></span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span>John and Robert share a known ancestor. "John"</span><span> Karnes had taken the Big Y-500, and "Robert" Karnes would be taking the Big Y-700. The results of Robert should match those of John and possibly give us a SNP that only occurred in the line of Michael.</span></span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">Here's the paternal ancestry of the two Karnes men:</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2yg4MQywjwGPjTr_z4SWMpH7FeCVDRj7FMIQcZM20gN_lMfMQluePIJYkHrqLQ61zLuznmkDbGUvOYMD4AfM-8mW3fChj_-N9Wm7tiLRYjMo7Vgw3m1qH8w4qLSjJvlgwDA-HeVGnCjA/s1600/Karnes+1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Karnes Family Tree" border="0" data-original-height="273" data-original-width="908" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2yg4MQywjwGPjTr_z4SWMpH7FeCVDRj7FMIQcZM20gN_lMfMQluePIJYkHrqLQ61zLuznmkDbGUvOYMD4AfM-8mW3fChj_-N9Wm7tiLRYjMo7Vgw3m1qH8w4qLSjJvlgwDA-HeVGnCjA/s640/Karnes+1.jpg" title="Karnes Pedigree" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tree of John Karnes</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjR7rvUQdE5N-KrMCAyyjnCQsMP4VfXeHDzbpuODfBLYwCgrQUWGFkj0DCCQjp45vZyRSMvEWfqwkF3kmtME7Bt0WJecRXH9ZLi0pYl0h0Dedga9NM7I4SB-TwT1OjXr6HLBocOuXlTgg/s1600/Karnes+2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Karnes Family Tree" border="0" data-original-height="259" data-original-width="898" height="184" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjR7rvUQdE5N-KrMCAyyjnCQsMP4VfXeHDzbpuODfBLYwCgrQUWGFkj0DCCQjp45vZyRSMvEWfqwkF3kmtME7Bt0WJecRXH9ZLi0pYl0h0Dedga9NM7I4SB-TwT1OjXr6HLBocOuXlTgg/s640/Karnes+2.jpg" title="Karnes pedigree" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tree of Robert Karnes</span></td></tr>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">The Big Y test includes a separate test of 111 STRs. These STR results for Robert came in before the Big Y results, and proved that he is biologically related to both Mr. Carnes and John Karnes.</span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">I regularly checked the Big Y results to see if anything had changed, but these results seemed to be taking a long time. </span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">Then I was looking at the STR results in the Kern project, and I noticed that Robert's haplogroup had changed. He now had the same haplogroup as Mr. Carnes and John Karnes:</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh94etsCj7RkSZIZiMLMcEahEqY66Axi8WqIVSvtoRFbsquozbyb2BvIeYstrtIvKN1kVe8u1xvfHWhcnqbO5wHfjlbRiU3vhhiFty9L9rMDON14cywrMUIpG3Vsm6oGVwcnhTYqIY1aNE/s1600/New+Y+match.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="STR comparisons" border="0" data-original-height="160" data-original-width="947" height="108" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh94etsCj7RkSZIZiMLMcEahEqY66Axi8WqIVSvtoRFbsquozbyb2BvIeYstrtIvKN1kVe8u1xvfHWhcnqbO5wHfjlbRiU3vhhiFty9L9rMDON14cywrMUIpG3Vsm6oGVwcnhTYqIY1aNE/s640/New+Y+match.jpg" title="Kern DNA Project" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Kern DNA Project</span></td></tr>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">Yes! His Big Y results are in! I could hardly contain my excitement. </span><br />
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">I was now on the track to make some great discoveries. I immediately looked at the Big Y matches for John Karnes.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr7J7xAl4du12jHG8XebT56UEN1rugPqwK6ksxLtSTuVpy1-4KxjfI9UHCDmJdrkWflgDdePAareCcw5HnG2W5hgzlFppRgfZKUMFnZKWWFYGAPN16Y7sKEdsdlzbpnA5p21RkLhqXB2g/s1600/one+match.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Big Y match list" border="0" data-original-height="228" data-original-width="1298" height="112" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr7J7xAl4du12jHG8XebT56UEN1rugPqwK6ksxLtSTuVpy1-4KxjfI9UHCDmJdrkWflgDdePAareCcw5HnG2W5hgzlFppRgfZKUMFnZKWWFYGAPN16Y7sKEdsdlzbpnA5p21RkLhqXB2g/s640/one+match.jpg" title="Big Y-500 matches" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">One Big Y match at Family Tree DNA</span></td></tr>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">Nothing had changed. This was the same match, Mr. Carnes, that I've seen since April 2018. </span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">I checked day by day to see if the results for the new Karnes match would show up. Nothing. I know he's related, and I even know the exact ancestor, but he is still not on the match list. </span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">I can imagine how disappointed Robert must have been when his Big Y-700 results showed that he had no matches at all.</span><br />
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">The only thing I could think of was that the number of SNPs from Robert's Big Y-700 must have increased enough from the former Big Y-500 tests to keep him off the match list of his two Karnes cousins. </span><br />
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">Luckily, John and Robert were both in the Kern surname project at FTDNA. So I looked up the SNPs in the Kern Project. </span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">Here's the SNP list for John Karnes who tested Big Y-500:</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu6srScObyzPVtQ6T25zeUnHu07WoDngbfYrOM6N5FckhGVOdphyaCImhxEucYaYZLPyrBQDCMaa1HCQw1e7vXkAfItFQoBkGbwxkDgOKKnvxihOPzIH2cAwtHQRC8vWYANh5jTZqHb5c/s1600/BY500+SNPs.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="SNP table" border="0" data-original-height="544" data-original-width="791" height="440" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu6srScObyzPVtQ6T25zeUnHu07WoDngbfYrOM6N5FckhGVOdphyaCImhxEucYaYZLPyrBQDCMaa1HCQw1e7vXkAfItFQoBkGbwxkDgOKKnvxihOPzIH2cAwtHQRC8vWYANh5jTZqHb5c/s640/BY500+SNPs.jpg" title="Big Y-500 SNPs" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Big Y-500 SNPs</span></td></tr>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">Here's the SNP list for Robert Karnes who took the Big Y-700:</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbthJO3vl6lWdv2SZjkU1gNuE0iN57yR2N6D8_9jEfA0G-AzHf84690brTSAcgvcN1O05A98r_sMcGO0dkf64FiYj0OwHZJ7xaZlbtNSexpF1bXlGfqw-DW7RUC5dp-h-t8db5QvaDLGM/s1600/By700+match.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Big Y-700 SNPs" border="0" data-original-height="557" data-original-width="359" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbthJO3vl6lWdv2SZjkU1gNuE0iN57yR2N6D8_9jEfA0G-AzHf84690brTSAcgvcN1O05A98r_sMcGO0dkf64FiYj0OwHZJ7xaZlbtNSexpF1bXlGfqw-DW7RUC5dp-h-t8db5QvaDLGM/s640/By700+match.jpg" title="SNPs in FTDNA Project" width="412" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Big Y-700 SNPs</span></td></tr>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">Well, that's definitely enough to throw him off the match list! </span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">Unless FTDNA changes their matching algorithm we may never be able to compare these men at FTDNA. </span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">In fact, if Robert had a few more STR mismatches, he wouldn't have shown up on that list either, and we never would have known anything about this match. </span><br />
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">The Big Y Block Tree</span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">Although Robert Karnes does not appear in the Big Y match list, I checked the FTDNA Block Tree for John Karnes. </span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">It appears that there are three results for J-BY45500, but only one name is showing. This is Mr. Carnes who was a match to John Karnes with the Big Y-500 test. </span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">FTDNA only shows the names of the people who appear on your match list. There is no way to obtain the identity or contact information for any person in the Block Tree other than the one named man.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivgD3b9NzsdMdcJWTeP6aX5Dm90XAIAn7s5k0xsV0oHVhFbkFq8xfGYj8dTlqLOjrY3iIr68G6h58Gqtx-PKPl9RHIDkaF8w8QwpjhpITXYfXfe8WRxRYZtA_h18O3Xpc9n9KCzk5Mcms/s1600/Karnes+block+tree.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Karnes SNPs" border="0" data-original-height="615" data-original-width="343" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivgD3b9NzsdMdcJWTeP6aX5Dm90XAIAn7s5k0xsV0oHVhFbkFq8xfGYj8dTlqLOjrY3iIr68G6h58Gqtx-PKPl9RHIDkaF8w8QwpjhpITXYfXfe8WRxRYZtA_h18O3Xpc9n9KCzk5Mcms/s640/Karnes+block+tree.jpg" title="Big Y Block Tree" width="356" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Karns/Carnes Block Tree</span></td></tr>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">YFull does not have the same restrictions for displaying SNP or STR matches. </span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">If Robert loads his results to YFull, we'll be able to compare SNPs, STRs, and maybe even find a SNP that occurred with our common ancestor Michael Karnes. Mr. Carnes and John Karnes are already in YFull, so we will examine what we can find about their ancestry.</span><br />
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">Here is how Karnes and Carnes, the two Big Y-500 testers, appeared in the tree at YFull in July 2020.</span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">YFull does not always use the same names for haplogroups as FTDNA does. The men appear under the haplogroup J-Y145902. </span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2ox2YRFsB4GKagOp5bUsnHF08IEEZtILKtPV3B9C-el1Qcjk-DuzGZfblLKKznkXTS_zA41PVaZijj-jA4TuNKotNg02KoGLcLRKU-BHaDVxiW9-9gLRoRivW7eAAcAQV_CXRdvprJxo/s1600/YF+J-Y98609.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="YFull haplogroups" border="0" data-original-height="344" data-original-width="648" height="338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2ox2YRFsB4GKagOp5bUsnHF08IEEZtILKtPV3B9C-el1Qcjk-DuzGZfblLKKznkXTS_zA41PVaZijj-jA4TuNKotNg02KoGLcLRKU-BHaDVxiW9-9gLRoRivW7eAAcAQV_CXRdvprJxo/s640/YF+J-Y98609.jpg" title="YFull Tree" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">YFull Tree</span></td></tr>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">Notice that one of the IDs is in italics. This is because he submitted a VCF file. The rest of the men on this portion of the tree submitted BAM files.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222;">Haplogroup J-Y145902 shows three SNPs next to it.</span></span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">The first one is BY45499/Y145904. BY45499 is the name given by FTDNA, and Y145904 was the name given by YFull. </span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222;">The third SNP has only Y145906 because this SNP was not called by FTDNA. </span><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222;">As shown in the above Block Tree FTDNA had a total of 13 SNPs for this block, and YFull has 15. </span></span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">YFull named several more potential SNPs that they have not yet included in the YFull tree.</span></div><div>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222;">The YFull tree contains similar information to the Block Tree with SNPs and countries. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222;">The difference is that you can see the ID number for every person on the tree. You can contact any of them if they are on your lists of SNP or STR matches (which are far less restrictive than FTDNA's) or are in a YFull group.</span></span><br />
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">In one of the Y groups, we can see four of these IDs all together, but the best part is the envelope next to each ID number. </span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZaFBKoFZ5Il7Y_oBjCZCx7Z3Nt2DoK3yCZ8byD5pKAlScsLO2D5UzEPHXBqcoOFk6a7xrlSJjd5w7nC499VuIMUuM4zK_fhQ_outV3J73H0CFxc1zXAanBHFTQ_PrqtYewCOUM5K82o0/s1600/IDs+and+contact.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="YFull ID" border="0" data-original-height="79" data-original-width="73" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZaFBKoFZ5Il7Y_oBjCZCx7Z3Nt2DoK3yCZ8byD5pKAlScsLO2D5UzEPHXBqcoOFk6a7xrlSJjd5w7nC499VuIMUuM4zK_fhQ_outV3J73H0CFxc1zXAanBHFTQ_PrqtYewCOUM5K82o0/s200/IDs+and+contact.jpg" title="YFull private messaging" width="184" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Private Messaging</span></td></tr>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">Click that envelope, and you can send a PM (Private Message). </span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">You will never know the name of the person or the person's email unless he responds to you and gives you that information. If you wish to retain your privacy while discussing distant ancestry, you can continue to use the PM feature. </span><br />
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">YFull does not restrict you from contacting more distant matches. You can contact anyone from your list of close and distant SNP matches, STR matches, and people in YFull Groups. </span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">We'll see how this is important in the next section.</span></div>
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<b style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">YFull tools for extending ancestral lines</span></b></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">If we want to find out more about your ancestral past, YFull has some great tools.</span><br />
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">STR matches</span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">In addition to finding STR matches by joining a group, YFull also has a table for STR matches. Here is an example:</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGATmlbkxdNvXZUPLdOmwMLPvBpwdOuTWngK_pIJgh6HbQRBilGL4WI8mS-sI_bOdM35gTagjzUsYtTNRNPOeCwM3AAnXKe1PgUKtJFFBYh257ZUeNRBQ_-2adKoXSoOWWV27MqnbbV1g/s1600/STR+matches.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Y-DNA match list" border="0" data-original-height="317" data-original-width="1190" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGATmlbkxdNvXZUPLdOmwMLPvBpwdOuTWngK_pIJgh6HbQRBilGL4WI8mS-sI_bOdM35gTagjzUsYtTNRNPOeCwM3AAnXKe1PgUKtJFFBYh257ZUeNRBQ_-2adKoXSoOWWV27MqnbbV1g/s640/STR+matches.jpg" title="YFull STR matches" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">YFull STR matches</span></td></tr>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">There are two tabs: one for close matches, and one for distant matches. </span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">You can see the country of origin reported by each match. This is great for extending ancestral lines. </span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">There is a Private Message envelope included, so you can contact any match. For example, you can use this feature to ask a match to join a group so you can compare the full list of STRs. </span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">As I explained in my post <a href="https://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2019/10/advantages-of-submitting-to-yfull.html" target="_blank">The Advantages of Submitting to YFull</a>, YFull groups display all STRs, not just the first 111.</span><br />
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">The advantages of the private messaging system</span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">The really cool part about the private messaging is that I have been in contact with a match who comes from a town in the Czech Republic that is not far from the town in Germany where the Kern ancestor was born. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">This man does not appear on the list of SNP or STR matches at FTDNA, but he does appear in the match lists at YFull. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">Matches were contacted through the private messaging system and asked to join a Y Group, so they are all in on</span><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">e group where deeper comparisons can be made. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span>Of course, most of us are not close matches, but now the members of that group are continually finding new information about our common ancestry.</span></span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: large;">We know the approximate dates for our common ancestors. One of the members is doing some</span><span style="font-size: large;"> incredible research by recruiting people for Y-DNA testing to determine more about the migration path of the ancestors.</span></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">YFull results include age estimations to help determine how closely various men are related. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">In the Age estimation link the haplogroups are shown starting with the most recent known haplogroup, and continuing back in time. Estimated ages are included.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0mGCjTegyK_IFgRbfpmwWhnfdl6iIHzZCvl4Ujrd7Ow_odttBqEviYrCehcEyQgKm7qfZ1USr8FBuyvOB2aMayPj39gYTSaIO70nsTXvOOxlvf-B4E5kV01J_NHcLsprJRVRJiSlsy6g/s1600/SNP+dating.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="SNP age estimates" border="0" data-original-height="284" data-original-width="1170" height="154" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0mGCjTegyK_IFgRbfpmwWhnfdl6iIHzZCvl4Ujrd7Ow_odttBqEviYrCehcEyQgKm7qfZ1USr8FBuyvOB2aMayPj39gYTSaIO70nsTXvOOxlvf-B4E5kV01J_NHcLsprJRVRJiSlsy6g/s640/SNP+dating.jpg" title="YFull SNP dating" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">YFull SNP age estimates</span></td></tr>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">Notice that there are multiple tabs. </span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">The Known SNP tab, for example, shows the known SNPs that were used to estimate the age of the haplogroups. </span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">This is another feature that can be very useful for extending ancestral lines.</span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">While YFull does not estimate a date for STRs, they do display something similar. </span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">The STR variants table shows the STRs in the approximate order in which they occurred and shows the STR values for the various haplogroups.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnbQt4Y3kugYcKZGPYo6OJT3VIdBEM6TTxPy8UhIx7esDEbf8kCYF92wvm5zAw_iU0fUhS5aPdYvvT93-ee4ylzxMt08kU4pyJM1xF8Ep8mWDn7xQJz6Dis0fstbz6vizBPsAtFIOSTko/s1600/STR+dating+2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="STR variants" border="0" data-original-height="348" data-original-width="1192" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnbQt4Y3kugYcKZGPYo6OJT3VIdBEM6TTxPy8UhIx7esDEbf8kCYF92wvm5zAw_iU0fUhS5aPdYvvT93-ee4ylzxMt08kU4pyJM1xF8Ep8mWDn7xQJz6Dis0fstbz6vizBPsAtFIOSTko/s640/STR+dating+2.jpg" title="YFull STR dating" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">YFull STR variants</span></td></tr>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">Here are the results for another test to show how the list appears when there are closer matches:</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYW-ITrZA-Y6IwP1-cd9FMLmbXOA6dlMiJ7M8-Wff_tSeYMfW7WQg2K_bzVvXcp_lcYBxFfmB8C509kQJpTEuOrch-igI7ZuDmZ3L6XfW5K4RLm161QW9d2gONZcumbZsCuOPlIW6u7I4/s1600/STR+dating.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="YFull STR variants" border="0" data-original-height="326" data-original-width="1177" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYW-ITrZA-Y6IwP1-cd9FMLmbXOA6dlMiJ7M8-Wff_tSeYMfW7WQg2K_bzVvXcp_lcYBxFfmB8C509kQJpTEuOrch-igI7ZuDmZ3L6XfW5K4RLm161QW9d2gONZcumbZsCuOPlIW6u7I4/s640/STR+dating.jpg" title="YFull STRs" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">STR variants</span></td></tr>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">The above information from YFull can tell us much more about the ancestral past of the Karnes line. </span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">Is there a SNP or STR that identifies the line of Michael Karnes? </span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: large;">We cannot compare the Y-DNA results of John Karnes to Robert Karnes at FTDNA.</span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: x-large;"> </span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: large;">So, to compare the Y-DNA of John and Robert Karnes and find out more about the Karnes lineage, there are two choices:</span></span></div><div>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">1. We can just have Robert Karnes upload his BAM file to YFull and be done with it. We can see all the STRs and SNPs we need to make this match, and can make multiple comparisons. This will not involve any expenditure of money for more tests. </span><br />
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">2. Have John Karnes upgrade to Big Y-700. </span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">There is no option for Mr. Carnes, the Big Y-500 match. He is now deceased and therefore cannot provide a new sample for the Big Y-700 test. He has no close male relative. </span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">Here are reasons for John to upgrade:</span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">a. It is clear that John Karnes is missing a lot of SNPs that Robert has. Some of those may be important in determining Karnes lineage. John will never know about those unless he upgrades to the Big Y-700. </span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">b. Because of FTDNA's matching algorithm if any future Karnes man does a Big Y test, he will not show up as a match to John. We may never know about it. </span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">c. It is not good enough for a match to be in only one database whether that database is YFull or any testing company. We want several options for people to be able to find more about our Karnes ancestry. </span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">We've seen too many DNA companies go out of business, and companies that are still in business wipe out their databases. Examples: Ancestry acquired SMGF and removed its online database, Ancestry discontinued Y-DNA testing and removed its database, FTDNA wiped out YSearch and Mitosearch databases, National Geographic's database is no longer available, and many others.</span><br />
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">The decision was made to upgrade the test of John Karnes to Big Y-700.</span><br />
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">The Big Y-700 results for John Karnes were recently completed. Here is his new match list at Family Tree DNA:</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3fXu1kbsyIo-uxEOiTtFQ_ls5VzUBSrFzgJJ9VLT0Q6KCc7MGhTTOgH-lT4043DaYP1ipx_lO8Zo2BeRhJ7BFPQVIh1CApE_iYUEMHin0oXpwaP74SsUSJl-xrSvUhScjLpln0hXQhIc/s1600/Karnes+Big+Y-700+match.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Big Y matches" border="0" data-original-height="611" data-original-width="1077" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3fXu1kbsyIo-uxEOiTtFQ_ls5VzUBSrFzgJJ9VLT0Q6KCc7MGhTTOgH-lT4043DaYP1ipx_lO8Zo2BeRhJ7BFPQVIh1CApE_iYUEMHin0oXpwaP74SsUSJl-xrSvUhScjLpln0hXQhIc/s640/Karnes+Big+Y-700+match.jpg" title="Big Y-700 match list" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Big Y-700 match list for John Karnes</span></td></tr>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">Although Robert Karnes did not show up as a match at all before the upgrade, he is now the first match on the list. There are three Non-Matching Variants: 21610971, 14852433, and 16995971.</span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">If we look click the tab for Private Variants, we can see which of these John has.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxyvF_7ISJ1-uzV5nHtdMigQs7KHGmp_DNOjYqXQcMOAMnrN8AJmt1b_FAYaBlNa59zS-NlsZ0iW7urZyBBmyBOmr6fBDHeuz3aND6miZifxC14i1_xoBYhjMmCkNLAegIQVBsnkej8JI/s1600/Karnes+Private+variants.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Big Y-700 private SNP" border="0" data-original-height="557" data-original-width="1077" height="330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxyvF_7ISJ1-uzV5nHtdMigQs7KHGmp_DNOjYqXQcMOAMnrN8AJmt1b_FAYaBlNa59zS-NlsZ0iW7urZyBBmyBOmr6fBDHeuz3aND6miZifxC14i1_xoBYhjMmCkNLAegIQVBsnkej8JI/s640/Karnes+Private+variants.jpg" title="Big Y private variants" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Private variants for John Karnes</span></td></tr>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">This shows that John has </span><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">2161071. Therefore, Robert has 14852433 and 16995971.</span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">In the Big Y match list, the non-matching variants for Mr. Carnes make it look like he is very distantly related. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">To see a more accurate picture, we have to look at the Big Y Block Tree. From the Matching tab, click the blue box "View Big Y Block Tree."</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnYpNyNus3sqvFRy31R38rIM8WoIjjEPDAorYMRfr8vRNlUKCPpDI563KBV4nRYsqaIrgtYzCBu9oKqnMn07NHscoX6gGT36qOPJbGPwLyQs3Prpq0MCbnCxwdgxHiugxHqFdg5NsT2D8/s1600/Karnes+Big+Y+Block+Tree.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="FTDNA Y Tree" border="0" data-original-height="631" data-original-width="610" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnYpNyNus3sqvFRy31R38rIM8WoIjjEPDAorYMRfr8vRNlUKCPpDI563KBV4nRYsqaIrgtYzCBu9oKqnMn07NHscoX6gGT36qOPJbGPwLyQs3Prpq0MCbnCxwdgxHiugxHqFdg5NsT2D8/s640/Karnes+Big+Y+Block+Tree.jpg" title="Big Y Block Tree" width="618" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Big Y Block Tree of John Karnes</span></td></tr>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">Compare this tree to the previous one shown above. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">When Mr. Carnes and John Karnes took the Big Y-500 test, only the first 13 SNPs appeared in the Big Y Block tree. All the ones after that were discovered by FTDNA from the Big Y-700 test. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">In the past, SNPs discovered by Family Tree DNA in the Big Y test were given names starting with the letters BY. Beginning with the Big Y-700, FTNDA now names the SNPs starting with the letters FT. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">So, in the above Big Y Block Tree, the SNPs BY45500, etc., were discovered by FTDNA with the Big Y-500 test, the SNPs FGC33683, etc., had already been discovered by Full Genomes Corp., the SNPs FT113124, etc., were discovered by FTDNA with the Big Y-700 test, and the SNPs Y145902, etc., had already been discovered by YFull.</span><br />
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">The Block Tree is showing that the average number of private variants is 1. The previous version showed the average number as 7. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">Many "private" variants have now been resolved, and the mismatching variants of Carnes appear to be due to the difference between the Big Y-500 and the Big Y 700 results.</span><br />
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">The results show that it was definitely worthwhile to upgrade to Big Y-700.</span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><b>YFull comparison of Big Y-500 to Big Y-700</b></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">The results from the Big Y-500 test of John Karnes are no longer available at Family Tree DNA. They were replaced by the Big Y-700 results. This makes it difficult to compare the results of someone who took a Big Y-500 to the results of a Big Y-700 tester.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: large;">However, at YFull you can have results from multiple tests at several different companies, and all tests results can be compared. The comparisons include Known SNPs and Novel SNPs from all tests, STR comparisons from all tests, and Statistics.</span></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">My favorites are the Novel SNPs and the STRs. Here's a portion of the Novel SNPs tab comparing John's Big Y-500 results to his Big Y-700 results.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi68XOeinEO-zxDetQgTqLDSbZgBNnaWfg2XSjhqmsVjhpmqbzJN29HgQ0VKLuS1Ji8EeJdjPRT0GEL3zzIIgOmtjvP10SIio-6ZpYKI_FcJ2zU5cGFR3PVcGH3aq3a_DMSVWxCu2bS5AU/s1600/Karnes+Novel+SNPs.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Novel SNP comparison" border="0" data-original-height="643" data-original-width="1038" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi68XOeinEO-zxDetQgTqLDSbZgBNnaWfg2XSjhqmsVjhpmqbzJN29HgQ0VKLuS1Ji8EeJdjPRT0GEL3zzIIgOmtjvP10SIio-6ZpYKI_FcJ2zU5cGFR3PVcGH3aq3a_DMSVWxCu2bS5AU/s640/Karnes+Novel+SNPs.jpg" title="YFull Big Y-500 and Big Y-700 comparison" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Novel SNP Comparison between Big Y-500 and Big Y-700</span></td></tr>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">In the above screen we can see novel SNPs that were discovered in the Big Y-500 test, but not in the Big Y-700, as well as those discovered only in the Big Y-700. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">We can find more information about any item in the chart by hovering over the item in question. We can see details about any variant by clicking the yellow magnifier icon. </span><br />
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">Mr. Carnes only took the Big Y-500, and Robert Karnes only took the Big Y-700. So h</span><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">aving this list of comparisons from John Karnes can be important in comparing all three Carnes/Karnes tests at YFull. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">If any variant appears to be significant, it can be verified at YSEQ and added to the YFull results.</span><br />
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<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><b>Updates to YFull tree</b></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">The Big Y-700 BAM file of John Karnes was loaded to to YFull in 2020. YFull's</span><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"> SNP dating is updated approximately every month, and here's the version from May 2021:</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguZyNUnzhbRGANcOzzv9AOF2u8ZSa-lh0R_lThSfmB0jMfmtN4iOUA4Q8EAQObeJ1soI9_k2-KuBDxlyj-B5wvxpkLHun6Fvp4MTt05aaKDE-jmyR7cn55aCk4nwqiPuC-uXB_e8o-o2Q/s850/New+YFull.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Two Karnes samples displayed on YFull tree" border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="850" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguZyNUnzhbRGANcOzzv9AOF2u8ZSa-lh0R_lThSfmB0jMfmtN4iOUA4Q8EAQObeJ1soI9_k2-KuBDxlyj-B5wvxpkLHun6Fvp4MTt05aaKDE-jmyR7cn55aCk4nwqiPuC-uXB_e8o-o2Q/w640-h402/New+YFull.jpg" title="Karnes samples on YFull tree" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">YFull Tree</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">We can see the two Karnes samples at the bottom of the image. They are in haplogroup J-Y145902. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: large;">Across from the haplogroup name are three SNP names and the notation "+20 SNPs". The 2020 version of the tree shown earlier said "+12 SNPs". This is because many new SNPs have been discovered.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: large;">On the same line you see the estimated age of the haplogroup and the estimated time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA). The haplogroup is estimated to have been formed about 2500 years ago, but the most recent common ancestor of the two men in about 225 years ago. </span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: large;">You will notice that the two samples listed below the haplogroup are listed differently. Both samples have a German flag with the country abbreviation "DEU" for Deutchland. </span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: large;">But the first sample has a small "deu" listed next to the country abbreviation. This means that this person entered the language spoken by the ancestor in addition to the region where he lived. </span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: large;">In addition, the first sample has a "i" icon next to the language name. If you click on this icon you will see a second YFull ID because two different tests were submitted for this person [the Big Y-500 and the Big Y-700].</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: large;">Again, you will notice that the YFull ID for the second sample is listed in italics. This is because these results came from a VCF file and not a BAM file.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #222222;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Updated STRs</span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #222222;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #222222;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">When you join a YFull group you can compare your STRs to those of others in the group. This comparison is for hundreds of STRs, not just the first 111.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">You can even compare results you have received from two different tests. Below you will see the first several STRs for the same man. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">The first YFull ID shows the STRs from the Big Y-700, and the second ID shows the results from the Big Y-500.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcszEG_j5ZLqQmJ1FYBJA4t2Hp84OooZ2srQKkoNGissfyjQU8jDq41dWW3POr-H8iqOa-vYNmAqYxA9P2uMMN6EgDYwlHtvMWlFrz4E2YToV0xHsX5HZvUhTFgQK7jDaqFBkX4bML3vg/s1234/STRs.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="STR results in YFull Group" border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="1234" height="24" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcszEG_j5ZLqQmJ1FYBJA4t2Hp84OooZ2srQKkoNGissfyjQU8jDq41dWW3POr-H8iqOa-vYNmAqYxA9P2uMMN6EgDYwlHtvMWlFrz4E2YToV0xHsX5HZvUhTFgQK7jDaqFBkX4bML3vg/w640-h24/STRs.jpg" title="STR results in YFull Group" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">STR results in YFull Group</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">As you can see in the last column, different STR results are sometimes obtained in the two tests.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><b>Continuing research</b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;">New DNA testers are being recruited to find out more about the Karnes ancestry, and ongoing discussions are occurring. So, we will continue to find new information.</span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><b>Summary: The advantages of submitting to YFull</b></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span>
<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white;">The advantages from the previous post were combined with the ones described in this post to create the following list. So, here's why you want to submit to your Y-DNA results to YFull:</span></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span>
<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white;">1</span><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white;">. You will find matches that did not appear in the results from your testing company. </span></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white;">2. You can compare your results to people who tested at other companies.</span></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white;">3. You can compare your own results from different NGS or Full Genome tests you've taken.</span></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white;">4. You will be able to see all variants discovered in your test, including novel ones that had only one or two reads. </span></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: large;">5. You can find additional information about your private variants including the names that have been given to this variant, the region of the Y-chromosome where it appears, whether it is available for Sanger testing at YSEQ, and more.</span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: large;">6. You can discover an approximate date for your common ancestors and see the SNPs that were used to determine the dates.</span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: large;">7. You can see the approximate order in which your STRs occurred, and see how the values changed through time.</span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">8. You can contact other close and distant matches from your </span></span><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: large;">lists of SNP matches, your lists of STR matches, and from </span><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: large;">YFull Groups.</span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white;">9. YFull Groups can display and compare all STRs (not just the first 111).</span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">10. You can find SNP matches in YFull Groups, not for just your terminal SNP, but for any named or unnamed variant.</span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;" /><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white;">11. If you discover questionable SNPs or STRs in your NGS test, you may be able to verify them at YSEQ and add them to your test results at YFull.</span></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white;">12. If some SNPs or STRs did not appear in your test results at all, you can order new SNPs or STRs from FTDNA or YSEQ and add them to your results.</span></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white;">13. You will not be charged for your YFull upload until the results are ready, and you can add mtDNA Full Sequence results and multiple STR files for the same person at no additional charge.</span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;" /><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white;">14. Your results will not be wiped out, no matter how many versions of the same test you take. You will be able to compare your various test results.</span></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white;">15. You will be further preserving your paternal heritage for future generations.</span></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span>
<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white;">I have seen multiple people post in online groups that they see no real advantage in submitting to YFull, or that it isn't "necessary." Based on the evidence shown in this post and the previous one, I could not disagree more.</span></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white;"><br />What's next?</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white;">See the amazing things you can do with mitochondrial DNA at YFull. Nothing comes close. See <a href="https://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2020/08/mitochondrial-dna-mtdna-at-yfull.html" target="_blank">How to make matches with Mitochondrial DNA</a>. <br /></span></span>
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</div>Linda Jonashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00245944818580411111noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7064587737424586464.post-26203092295653482102020-06-24T00:28:00.008-04:002021-06-07T17:25:21.861-04:00Y-DNA reveals unsuspected relationships<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span>Sometimes Y-DNA reveals unsuspected relationships between men with different surnames and in different locations. It is only by researching all of them that we can find the answers we have been seeking. </span><br />
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<span>This case is a great example. I have an ancestor named Henry Gragg who was born 1763 in South Carolina. After exhaustive research, I was no closer to finding his parents. </span></span><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Y-DNA was the best option to find his father. I might even be able to extend this line several generations further.</span><br />
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<span>If you are new to Y-DNA testing, please review <a href="https://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2017/10/y-dna-strs-snps-and-haplogroups.html" target="_blank">Y-DNA STRs, SNPs, and Haplogroups</a>. The page will open in a new window so that you don't lose your place here. </span><br /><span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>First Y-DNA test</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">A man with the surname of Gragg took a Y-DNA test from Family Tree DNA. He is a descendant of Henry Gragg from South Carolina. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">When Y-DNA results are returned, there is a list of people with similar results. Here was Gragg's list of matches at 37 markers [The given names have been erased by me to protect privacy]:</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="FTDNA match list" border="0" data-original-height="602" data-original-width="956" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXU2h9zeakVhLalBuRLzH2A5yg8MEdffgNFBWATxLoq1owz3VXKeRKCpvwksPtcNGW8_pwU3IWUEbfcs2I19V5ShZMcLh4U8L4WK2_tCHH5P4kkBqo2liIHmmezm74CdFxsR47QaygYFQ/s640/Gragg+37.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="37-marker match list" width="640" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">37-marker match list</span></td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXU2h9zeakVhLalBuRLzH2A5yg8MEdffgNFBWATxLoq1owz3VXKeRKCpvwksPtcNGW8_pwU3IWUEbfcs2I19V5ShZMcLh4U8L4WK2_tCHH5P4kkBqo2liIHmmezm74CdFxsR47QaygYFQ/s1600/Gragg+37.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span>Mr. Gragg's closest STR matches appear to be a Craig and two men named Smith. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Two of the men on the match list had family trees, and they were both descendants of an ancestor Edward Gregg, born 1722. He lived in the same area of South Carolina as Henry Gragg did. Could these men be related? </span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Gregg family research</span></b></div><span style="font-size: large;">
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<span>I have researched the Graggs in South Carolina for years. As it turns out, in this area of South Carolina there was no other Gragg, Gregg, Grigg, or other man with a variant surname except Edward Gregg. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Edward Gregg arrived in South Carolina in 1752 with his wife and four children. Although no documentation has been found of the children of Edward Gregg, it appears that Henry was his son. Y-DNA supports this supposition. </span><br />
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<span>Here is the Gragg tree with Edward Gregg added as Henry's father. Note that Henry's descendant is also descended from the James Mullins discussed in a previous post, <a href="http://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2019/02/y-dna-big-y-test-resolves-strs-and.html" target="_blank">Y-DNA: Big Y test solves STRs and convergence</a>.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="953" height="174" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKAE0H1Ez2T3i17J4_nJKOqg0sI4L9z-e6_Iks_Npb4tJGdVHMtNrRFZ0F0LKvS7p5H-rUPboX2v8lYLqWdzd9ac9bCqOXgP_m8GCMhnCDZjhwQGMgyFuisSsDnvt14XvW4C1-KC4N2fw/s640/gragg+tree.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Christopher Gragg" width="640" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Descendant of Christopher Gragg</span></td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKAE0H1Ez2T3i17J4_nJKOqg0sI4L9z-e6_Iks_Npb4tJGdVHMtNrRFZ0F0LKvS7p5H-rUPboX2v8lYLqWdzd9ac9bCqOXgP_m8GCMhnCDZjhwQGMgyFuisSsDnvt14XvW4C1-KC4N2fw/s1600/gragg+tree.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><span><br /></span>Here are the family trees of the two descendants of Edward Gregg:</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="249" data-original-width="1139" height="138" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHC562YRKRFktqGuiYxtWrWmf4aiIFQANlITvSDq4Rb0ZnM_0Nle5CwdpPX39o53mFXyfh1Uw_CqVyGg0wbvD69vC5s6Zwd05Ts5u8ggysQ4n4uCkNQoLT8sWaPB36SQXVzvYx1l5GKA8/s640/gregg+tree.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="John Nelson Gregg" width="640" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Descendant of John Nelson Gregg</span></td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHC562YRKRFktqGuiYxtWrWmf4aiIFQANlITvSDq4Rb0ZnM_0Nle5CwdpPX39o53mFXyfh1Uw_CqVyGg0wbvD69vC5s6Zwd05Ts5u8ggysQ4n4uCkNQoLT8sWaPB36SQXVzvYx1l5GKA8/s1600/gregg+tree.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="208" data-original-width="973" height="136" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnWukR3YdjomF9cSIziT-ITgl3DdmT_FPvnI9frxi8JEFBMOVzrHomv8uYR9-6CnYxWVqrxnEOZD_searofKVMeAjH_RY5wIuy9zj8aS3FWDbymXaVSjloijNgd8F-emr6Qg7ZmAc7o4A/s640/gregg+tree2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Daniel Gregg" width="640" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Descendant of Daniel Gregg</span></td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnWukR3YdjomF9cSIziT-ITgl3DdmT_FPvnI9frxi8JEFBMOVzrHomv8uYR9-6CnYxWVqrxnEOZD_searofKVMeAjH_RY5wIuy9zj8aS3FWDbymXaVSjloijNgd8F-emr6Qg7ZmAc7o4A/s1600/gregg+tree2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Genetic Distance</b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">The descendants of John Nelson Gregg and Daniel Gregg are more closely related to one another than they are to Mr. Gragg. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">However, when we look at the Y-DNA match list, the first column is the Genetic Distance column. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">We can see in the Genetic Distance column that one of these men is a genetic distance of two from Mr. Gragg, and the other is a genetic distance of four. These 37 marker results make it appear that one of the Greggs is more closely related to Gragg than the other man is.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">There are also Craigs and possibly Smiths who appear to be related. The Genetic Distance column is not enough to determine the relationships.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Craig, Gragg, and Gregg: </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span><b>How are men with these surnames related?</b></span><br /><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span>After seeing that Edward Gregg was a possible ancestor to Mr. Gragg there were various routes that could be taken to learn more. </span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>One is to upgrade the results to see more STRs. Another is to upgrade to Family Tree DNA's Big Y test which includes 111 STRs and much more. </span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Mr. Gragg and a descendant of Edward Gregg [through Edward's great-grandson John Nelson] </span><span>took the Big Y-500 test to find the most information about their relationship. The Big Y-500 test was the test available in 2018.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span><b>More STRs</b></span><br /><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span>Included with the Big Y test is an upgrade to 111 STRs. </span><span>
</span><span>At 67 markers, the two descendants of Edward Gregg are still showing the same genetic distances. This means no new mutations occurred in the 38-67 marker panel. </span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Y-DNA matching" border="0" data-original-height="596" data-original-width="1260" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivdP7V3a7pyJy2E-XDxBLi9WQSDzfPcjcVY134FbF9ovctJhQfz5iUw1vvPNYpWNWlP31QRGmrI-7Pu9A6zG3Tf81klee2nm_YM7XBOvRD8ibxCd_G2cPdysgr4SfAc-n0eQ0YvwdxVbk/s640/gragg+67.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="67-marker match list" width="640" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">67-marker match list</span></td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivdP7V3a7pyJy2E-XDxBLi9WQSDzfPcjcVY134FbF9ovctJhQfz5iUw1vvPNYpWNWlP31QRGmrI-7Pu9A6zG3Tf81klee2nm_YM7XBOvRD8ibxCd_G2cPdysgr4SfAc-n0eQ0YvwdxVbk/s1600/gragg+67.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a></div>
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<span><span>At 111 markers there is only one match, and he is the Gregg who has taken the Big Y-500 test. We should be able to find him on Mr. Gragg's Big Y match list.</span></span></span><br /><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="111 Y-DNA marker matches" border="0" data-original-height="339" data-original-width="1258" height="172" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-rl0q7WIgupV5tQIMJz3t1eqOYLcmyPKanNUeRlMCU_nSpI8h1ZrQO-JXVw_mUsaeIz5qO0Vul7qge7hjck7WpmEuS7ldHQGIsbg3Gs7GHn__6Tek_mnAmlRtfYrqpmuzwOI2kY2wpbo/s640/gragg+111.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="111 marker matches" width="640" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">111-marker match list</span></td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br />But we also need to see why one of the Gregg descendants is a genetic distance of two and the other is a genetic distance of four from Mr. Gragg. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Y-DNA match list only shows us the total genetic distance. It does not show the details. For this we need to join surname or other projects.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><b><br /></b></span>
<span><b>Joining Projects</b></span></span></div><span style="font-size: large;">
<span><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></div>To join a project, click myPROJECTS at the top of the screen, then select Join A Project:</span><br /><br />
</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglrgO9IxtUnKN9O-xpa0Otx3OxI0wpFbZuI_7HvRbKWQgTKr2_zUDkICcQwCOULF3e2J82z23zdcWWjnbqHk_67BQ4i2GHPD4ldTDsk2PA4o9sx_jxkQw29SyV3ZPng4eN-4vdW6P0zQY/s1600/join+project.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Join a Y-DNA Project" border="0" data-original-height="183" data-original-width="565" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglrgO9IxtUnKN9O-xpa0Otx3OxI0wpFbZuI_7HvRbKWQgTKr2_zUDkICcQwCOULF3e2J82z23zdcWWjnbqHk_67BQ4i2GHPD4ldTDsk2PA4o9sx_jxkQw29SyV3ZPng4eN-4vdW6P0zQY/s640/join+project.jpg" title="FTDNA Join a Project" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Join a Project</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><span><br /></span></span>
<span>You will see various categories of projects. We will look for a Gragg surname project. In the Surname Projects category, click on the letter G.</span><br />
<span><span><br /></span>
</span><br />
</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihWBhAns9dJ7rGaM2MUu2Y5UAuYH9HmcjYfoNufk4xtSNm0BiMNgYWN0b1J-D0tMCXsZyaVyLtb_LOtLsj3cnsYc62SjjpHCrFJ4YeA67PPNNrXc5f3DrWFalGXgfuNfCcVd7-K-5evXk/s1600/FTDNA+Projects.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="576" data-original-width="1250" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihWBhAns9dJ7rGaM2MUu2Y5UAuYH9HmcjYfoNufk4xtSNm0BiMNgYWN0b1J-D0tMCXsZyaVyLtb_LOtLsj3cnsYc62SjjpHCrFJ4YeA67PPNNrXc5f3DrWFalGXgfuNfCcVd7-K-5evXk/s640/FTDNA+Projects.jpg" title="FTDNA Project list" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">Family Tree DNA Project links</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span>
<span>There are no Gragg or Gregg projects, but there is a Grigg surname project. Click the name of the project, then click Join on the next page. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span>There is no charge to join a project, and you can join as many as you wish. </span><br />
<span><span><br /></span>
</span><br />
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><b>How to make results visible in projects</b></span><br /><br />
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The primary reasons to join projects are to compare STRs, see matches that do not appear on your match list, get advice from project administrators, and advertise your results to encourage others to do DNA testing or to upgrade their results. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Many people do not realize that your project administrator and other members of the project may not be able to see the results. This defeats the main advantages of projects. This is the most important part: Update your account settings.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Hover your mouse over your name in the upper-right of your screen. A drop-down menu will appear. Click on Account Settings:</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><b><br /></b>
</span><br />
</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4WdOf6R26va7gRX21H4CvWfK-WdPZyGLPhYOTqL8xLXhlNcEplr9Hj5u5WSehbwYryspGoq3WQvU0dqmI3Z_26OJraGd1bvWVJLqRW8rwLAv0oVC9ltwcxVFu_T99pMYwG5JLJpX6UWU/s1600/Account+settings.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="172" data-original-width="186" height="369" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4WdOf6R26va7gRX21H4CvWfK-WdPZyGLPhYOTqL8xLXhlNcEplr9Hj5u5WSehbwYryspGoq3WQvU0dqmI3Z_26OJraGd1bvWVJLqRW8rwLAv0oVC9ltwcxVFu_T99pMYwG5JLJpX6UWU/s400/Account+settings.jpg" title="FTDNA Account Settings" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Account Settings</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><span><br /></span></span>
<span>You will next see the Account Settings screen with several tabs. It is essential that you click on each tab. We will just look at the Project Preferences tab right now.</span><br />
<span>
<span><br /></span>
</span><br />
</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGWrryP8U0AAJ_v_3QzB_IEIaGNUuZfB8oMVSzFtHulCs8scPQyu-pWiMKqHYjjkfU2m2e7O8BJym8T5IzojN4s8TisXpwOB0cHB5C1rqUVgtO2Cy4LyEgCqLHgEJ-3xfyU1DYab5X7OE/s1600/account+settings++tabs.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="142" data-original-width="783" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGWrryP8U0AAJ_v_3QzB_IEIaGNUuZfB8oMVSzFtHulCs8scPQyu-pWiMKqHYjjkfU2m2e7O8BJym8T5IzojN4s8TisXpwOB0cHB5C1rqUVgtO2Cy4LyEgCqLHgEJ-3xfyU1DYab5X7OE/s640/account+settings++tabs.jpg" title="FTDNA Project Preferences" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Project Preferences</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span>
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</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">On the next screen you will see the Group Project Administrator Access. Be sure to "Opt in to Sharing" at the bottom of the screen:</span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span>
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</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRnBnfFL_UDkOi4xOAMaZd0UemnEXLufoyLGcsiSo_hbJKYwz1M1umKcvCeYhcjUrY5mQfGvOiwZ3fhxkPrLOAVcZ1B2DeQBhWc0ubstZ9ogIwkdJIA116F_uPScTuD3oAqhNaZP-hkgc/s1600/group+settings.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="FTDNA Privacy settings" border="0" data-original-height="579" data-original-width="812" height="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRnBnfFL_UDkOi4xOAMaZd0UemnEXLufoyLGcsiSo_hbJKYwz1M1umKcvCeYhcjUrY5mQfGvOiwZ3fhxkPrLOAVcZ1B2DeQBhWc0ubstZ9ogIwkdJIA116F_uPScTuD3oAqhNaZP-hkgc/s640/group+settings.jpg" title="Group Project Preferences" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Group Project Preferences</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span>
<span><br /></span>
<span>Edit each project by clicking the pencil icon on the right. Select the Access level you want to give the Project Administrators. In most cases "Limited" is the recommended choice.</span><span><span><br /></span>
</span><br />
</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzf90aE-XvLo_19VhHFp_A1WXiVQldrhXs9uLBWHXgPZ7tW17DRgXvdIbCNHV_JZ671hbxd3anTCrsGJmpQBY9DZj7FII28rhfQ5j-GumeWMiD_3iisOp63EG8kcAeVtznB9PpMoBbfYA/s1600/project+access.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="FTDNA project access" border="0" data-original-height="596" data-original-width="479" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzf90aE-XvLo_19VhHFp_A1WXiVQldrhXs9uLBWHXgPZ7tW17DRgXvdIbCNHV_JZ671hbxd3anTCrsGJmpQBY9DZj7FII28rhfQ5j-GumeWMiD_3iisOp63EG8kcAeVtznB9PpMoBbfYA/s640/project+access.jpg" title="Project administrator access" width="513" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Determine Project Administrator access</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><span><br /></span></span>
<span>When you have finished, see the left side of your home screen where you will see the projects you have already joined. </span><br /><br />
</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMAMTX2V9lK9o0pxJC8DbBn8wS2HtY5E5iVdZ2t28RC-1NQ7bHLARSYIeJFl22Qj9sfPQ5DTdJq3D6_9oTu1oBSiSuwhgfFL58jELNCP05Y-ezjonlcXPqVSa09mmYIFpZsTKc2lGFrWM/s1600/myProjects.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="myProjects" border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="395" height="486" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMAMTX2V9lK9o0pxJC8DbBn8wS2HtY5E5iVdZ2t28RC-1NQ7bHLARSYIeJFl22Qj9sfPQ5DTdJq3D6_9oTu1oBSiSuwhgfFL58jELNCP05Y-ezjonlcXPqVSa09mmYIFpZsTKc2lGFrWM/s640/myProjects.jpg" title="myProjects at Family Tree DNA" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Family Tree DNA Projects</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><span><br /></span></span>
<span>Click on any project name to go to its website. </span><br />
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</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="text-align: left;"><br /></span>
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Surname Projects</b></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span>
<span>Here is the Grigg surname project. Click on Colorized Chart to see the full list of STRs with the differences highlighted for each man. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><span><br /></span>
</span><br />
</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlLkKu32YhYvoFsRikPkXpMZXI2FN-ecdT-JXa6-ZaBa7V5NE6K_RQltAZaq5rBxJzc9v6qC6ty6TCZdvvJ_HTiG-35YxiLJ2XeqNoV4ofSzATZymclOeiX-6ZugpdDkR0nvV8smqKb58/s1600/colorized.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Y-DNA project" border="0" data-original-height="359" data-original-width="918" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlLkKu32YhYvoFsRikPkXpMZXI2FN-ecdT-JXa6-ZaBa7V5NE6K_RQltAZaq5rBxJzc9v6qC6ty6TCZdvvJ_HTiG-35YxiLJ2XeqNoV4ofSzATZymclOeiX-6ZugpdDkR0nvV8smqKb58/s640/colorized.jpg" title="Grigg surname project" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Grigg Surname Project</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><span><br /></span>
<span><span>Even though I clicked on Colorized, these results were found in an ungrouped section that did not have modal values. Because there are no modal values, there are no colorized differences. </span></span></span><br />
<span>
<span><br /></span>
</span><br />
</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZxRCee7jKPRBQpLVbPNhIRJIACgwlucIcglIsOKVpXi6tjgoxKI84CBjw56Lk1BHHXI303-LFP7jLOCdn0NGD9SIKFDrPxIhH2CfRKN-TdMPjdxjnCqeKlEERPXm-4Ld5cCFrLPjr4b0/s1600/Grigg+surname.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="FTDNA surname project" border="0" data-original-height="68" data-original-width="1000" height="42" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZxRCee7jKPRBQpLVbPNhIRJIACgwlucIcglIsOKVpXi6tjgoxKI84CBjw56Lk1BHHXI303-LFP7jLOCdn0NGD9SIKFDrPxIhH2CfRKN-TdMPjdxjnCqeKlEERPXm-4Ld5cCFrLPjr4b0/s640/Grigg+surname.jpg" title="Grigg surname project results" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Grigg Surname Project Results</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><span><br /></span><span><span>The two descendants of Edward Gregg are listed immediately above the descendant of Henry Gragg. It is difficult to see the genetic distance in the above image, but here is a closeup: </span></span></span><br />
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</span>
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</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVwsza97dKEtK_I0qEiNEPioaDoYAmblGCymDCClehfKCSXsJYHRjF_8JDotLQBdU80-G7Raz2P1Cq32mbGUDIXdY3OiP4F3f4q2fgCXvTooFS7oU-5eP9d1TwqrHx9dpiwkQjBCFePGs/s1600/headings.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="non-matching STRs" border="0" data-original-height="93" data-original-width="109" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVwsza97dKEtK_I0qEiNEPioaDoYAmblGCymDCClehfKCSXsJYHRjF_8JDotLQBdU80-G7Raz2P1Cq32mbGUDIXdY3OiP4F3f4q2fgCXvTooFS7oU-5eP9d1TwqrHx9dpiwkQjBCFePGs/s200/headings.jpg" title="STR differences" width="200" /></span></a></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvIDrMMOfu9cTRBIcDw7rpwEd-Ipmx6bJ5MVTBJa5ZPYfm9Uu4Nf9fCsd1g_mX40r5pNTAXvlTfIilNZi1PCvNrsUl-sgCmf9SmVnaKpHSlNfFygiZJ7MJcu7Q17ljASookYGIgHJUiyQ/s1600/STR+differences.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="39" data-original-width="112" height="69" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvIDrMMOfu9cTRBIcDw7rpwEd-Ipmx6bJ5MVTBJa5ZPYfm9Uu4Nf9fCsd1g_mX40r5pNTAXvlTfIilNZi1PCvNrsUl-sgCmf9SmVnaKpHSlNfFygiZJ7MJcu7Q17ljASookYGIgHJUiyQ/s200/STR+differences.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">STR differences</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><span><br /></span><span><span>The first results shown are from the descendant of Edward through John Nelson Gregg. He is a genetic distance of four from Mr. Gragg [listed third]. He is off by three alleles at DYS576 and one at DYS442. </span></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span><span>Because of this three-allele mutation at DYS576, he is also a genetic distance of four from his much </span></span></span><span>closer cousin, listed second in the table above. The second man [the descendant of Edward through Daniel Gregg] is a genetic distance of two from Mr. Gragg: one at CDY and one at DYS442. </span><br />
<span><br /></span>
<span>Mr. Gragg is also in the Craig surname project. One reason for joining multiple projects is to find more matches. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Here are the results from the Craig Surname Project. The first man, who is descended from Edward Gregg, has a mutation of 16 in the last column where all the rest of the men have a 19. This column is DYS576. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Because we believe that Henry Gragg and John Gregg are both sons of Edward Gregg, Edward probably had a 19 which was mutated to a 16 in the descendants of the line of John Nelson Gregg. </span><br />
<span><span><br /></span>
</span><br />
</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIfmKLwbNQUK9kErOjLkumHSM_nlqz01yN2JEHW1-HWK4PiKtN3Z-pBM8eDykiKuMfVUE_qgs-B5iCYHcIwkcxpfx5rjVltK8LH9j9GySifUnv3ZleuC771FvsgRGqP7a3WYRBoj-v7Yo/s1600/craig.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Y-DNA surname results" border="0" data-original-height="85" data-original-width="961" height="56" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIfmKLwbNQUK9kErOjLkumHSM_nlqz01yN2JEHW1-HWK4PiKtN3Z-pBM8eDykiKuMfVUE_qgs-B5iCYHcIwkcxpfx5rjVltK8LH9j9GySifUnv3ZleuC771FvsgRGqP7a3WYRBoj-v7Yo/s640/craig.jpg" title="Craig surname project results" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Craig Surname Project Results</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><span><br /></span>
</span><br />
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Evaluating Big Y Results</b></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br />
<span>Now, let's look at the Big Y results. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span>We cannot verify that Henry was the son of Edward without examining the mutations of several Gregg-related men taking the same test. But with just the Big Y results of these two men, we can verify that Henry Gragg and Edward Gregg have a common male ancestor. </span><br />
<span><br /></span>
<span>When the Gragg and Gregg Big Y tests were completed in 2018, Mr. Gragg had two unnamed variants. This means that these mutations occurred in his line, and not in the line of Mr. Gregg. </span><br /><br />
</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Unnamed Variants" border="0" data-original-height="525" data-original-width="959" height="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV7gP_RVe8cVMrx0SouZuGtRBGUp_XbtkZ9cE5g3FCKm1aDPf09b8rFfNImVFQ39tWN8f83r6DTJxQZwU4Gq0FpRUfJ1ElSl5b8XpeJAkixLrGbQD0D-fYHVGhxSVlpWNwGWBT3lmWWl4/s640/Gragg+unnamed+variants.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Big Y Unnamed Variants" width="640" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Unnamed Variants</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV7gP_RVe8cVMrx0SouZuGtRBGUp_XbtkZ9cE5g3FCKm1aDPf09b8rFfNImVFQ39tWN8f83r6DTJxQZwU4Gq0FpRUfJ1ElSl5b8XpeJAkixLrGbQD0D-fYHVGhxSVlpWNwGWBT3lmWWl4/s1600/Gragg+unnamed+variants.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><span><br /></span><span><span>When we clicked on the matching tab, we saw the following: </span></span></span><span><span><br /></span>
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</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Big Y matching" border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="955" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3ligcRGs7_A3zPxPVDHahzQKWg4p18mIzHTfFpxOd4B-XgNzdFSZkUptjXbYpBC0Hwx_GosoH0JgB_8fM5uLLSF5GAtqwO_H3QAapa2sRC6MHUp1sGiUMicTxSfve9WWdU0KKbH17wxM/w640-h334/Gragg+Big+Y+matching.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Big Y matching" width="640" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Gragg Big Y Matching, 2018</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3ligcRGs7_A3zPxPVDHahzQKWg4p18mIzHTfFpxOd4B-XgNzdFSZkUptjXbYpBC0Hwx_GosoH0JgB_8fM5uLLSF5GAtqwO_H3QAapa2sRC6MHUp1sGiUMicTxSfve9WWdU0KKbH17wxM/s1600/Gragg+Big+Y+matching.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span>
<span>There was only one match, and he was Mr. Gregg, descendant of Edward. There is no question now--these men share a common ancestor. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Since their ancestors Henry Gragg and John Gregg both lived in the same area, the genealogical and DNA evidence indicate that they are highly likely to both be sons of Edward Gregg.</span><br />
<span><br /></span>
<span>The </span><span>Non-Matching Variants column shows that they are not very distantly related. There were three variants listed: 12031913, 14331435, and 22256644. The last two appear on Mr. Gragg's list of Unnamed Variants, so this means that those mutations occurred in the line of Henry Gragg. </span><br />
<span><br /></span>
<span>The mutation 12031913 occurred in the line of John Gregg (son of Edward). We can verify this by clicking the Private Variants tab, then entering the mutation 12031913 into the Position Search box.</span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span><br />
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</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPvpXwxcsCMJrKrWuZmfMeChSUmZizRRC-qv_ZlnWypj2D_esMsGDbIQSYjAgOO4oijBW_YtCDZcO80WPg-RDqwLDILohnjFTDgwRxAaoVhEIInHw7eLNtrG8UO3aSTPfbaYuCUhH77z0/s1600/private+variants.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="private variants" border="0" data-original-height="536" data-original-width="1072" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPvpXwxcsCMJrKrWuZmfMeChSUmZizRRC-qv_ZlnWypj2D_esMsGDbIQSYjAgOO4oijBW_YtCDZcO80WPg-RDqwLDILohnjFTDgwRxAaoVhEIInHw7eLNtrG8UO3aSTPfbaYuCUhH77z0/s640/private+variants.jpg" title="Verifying unnamed variants" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Verifying unnamed variants</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The results will appear below the search box. It says,"Currently no results" which means that Mr. Gragg does not have this mutation.</span></span></span><br />
<b style="text-align: center;"><span><br /></span></b>
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</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Uploading to other databases</b></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span>
<span>Often you can find out more about your DNA results by uploading to other databases. Multiple databases show additional details about your DNA results. They may also have the results of men who tested at other DNA companies. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span>The VCF file for Mr. Gragg was uploaded to The Big Tree by Alex Williamson. At that time, Gragg had no close matches. He is listed in the last column with four other men.</span><br />
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</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaf6saLaCfrjsXL42iRnKv6likIaVK5RE4UGNpd8xuAi6M3nwoE6oWdvHLyjh2JAnxTzzm85caRIGDXHU0AnkQcdpLFGoK8KWTpEWJdn3M-r6AGHfl124S7ZsVxPLLzFEdp7_D58QK7MI/s1600/S1026.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Alex Williamson Big Tree" border="0" data-original-height="589" data-original-width="536" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaf6saLaCfrjsXL42iRnKv6likIaVK5RE4UGNpd8xuAi6M3nwoE6oWdvHLyjh2JAnxTzzm85caRIGDXHU0AnkQcdpLFGoK8KWTpEWJdn3M-r6AGHfl124S7ZsVxPLLzFEdp7_D58QK7MI/s640/S1026.jpg" title="The Big Tree" width="582" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Gragg Y-DNA results in The Big Tree at ytree.net, 2018</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span>
<span>Mr. Gragg's results were also uploaded to YFull. Again, he had no close matches. His Most Recent Common Ancestor with these men was dated at about 3500 years ago. </span><br />
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</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi59fr8LbVh9PD6iHIEy8Gawcff8vCfnxt2vSNIZ5MK2WKCTMmR2peTvXdX4AH_7WU_j2uIdP4YJz7aemb0OP7FCYHgoS6WSge6obfRUMokvr1KywzM1JgF49aPF17ba_zw9UPoToh5rWE/s1600/YF+S1026.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="YFull tree dispay" border="0" data-original-height="468" data-original-width="641" height="466" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi59fr8LbVh9PD6iHIEy8Gawcff8vCfnxt2vSNIZ5MK2WKCTMmR2peTvXdX4AH_7WU_j2uIdP4YJz7aemb0OP7FCYHgoS6WSge6obfRUMokvr1KywzM1JgF49aPF17ba_zw9UPoToh5rWE/w640-h466/YF+S1026.jpg" title="YFull tree display" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Results in Y Tree at YFull.com, 2018</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br />
<span><br /></span>
<span>Mr. Gragg needs to get more matches on the Big Tree and at YFull!</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><b>A new match with a different surname</b></span><br /><br />
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">In 2019 one of the Smiths took the Big Y-700 test. This test is more comprehensive than the Big Y-500 taken by Gragg and Gregg. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Here is how Mr. Gragg's Big Y match list now appears:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span><span><br /></span>
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</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjftznU1R1Q_0P3f4obKiHyN4lRl6bGyI8e7umg3_BJhWqjeAdMi6FXGYI_bYABX5PFvHY8g6_oPKhohsG5Nd1gv3GZy2IUMLiwahZ8dtpNhB2JqqVl99_LTjuCj_MGnRotlaTB7cM6djQ/s1600/Gragg+Big+Y+matches.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Gragg Big Y matches" border="0" data-original-height="606" data-original-width="1079" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjftznU1R1Q_0P3f4obKiHyN4lRl6bGyI8e7umg3_BJhWqjeAdMi6FXGYI_bYABX5PFvHY8g6_oPKhohsG5Nd1gv3GZy2IUMLiwahZ8dtpNhB2JqqVl99_LTjuCj_MGnRotlaTB7cM6djQ/w640-h358/Gragg+Big+Y+matches.jpg" title="Gragg Big Y matches" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Gragg Big Y Matches, 2020</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span><span>You will first notice that the screen has changed from the 2018 version. Now there is a blue link to "View Big Y Block Tree."</span><span> What can be puzzling is the Non-Matching Variants. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span>The STR results made it appear that Smith was more closely related to Gragg than Gregg was. However, the Big Y non-matching variants seem to indicate that he is much more distantly related. What is going on?</span><br />
<span><span><br /></span></span>
<span>The variants with only numbers, such as 14332435, 22256644, and 14767685, are all unnamed.</span><span> They are unnamed because they were not seen in the tests of the other men. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Like Mr. Gregg, Mr. Smith does not have the variants 14332435 and 22256644 that Mr. Gragg has. Mr. Gragg does not have the variant 14767685, but Mr. Smith does. </span><br />
<span><br /></span>
<span>Why does Gragg have such a large list of Non-Matching Variants with Smith in the Big Y results? </span><span>The reason for the differences is that Mr. Smith took the Big Y-700 test. This test will show variants that the previous Big Y-500 did not.</span><br />
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</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><b>Big Y-500 vs. Big Y-700 </b></span><br /><br />
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Named variants start with a letter, and unnamed variants are all numerical. Therefore, the variants that start with the letters BY are all named, but they were not determined to be matches in the Big Y-500 tests of Gragg and Gregg. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Each of these variants was either not read at all in the test of Gragg or Gregg, or it were not read with enough confidence in both tests to be called a match at that time. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">We can determine why some of the named variants were not called in the Big Y-500 test of Mr. Gragg by clicking the Named Variants tab, and individually entering the names of each of the named variants in the SNP Name Search box. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">In the screenshot below, one of the non-matching named variants, BY28663, was entered into the SNP Name Search box.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span><span><br /></span>
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</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV8sR5ZXdSMMloSA7TwZEuM5mbh-9oGJ0aMB9Maic00EuIkfTD4BMw_U-h89Z4YOUFmvmSac_j6PJhmz_k6y5SI4iQvHnR1R8Q4zntSwhOj5i4xHxcJ8QxuPw6ElcFstFVAAB2KQh7o-I/s1600/Named+Variants.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="SNP name search" border="0" data-original-height="535" data-original-width="1078" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV8sR5ZXdSMMloSA7TwZEuM5mbh-9oGJ0aMB9Maic00EuIkfTD4BMw_U-h89Z4YOUFmvmSac_j6PJhmz_k6y5SI4iQvHnR1R8Q4zntSwhOj5i4xHxcJ8QxuPw6ElcFstFVAAB2KQh7o-I/s640/Named+Variants.jpg" title="Verifying named variants" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">SNP Name Search box in Named Variants tab</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><span><br /></span>
</span><br />
<span>When the named variant is entered, a line will appear below the search box to show the results. The "Derived?" column is the most important one.</span><br />
<span><br /></span>
<span>If the results for a position are derived, this means there is a mutation there, and it is not the ancestral value. So this column tells you whether or not a mutation was found in the test results. In this case, in the "Derived?" column the answer is Yes. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span>This is baffling because this means that Mr. Gragg apparently does have this variant. If Mr. Smith also has it, why is it showing up as a Non-Matching Variant between the two men? </span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span>If we click the blue link for BY28863, we can see this variant in the Chromosome Browser.</span><br />
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</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4Tb5TfPfe0eITjdvtTRm-iS2YTLN5AeAZfTx-ef_6jMeNTF-JVe0riWWM6AnsMe-WTbMeDdghuvn6smaOzg-bl9gZUyTMizoBDPu288zWwH3jBmsgClzYgUuLNVDJ6wYX92JUYmKudT4/s1600/BY28663.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="372" data-original-width="1093" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4Tb5TfPfe0eITjdvtTRm-iS2YTLN5AeAZfTx-ef_6jMeNTF-JVe0riWWM6AnsMe-WTbMeDdghuvn6smaOzg-bl9gZUyTMizoBDPu288zWwH3jBmsgClzYgUuLNVDJ6wYX92JUYmKudT4/s640/BY28663.jpg" title="Big Y chromosome browser" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Chromosome Browser for BY28663</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><span><br /></span></span><span>T</span><span>he Chromosome Browser is showing that Mr. Gragg has a T in this position, and the Reference Sequence has a G (the ancestral value). This means that Mr. Gragg seems to have this variant. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span>When we look at the Chromosome Browser, however, we can see that each read is notated with the quality of that read. This position only has two high quality reads, and this was not good enough to call this SNP as a match to Mr. Gregg in the Big Y-500 results. </span><br />
<span><br /></span>
<span>Although Mr. Smith has several named variants that were not called in Mr. Gragg's Big Y-500 test, the SNP name search reveals that Mr. Gragg likely does have all of these.</span><br />
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</span>
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</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><b><br /></b></span>
<span><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>The Big Y Block Tree</b></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><span><br /></span></span>
<span>The best way to see the relationships between Gragg, Gregg, and Smith is to go the Big Y Matching tab and click on the link to "View Big Y Block Tree." </span><br />
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</span><br />
</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjctZTB8dtjj6r9yhtxdNe3O6XjRx9POjevNGKVvkZozbTfoqEyOZ3yEyb_vcyctXrdueaMgs1aKUDs56MmjBP7RLs1PAX1ZLl7sveRpXc1QDsVsnnaesrOfQpEepeABBM_FYOMmHAkhk/s1600/View+Big+Y+Block+Tree.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="382" data-original-width="1078" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjctZTB8dtjj6r9yhtxdNe3O6XjRx9POjevNGKVvkZozbTfoqEyOZ3yEyb_vcyctXrdueaMgs1aKUDs56MmjBP7RLs1PAX1ZLl7sveRpXc1QDsVsnnaesrOfQpEepeABBM_FYOMmHAkhk/s640/View+Big+Y+Block+Tree.jpg" title="View Big Y Block Tree" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">View Big Y Block Tree</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><span><br /></span>
<span><span>The Block Tree was based on Alex Williamson's Big Tree. All shared variants will be listed in the tree in the order in which they occurred. If more than one variant is shown in any block it means that the order of the variants is not yet known, and they will be listed in alphabetical/numerical order.</span></span></span><br />
<span><br /></span>
<span>As you can see below, Mr. Gragg, Mr. Gregg, and Mr. Smith share a very long list of mutations that have not yet been seen in anyone else. These shared mutations are shown in the white block in the screenshot below. The unnamed "Private" variants, such as 14331435, are not listed.</span><br />
<span><br /></span>
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</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyrNm1AUMtXua5K59V8yQuefAjRPRWjRWfJy4Hb3J7p0T6rSGxKasWBnyyW0HJQp2kCCcFAlxVSSznZ4lNXmlciVhKRr-qL6ssY6rg7KQpDitEhhiRMq880JM-RcOe4qirTViQEiGVvtE/s1600/Gragg+Big+Y.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="698" data-original-width="340" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyrNm1AUMtXua5K59V8yQuefAjRPRWjRWfJy4Hb3J7p0T6rSGxKasWBnyyW0HJQp2kCCcFAlxVSSznZ4lNXmlciVhKRr-qL6ssY6rg7KQpDitEhhiRMq880JM-RcOe4qirTViQEiGVvtE/s640/Gragg+Big+Y.jpg" title="Big Y Block Tree" width="310" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Matches in Family Tree DNA Block Tree</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span>
<span><span><br /></span><span><span>The results for all three Big Y tests of Gragg, Gregg, and Smith have now been submitted to Alex Williamson's Big Tree. </span></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span><span>The results show quite a difference from the previous version where only Gragg's results were in the tree. The three of them are shown in their own branch in the fourth column from the right.</span></span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP3cMcIOdHXRfnMUaNHfA4bqrb3wkMDYUWPDpSWgaTq11xcNMb6N4paJZSIMvSG3XyA3nQMATlLtR0aTZD1_LlxRUVxRIjUV_bTO0j4Xk1uojLoerKy74NBApChtX3S51d6t3UmLXib4g/s1600/Big.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="601" data-original-width="483" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP3cMcIOdHXRfnMUaNHfA4bqrb3wkMDYUWPDpSWgaTq11xcNMb6N4paJZSIMvSG3XyA3nQMATlLtR0aTZD1_LlxRUVxRIjUV_bTO0j4Xk1uojLoerKy74NBApChtX3S51d6t3UmLXib4g/s640/Big.jpg" title="Alex Williamson Big Tree" width="514" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Gregg, Gragg, and Smith in the Big Tree at ytree.net, 2020</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Two of the results are now on YFull where their common ancestor is estimated at 225 years before present.</span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhABsGdseDJA4w2aq94RcH5ns884rDgOUedAdL9BMD-HhtdBAGRsk8y_ylLP4AP6fCgBupTs-Se738SAdLYVKsKys7BdPEoeK0K4jcME2vgijJpb1fo4jsOWflCkpG6MtZuLHuQiIa_wbk/s1600/Yfull2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="542" data-original-width="774" height="448" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhABsGdseDJA4w2aq94RcH5ns884rDgOUedAdL9BMD-HhtdBAGRsk8y_ylLP4AP6fCgBupTs-Se738SAdLYVKsKys7BdPEoeK0K4jcME2vgijJpb1fo4jsOWflCkpG6MtZuLHuQiIa_wbk/s640/Yfull2.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Y Tree at YFull.com, 2020</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Finding the common ancestor</b></span></div>
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<span>We now know from the Big Y results that Gragg, Gregg, and Smith share a common ancestor. I contacted Mr. Smith, and he told me that according to family tradition his ancestor George Smith was born out of wedlock, and that his father's name was Gragg. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span>I have traced his lineage, and I believe I know the name of George's father. The father lived in North Carolina. There were Craigs and Graggs in the same county, and it looks likely that George's ancestor was a Craig. He married and had sons after George was born. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span>We need to find a descendant of this man who will be willing to take a Y-DNA test. We may then be able to tell his relationship to Edward Gregg.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>What's next?</b></span></div><span style="font-size: large;">
<span><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></div>In addition to the Craig family in North Carolina who appear to be related to George Smith, there are also a large number of Craigs who are showing up as STR matches to Gragg, Gregg, and Smith. Some of these Craigs appear to be coming from the same area of North Carolina as the Craig family of George Smith.</span><br />
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<span>1. Find a male descendant of the North Carolina Craig family and, possibly of the North Carolina Gragg family, and see if they are willing to take a Y-DNA test so that we can prove the parentage of George Smith. </span><br />
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<span>2. Ask one of the Craigs on the list of STR matches to take a Big Y test. If the Big Y connects these men to Gragg and Gregg (as I suspect it will), there is a good possibility of tracing all these lines much further back than we now have them.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Summary</b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">
<span>One mistake made by beginning family history researchers is ignoring variant spellings of their surname because, "My ancestor didn't spell his name that way." </span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>In the past, there was no standardized spelling of surnames. In addition, when a large proportion of the population was illiterate no clerk asked your ancestor, "How do you spell your name?" The clerk wrote whatever he thought he heard. You may even find the clerk spelling the surname in multiple ways in the same document. </span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Sometimes you must be quite creative in finding records of your ancestors. For example, one census enumerator spelled the surname Jonas as Yonus because this is how he heard a German immigrant pronounce that surname. In this post we saw variant spellings of the surname Gragg, and these alternates cannot be ignored.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The ancestry of Henry Gragg can only be resolved by researching the DNA relationships and family trees of the men with the surnames Craig, Gragg, Gregg, Smith, and perhaps others. This story is not over! </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">We are now going to recruit some men with different variations of the surname Gregg to see what we can find.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span>I have made more significant breakthroughs in my family tree with Y-DNA than with any other test. We will soon be seeing several of these, all in different stages of research. It gets great.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: medium;">Disclosure</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #373737; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Links to Family Tree DNA appear in the sidebar. I receive a small contribution if you make a purchase, but clicking through the link does not affect the price you pay. </span></div>
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<br /></div>Linda Jonashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00245944818580411111noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7064587737424586464.post-6509364512889816952019-10-14T00:52:00.012-04:002021-05-19T23:40:37.846-04:00Advantages of submitting to YFull<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">For Y-DNA testing, I have seen a lot of questions about how to evaluate Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) tests such as Family Tree DNA's Big Y test, and similar tests at Full Genomes Corp, YSEQ, and extracted Y-DNA results of full genome tests from companies such as Dante Labs and Nebula Genomics. </span><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">If your Y-DNA company gave you good results, why would you want to download your results and upload them to a third-party site such as YFull? </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">I previously wrote a post about the advantages of YFull, but that post was written when I took my original Big Y test. Please review <a href="https://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2017/10/what-are-benefits-of-yfull.html" target="_blank">What are the benefits of YFull?</a> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">The benefits are much more extensive now that YFull has added new tools. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">So, what are the advantages of submitting to YFull?</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">What is YFull?</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">YFull is not a DNA testing company. YFull is an analysis and comparison service for Y-DNA Next Generation Sequencing and full mitochondrial DNA sequences. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">These interpretation and comparison services are more comprehensive than those found at any DNA testing company.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Y-DNA analysis and comparison</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In this post we will discuss Y-DNA only. Since most people at the present time have tested with Family Tree DNA, let's focus on a portion of the Big Y-700 results from Family Tree DNA and compare these to the YFull evaluation of the same results.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">We will examine the Private Variants from a Big Y-700 kit at Family Tree DNA. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Private Variants are those that have supposedly only been seen in your kit. Once they have been seen in more than one kit, you will find them in the Named Variants. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">However, note that I said "supposedly." Sometimes positions appear in your Private Variants list that have been seen in other kits, but FTDNA hasn't yet discovered this. This will especially be the case if your results have just arrived and haven't been fully evaluated.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Log into the Family Tree DNA account and go to Big Y Results.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">There are three tabs for Named Variants, Private Variants, and Matching. Here are the first ten Private Variants for a Big Y-700 kit. There are a total of 19 private variants, but only the first ten are displayed below. They are listed by their hg38 position number:</span></div><div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip5KGBKvFU0t28YOgZrcgYIaVX8y56o-RwfrXDI7qLxteafJ4CX85JlBnsgW2_4v7K6lwnU1CeI9UQaFDdn_ILEFOyXOiOXfGrgtapiK1NNHmhdIqAWJ9ElfP8iU6-8G4GnpGJbusjcLw/s1600/FTDNA+novel+var.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="List of Big Y private variants" border="0" data-original-height="490" data-original-width="728" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip5KGBKvFU0t28YOgZrcgYIaVX8y56o-RwfrXDI7qLxteafJ4CX85JlBnsgW2_4v7K6lwnU1CeI9UQaFDdn_ILEFOyXOiOXfGrgtapiK1NNHmhdIqAWJ9ElfP8iU6-8G4GnpGJbusjcLw/w640-h430/FTDNA+novel+var.jpg" title="Big Y-700 private variants" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Big Y-700 Private Variants</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Let's look at the first SNP on the list, position 10053444. If we click on the blue link for that position, you will be taken to Family Tree DNA's chromosome browser and see the following:</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhARzHX5XXdf1ytbOv7lYhCMTIrB7OQZ790b6iJFTzQi8thJaI3HIkbyI6VzgO4Npm7JgBqr3iArWuZsz1cRb21V7ayAZjBAQiwb3L_AsohZk0ewwfEvAH-HYFqMZ3OAsobLiLEe81AGA0/s1600/10053444.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Big Y chromosome browser display" border="0" data-original-height="544" data-original-width="1217" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhARzHX5XXdf1ytbOv7lYhCMTIrB7OQZ790b6iJFTzQi8thJaI3HIkbyI6VzgO4Npm7JgBqr3iArWuZsz1cRb21V7ayAZjBAQiwb3L_AsohZk0ewwfEvAH-HYFqMZ3OAsobLiLEe81AGA0/w640-h286/10053444.jpg" title="FTDNA Big Y chromosome browser" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Big Y chromosome browser</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">This SNP is considered by FTDNA to be high quality. The Reference Sequence has a G at this position, but this kit had a C. The chromosome browser shows us how many times the position has been read, but we have to count each line. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">No further information is available. Now let's see what we can discover about this same position at YFull.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Novel SNPs at YFull</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In YFull, "Private variants" are called "Novel SNPs." Here again, the SNPs may not truly be novel. Other companies may have found these variants, but YFull hasn't discovered them yet. To see a list of your novel SNPs, view the menu at the left side of the screen, and click on Novel SNPs. </span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpUE-Y134KZNNZ8BwR_7MMYG_j4aWoq-FRO5lf9QAMaa7hsbBGtHVy2xSZ8TaQxezXPJkvnmaOEfuDC5NOpwoa60oAA2PZGGfIFnxfm8v0EjNFkz-86jaxYtf_T66dAXRyjbVuuFpsRnQ/s1600/Novel+SNPs+link.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="YFull menu showing Novel SNPs" border="0" data-original-height="257" data-original-width="113" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpUE-Y134KZNNZ8BwR_7MMYG_j4aWoq-FRO5lf9QAMaa7hsbBGtHVy2xSZ8TaQxezXPJkvnmaOEfuDC5NOpwoa60oAA2PZGGfIFnxfm8v0EjNFkz-86jaxYtf_T66dAXRyjbVuuFpsRnQ/s16000/Novel+SNPs+link.jpg" title="See novel SNPs at YFull" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Click Novel SNPs</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">At YFull, SNPs are categorized by quality and divided into separate tabs. The tabs are Best qual [best quality], Acceptable qual, Ambiguous qual, Low qual, One reading, and Indels.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Below is the Best qual tab. You will see the SNPs listed by both their hg19 and hg38 positions. Notice that at FTDNA we only saw the hg38 position number. To see if we can find anything new about the position we examined at FTDNA, find 10053444 on the Best qual screen. </span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijSyBVLMHWiFWr3tt6OLkGjtNG8Jv8mhDZAH37cd4zEsYfZrEJv11Alon_C6NdHklMHdOrmvMKswhiQnk8MO3A3feSBY5QEIuJX5Qs4qbxHZ5mBumgJHpkDpc5BH7C4zQk6mIfehyphenhyphenyHzY/s1600/YF+BAM1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="List of YFull novel SNPs" border="0" data-original-height="415" data-original-width="1206" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijSyBVLMHWiFWr3tt6OLkGjtNG8Jv8mhDZAH37cd4zEsYfZrEJv11Alon_C6NdHklMHdOrmvMKswhiQnk8MO3A3feSBY5QEIuJX5Qs4qbxHZ5mBumgJHpkDpc5BH7C4zQk6mIfehyphenhyphenyHzY/w640-h220/YF+BAM1.jpg" title="YFull novel SNPs" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">List of Novel SNPs at YFull</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">You can see that 10053444 has been named FGC65817 by Full Genomes Corp, but we did not see that at FTDNA. The red check mark on the line means that this SNP is available for verification by Sanger testing at YSEQ. This is another piece of very useful information, as we will see later.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Now click View BAM on the right side of the screen to see several versions of the BAM viewer. This one is similar to the one we saw at FTDNA:</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKJmYbAQCscjY-hEdJGr_OK7gPgZvk2pUtaj6My0TMaIQsgVxT1_KlVfAKKS05NdkpZ6Qek4zDi9Xeb2ElURKt2YqnQxZPtNhFeLkPXLXaQb5aD0PhYzgF5taNGupPVUFnmjAnSUVBASY/s1600/YF+BAM.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="A mutation displayed in YFull chromosome browser" border="0" data-original-height="462" data-original-width="1285" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKJmYbAQCscjY-hEdJGr_OK7gPgZvk2pUtaj6My0TMaIQsgVxT1_KlVfAKKS05NdkpZ6Qek4zDi9Xeb2ElURKt2YqnQxZPtNhFeLkPXLXaQb5aD0PhYzgF5taNGupPVUFnmjAnSUVBASY/w640-h228/YF+BAM.jpg" title="YFull chromosome browser" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">One version of YFull chromosome browser</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: large;">We can see even more by clicking the yellow magnifier icon on the left side of the screen:</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz35Y_cr5Oex211EQPxGtHdkeHOpEoRykv_6FhVWrY5hrg__OvaXE5CmhtXfFgUuftKap5j-id6jtkFZSpdRBRo4FUwa9ocO34pcnYyeeHntBsLVmNIXzWGfL17P0dmdSNGWBztVi8APE/s1600/Magnifier.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Magnifying glass icon to view position in BAM" border="0" data-original-height="311" data-original-width="1112" height="178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz35Y_cr5Oex211EQPxGtHdkeHOpEoRykv_6FhVWrY5hrg__OvaXE5CmhtXfFgUuftKap5j-id6jtkFZSpdRBRo4FUwa9ocO34pcnYyeeHntBsLVmNIXzWGfL17P0dmdSNGWBztVi8APE/w640-h178/Magnifier.jpg" title="View position in BAM" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">View position in BAM</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">We will then see this information:</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLVuSN-yZMUdhQNHCjWDFAO6Vk2Z_87ZdCHqNrWLK6yG-OZx29Rc2If-sgghj-ASNRba21u9-boyLCc7tjQpwz9lk_p5rKkUinQI-mCrG_W6VxSHsde1LeK6Rkq-C1crbSrDlmd7Sw22Y/s1600/YF+1005.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="YFull SNP details" border="0" data-original-height="281" data-original-width="763" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLVuSN-yZMUdhQNHCjWDFAO6Vk2Z_87ZdCHqNrWLK6yG-OZx29Rc2If-sgghj-ASNRba21u9-boyLCc7tjQpwz9lk_p5rKkUinQI-mCrG_W6VxSHsde1LeK6Rkq-C1crbSrDlmd7Sw22Y/w640-h234/YF+1005.jpg" title="YFull SNP information" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">SNP information</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The above screen tells us the kit number and haplogroup [on the first line, but much of it is erased in this image] and the Y-chromosome position numbers in hg19 and hg38. The red arrow next to the hg38 position shows that we are looking at a test that was aligned to hg38. This position was read 22 times in the Big Y test, and all the reads showed a C instead of the G found in the Reference Sequence. We also see that the SNP has been named FGC65817, it is available for testing at YSEQ, and it is listed in YBrowse.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The right side of the above image was cropped to make it more readable. However, another useful part of this screen is that you can not only see the position number, but you can see where this position is situated on the Y chromosome. This can help you determine how reliable this SNP may be. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">As shown below, position 10053444 is found in the Yp11.2 combBED region:</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="display of Y-chromosome regions" border="0" data-original-height="93" data-original-width="1234" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVHwea18BVKZmSWKl3Zr5B7MnuEufbGWA3NhJzJVb5Ab20rIoxvI22Ywu7lIQNgA2OsXOWX69SbAaQxYxig48UOQVOBTGLHD8Kor8nRNVI36PqLkr5NkwDUPkVncxlSfJL9lJ9sEAVmGE/w640-h48/YFull+Ychr+region.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Y-chromosome regions" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Y-chromosome regions</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVHwea18BVKZmSWKl3Zr5B7MnuEufbGWA3NhJzJVb5Ab20rIoxvI22Ywu7lIQNgA2OsXOWX69SbAaQxYxig48UOQVOBTGLHD8Kor8nRNVI36PqLkr5NkwDUPkVncxlSfJL9lJ9sEAVmGE/s1600/YFull+Ychr+region.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Notice that the fourth position below has been given the SNP name FT86640. SNPs beginning with FT are ones that were discovered by Family Tree DNA from the Big Y-700 test. Since it was not discovered in the previous Big Y test, let's see if this could be a valid SNP. Click the magnifier.</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2r7x2LNPOYOYttuR-sQ6-MfnKWVMWs58q-_4BHhd67UjqhG-naHTvL3EFMD-K93tyjvRDlQWJBb2k1J-v8FkCsU8CfMJNM0bVNd9F-TeGooHVMh24tiUyW-e1lHmemtBKzd2Zsay0lsM/s1600/YF1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Link to details about novel variant" border="0" data-original-height="492" data-original-width="1250" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2r7x2LNPOYOYttuR-sQ6-MfnKWVMWs58q-_4BHhd67UjqhG-naHTvL3EFMD-K93tyjvRDlQWJBb2k1J-v8FkCsU8CfMJNM0bVNd9F-TeGooHVMh24tiUyW-e1lHmemtBKzd2Zsay0lsM/w640-h250/YF1.jpg" title="YFull novel SNPs" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">YFull Novel SNPs</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">This SNP had consistent results for 39 reads, so that's a good sign.</span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgtkf9hD-xPz07QJWKLpjof4xVIzzd6XKrPqhqc9fs7HrxKWQgDD0GS_hrn-EZ0OhLiy0RuYQjXOGJQzCtNbImYliaNlPlTtvFyIiflTWTFg2rJoe0_h0xBzhVVh6Kzp3mIUlFJjliL0Y/s1600/YF2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Mutation details" border="0" data-original-height="326" data-original-width="782" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgtkf9hD-xPz07QJWKLpjof4xVIzzd6XKrPqhqc9fs7HrxKWQgDD0GS_hrn-EZ0OhLiy0RuYQjXOGJQzCtNbImYliaNlPlTtvFyIiflTWTFg2rJoe0_h0xBzhVVh6Kzp3mIUlFJjliL0Y/w640-h266/YF2.jpg" title="Search in BAM file" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Search in BAM file</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: large;">If we click the Ambiguous quality tab, we see the following. Let's examine the first listed position to see why it's on the ambiguous list. Again, click the magnifier on the left.</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUFh9tgm8R4RbBAc0pFtuQG5ppgpHvoxbLRsDLQ7zMp-iqhPFs5hOrMlUrtO3nYXKoyabL9Ra3fAFil0fJRQxG10KIgZ6spmvPcgf0roPe8MlpZYdcgsTWuxF1oJfqZZmshp5joU-6ZVM/s1600/YF3.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="link to see SNP details" border="0" data-original-height="364" data-original-width="1277" height="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUFh9tgm8R4RbBAc0pFtuQG5ppgpHvoxbLRsDLQ7zMp-iqhPFs5hOrMlUrtO3nYXKoyabL9Ra3fAFil0fJRQxG10KIgZ6spmvPcgf0roPe8MlpZYdcgsTWuxF1oJfqZZmshp5joU-6ZVM/w640-h182/YF3.jpg" title="Evaluate SNP" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Evaluate an ambiguous SNP</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: large;">On the next screen we see that this SNP was only read two times, so it's a less reliable SNP. </span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfRc_bSDWxdhzINYHTNadQoMEfoToO7AbaI_ba1xdMvcU4uE9ZaAB5lrikB9sWDbGAbKh5TNw9pvpa8KIWhWZtwm0zG_SphChhlA-y6Tzhb5PcacusRd0AUqRtSGp2ySJv1jm3gYuRNVQ/s1600/YF4.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Details showing a SNP with only two reads" border="0" data-original-height="303" data-original-width="722" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfRc_bSDWxdhzINYHTNadQoMEfoToO7AbaI_ba1xdMvcU4uE9ZaAB5lrikB9sWDbGAbKh5TNw9pvpa8KIWhWZtwm0zG_SphChhlA-y6Tzhb5PcacusRd0AUqRtSGp2ySJv1jm3gYuRNVQ/w640-h268/YF4.jpg" title="SNP with two reads" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">A SNP with two reads</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Family Tree DNA does not show this position in its list of Private Variants because it was only read two times. YFull considers the above SNP to be ambiguous for the same reason, but they do list it. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">If you want to know if any SNP is a valid one, you can verify it by ordering Sanger Sequencing at YSEQ for this position (along with any other doubtful SNPs). YFull does not indicate that the 9686527 SNP is available for testing at YSEQ, so go to yseq.net, and check to see if it's been added to their list of SNPs. If not, submit the position to YSEQ's Wish A SNP:</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjucxT19OouR6z7TVCL9iVF_WWqO6NiaLPWY1pQMmhJY86NdzYJu9f94JObU91R1nuYqzNKF-VfyXUphbdjrZPmv_HA6l9EcxjgK7N3byAkKuA209d7HrUrYDtjiVwct5oe4XMokHrA9L0/s1600/YSeq+WAS.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="YSEQ website link to Wish a SNP" border="0" data-original-height="248" data-original-width="948" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjucxT19OouR6z7TVCL9iVF_WWqO6NiaLPWY1pQMmhJY86NdzYJu9f94JObU91R1nuYqzNKF-VfyXUphbdjrZPmv_HA6l9EcxjgK7N3byAkKuA209d7HrUrYDtjiVwct5oe4XMokHrA9L0/w640-h166/YSeq+WAS.jpg" title="YSEQ Wish a SNP" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">YSEQ Wish a SNP</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: large;">On the next page, you will see full instructions for making your SNP available for testing. Notice that the price is only one dollar.</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFwRxGNgZMMV_yxrYp4NWCkuIqYKo2za7TP5_YquB7HIMMOeZ2U1Zwm2sgLoJ-D2pEph2Sw5Uq0nVQqBJNwKUyZEe17t6kuIRDYSJOyxad0TIG9bCZFyJP_cUF9bvtsDPQ2BkaflcPXaQ/s1600/YSeq+Wish.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Wish a snip order screen" border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="641" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFwRxGNgZMMV_yxrYp4NWCkuIqYKo2za7TP5_YquB7HIMMOeZ2U1Zwm2sgLoJ-D2pEph2Sw5Uq0nVQqBJNwKUyZEe17t6kuIRDYSJOyxad0TIG9bCZFyJP_cUF9bvtsDPQ2BkaflcPXaQ/w640-h248/YSeq+Wish.jpg" title="YSEQ Wish a SNP order" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">YSEQ Wish a SNP order</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">If this SNP is in a region that can be reliably tested, you will receive an email from YSEQ when your SNP is available. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Because 9686527 was only read twice in the Big Y test, it is a questionable SNP, but once it's available for testing you can submit a DNA sample to YSEQ to verify that you actually have a novel SNP at this position. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">The ability to verify questionable SNPs is very important when comparing your results to someone else.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">How do I download my Big Y results and submit them to YFull?</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Log into your FTDNA account, and go to Big Y Results. Click the blue Download Raw Data link at the upper right of the screen:</span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaJ4kSq6aX7jAQKRMPCxfY0ZcWoaj0SyN3PGT0EvxBWHY8UAgHpGzh-wXkrejzxmInkceGQFTimung25KnGczhfadzFVpIfKav56XDo0GPyLr-hMnnPwXXhBtAD5asGNnOr7jVpMpZeTg/s1600/download+raw.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Link to download Big Y raw data" border="0" data-original-height="117" data-original-width="1261" height="58" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaJ4kSq6aX7jAQKRMPCxfY0ZcWoaj0SyN3PGT0EvxBWHY8UAgHpGzh-wXkrejzxmInkceGQFTimung25KnGczhfadzFVpIfKav56XDo0GPyLr-hMnnPwXXhBtAD5asGNnOr7jVpMpZeTg/w640-h58/download+raw.jpg" title="Download Big Y Raw Data" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Download Raw Data</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: large;">If you haven't already done so, you will first have to request the BAM file. In a few days your BAM file will be ready. When it is, click Share BAM. then copy the link that appears.</span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYai2dpKHzdpKYe0Mo_NCQ7EHbFX52faU3R4avcAgOYk6nc3Dgv1jJI3r87FDjmhSEf6bbMxQ00L8TzdF6TMl65-jFaSXO7-Nh4RyfKnF8RiXQZ5nzminLOfrbCHyTAFwsYr2cotXnmF8/s1600/download+raw2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="link to share Big Y BAM file" border="0" data-original-height="386" data-original-width="446" height="345" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYai2dpKHzdpKYe0Mo_NCQ7EHbFX52faU3R4avcAgOYk6nc3Dgv1jJI3r87FDjmhSEf6bbMxQ00L8TzdF6TMl65-jFaSXO7-Nh4RyfKnF8RiXQZ5nzminLOfrbCHyTAFwsYr2cotXnmF8/w400-h345/download+raw2.jpg" title="Share Big Y BAM file" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: large;">Share BAM file</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Now go to YFull.com and click Order Now:</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidjYhrxKpl2ph9MpKBtB9w2lB2Phr5hGpsTFAY6Jn7o4Y5xE2nq3hLrvF2hUoTfcl-TF24iknWBNeBKL4yiyEpUiJSKBPq5n9frR3MrwNlEkI-tF0QaZOyvd-ag1dMY3r0uFZKM9stHOE/s1600/YFull+Order.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="YFull order screen" border="0" data-original-height="481" data-original-width="1181" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidjYhrxKpl2ph9MpKBtB9w2lB2Phr5hGpsTFAY6Jn7o4Y5xE2nq3hLrvF2hUoTfcl-TF24iknWBNeBKL4yiyEpUiJSKBPq5n9frR3MrwNlEkI-tF0QaZOyvd-ag1dMY3r0uFZKM9stHOE/w640-h260/YFull+Order.jpg" title="Order Y-Full interpretation" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Order YFull interpretation</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">The cost is $49, but you will not be charged until the results are ready. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">If you have previously submitted another kit for the same person (for example, you previously submitted Big Y-500, and now you're submitting Big Y-700), add a comment to your order that "This is the same kit as [YFxxxxx]" and insert your old YFull ID number. You will get a new ID number for your Big Y-700 results, and it will be cross-referenced to your old ID number in the YFull tree. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">If you have ordered a mtDNA Full Sequence test for the same person, those results can also be uploaded at no additional charge.</span><br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Comparing STRs</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">To be sure you have the most complete results in your YFull account, you will want to upload a STR file as well as your BAM file. This is because the STRs are not as reliable from NGS tests as they are from Sanger testing. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Family Tree DNA does Sanger testing to get the first 111 STR markers, but the BAM file you uploaded does not include the Sanger-tested results. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Be sure to upload not only your BAM file (as shown above), but also upload a separate STR file. No matter what company you used for your NGS test, you can order a STR test from Family Tree DNA or from YSEQ.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">If you ordered a STR test from FTDNA (it was included in any Big Y-700 results), log into your FTDNA account and go to your Y-STR Results page:</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAHc9S0i2q06XqOJXvbxrdLPQq5MwAntoCFok4y37UFe-u7j2WDKip0SzDxh-FW3LU8Q4eBWZxCrDcHLVzQcMOkdikiPKRyEOmKgAQgM3ig_bGRLakS_f2tZF6PNaBD5KI6R4KdvqKLww/s1600/FTDNA+STR.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="link to Y-STR results" border="0" data-original-height="542" data-original-width="542" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAHc9S0i2q06XqOJXvbxrdLPQq5MwAntoCFok4y37UFe-u7j2WDKip0SzDxh-FW3LU8Q4eBWZxCrDcHLVzQcMOkdikiPKRyEOmKgAQgM3ig_bGRLakS_f2tZF6PNaBD5KI6R4KdvqKLww/w640-h640/FTDNA+STR.jpg" title="FTDNA Y-STR Results" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">FTDNA Y-STR Results</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Scroll all the way to the bottom of the page, and click the orange CSV button at the bottom right of the screen:</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZCfDpOjJx8FzKPhpZW-yqsd8rsng9v5VrQwKSHRNT9WUhLTZL4gwcgiS3QV618jqW0vrRsd5hGBetnZTk4RO1h5ruQllZBw0lz9xqqQhlHbs8SXq09n60FOXbfB-xCkVrQpdgdVT6Q_g/s1600/Download+CSV.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Download CSV file from Family Tree DNA" border="0" data-original-height="202" data-original-width="1256" height="102" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZCfDpOjJx8FzKPhpZW-yqsd8rsng9v5VrQwKSHRNT9WUhLTZL4gwcgiS3QV618jqW0vrRsd5hGBetnZTk4RO1h5ruQllZBw0lz9xqqQhlHbs8SXq09n60FOXbfB-xCkVrQpdgdVT6Q_g/s640/Download+CSV.jpg" title="Download STRs from FTDNA" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Download CSV file of STRs</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In your YFull account, click the Upload STRs link.</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimO-aedW_VrrPHXuXMSByX_Qw96L79Mk36WOoGNklUOBa4eftUcKylif_e2bROTllqWfyJhgdGeH9JsgAIGNeof5kA0jnUOY_lB7TLORc3HFabZy7jH6qJhq2WQhBfdKpME1BsLQeuC6E/s1600/YF+STRs.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="YFull menu with link to upload STRs" border="0" data-original-height="116" data-original-width="112" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimO-aedW_VrrPHXuXMSByX_Qw96L79Mk36WOoGNklUOBa4eftUcKylif_e2bROTllqWfyJhgdGeH9JsgAIGNeof5kA0jnUOY_lB7TLORc3HFabZy7jH6qJhq2WQhBfdKpME1BsLQeuC6E/s16000/YF+STRs.jpg" title="YFull Upload STRs" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Upload STRs</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Depending on whether you received your STRs from YSEQ or FTDNA, on the next page either click Upload STRs - FTDNA or Upload STRs -YSEQ:</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVlsgY8lDvNYWzA4E6jHOm7bzIkokW0G8Ysc2DUJlUIWGTmlrvhZvTOaK55lVuVszLQyaXZpOzeg37pKWHdZDWhcufoC02qjpsgxUmBhtw3T_y3PGxEh3Bb-QuqytDp-rlcnSmh3x87Nw/s1600/YF+STR-2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="link to upload STRs to YFull" border="0" data-original-height="112" data-original-width="1145" height="62" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVlsgY8lDvNYWzA4E6jHOm7bzIkokW0G8Ysc2DUJlUIWGTmlrvhZvTOaK55lVuVszLQyaXZpOzeg37pKWHdZDWhcufoC02qjpsgxUmBhtw3T_y3PGxEh3Bb-QuqytDp-rlcnSmh3x87Nw/w640-h62/YF+STR-2.jpg" title="Upload STRs to YFull" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Upload FTDNA or YSEQ STRs</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Notice above that there are two kits in the account. No CSV file of STRs has yet been uploaded for the first kit on the list. The FTDNA CSV file for the second kit has been loaded. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">The green check mark means that the CSV file passed the quality check. The red X is an option to delete the file. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">The Re-upload link is so that you can upload another CSV file if you get any additional STR results for the same kit from FTDNA. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">You can also upload a STR file from YSEQ for the same account. The STR uploads are free.</span><br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">YFull Groups</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">With your STR CSV file uploaded, you will get better results from YFull Groups. "Groups" at YFull are similar to "Projects" at FTDNA. You can submit a request to form a new group by sending an email to YFull. </span><br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Joining a Group</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">To join a YFull group, go to the Others section, and click Groups Y. </span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJAgCkf5vLTkBabyOgvjd6db2g2caNdyxJQP7HbIegaVMNvtXHsQqd869Po_7x2IUrTQngsnCKxSgVGo5gC-YXcFeh-mYHLw6EeqMwxJ_TW82jQlpT_DXn-QiwDVapmsX2YzggweP2sSk/s1600/YF5.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="YFull Groups in menu bar" border="0" data-original-height="621" data-original-width="113" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJAgCkf5vLTkBabyOgvjd6db2g2caNdyxJQP7HbIegaVMNvtXHsQqd869Po_7x2IUrTQngsnCKxSgVGo5gC-YXcFeh-mYHLw6EeqMwxJ_TW82jQlpT_DXn-QiwDVapmsX2YzggweP2sSk/w115-h640/YF5.jpg" title="YFull Y-DNA Groups" width="115" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">YFull Y-DNA Groups</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-size: large;">On the next page, find the group of interest and click the name of that group. You will be taken to the Group page where you can submit a request.</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5I8AEkelgmwdY8lZXHbsSVK7X2ToFDlPtBBOODR4qM1KXBWBL62zj3Q3IZ72PG6y4NCKZ2aBeLBKI0YtmyVXmLaR2C1oY0ly4dmFoKkW9gunXNErhl2KoVe5-Two0l1yYIxPUFrUk-t0/s1600/join.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Click Join request" border="0" data-original-height="61" data-original-width="513" height="76" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5I8AEkelgmwdY8lZXHbsSVK7X2ToFDlPtBBOODR4qM1KXBWBL62zj3Q3IZ72PG6y4NCKZ2aBeLBKI0YtmyVXmLaR2C1oY0ly4dmFoKkW9gunXNErhl2KoVe5-Two0l1yYIxPUFrUk-t0/w640-h76/join.jpg" title="YFull group join request" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Request to join a group</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The Join request form looks like this:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4HO4Jn6vQLxCh2nD0GFmkK5Jw_5AUw35fJRxWmdi_I2k91vj_SBRFKb_Ty9CWZ9jzQluojfrZfd_lMW50ie2ZttjSItvg08e0cWLi9mas1e7o8gKJDs-EiI5J-9DVEcEaUrhukEuVUk0/s1600/join+screen.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Request form to join YFull group" border="0" data-original-height="332" data-original-width="647" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4HO4Jn6vQLxCh2nD0GFmkK5Jw_5AUw35fJRxWmdi_I2k91vj_SBRFKb_Ty9CWZ9jzQluojfrZfd_lMW50ie2ZttjSItvg08e0cWLi9mas1e7o8gKJDs-EiI5J-9DVEcEaUrhukEuVUk0/w640-h328/join+screen.jpg" title="Request to join YFull group" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Request form to join a YFull Group</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: left;">
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<div style="text-align: left;">
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<span style="font-size: large;">Select the correct sample ID [if you have more than one sample in your account], then submit a comment. You do not need to enter a comment. Check the "I agree" box, and click Send. You will receive an email as soon as your request is approved.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Advantages of Groups</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Once you have joined a group, you can see the group results. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Below are the first lines of the results from the R-L21 group. Notice that only twelve markers are displayed. This is the default, but you can display 12, 25, 37, 67, 111 or ALL markers. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Family Tree DNA only displays the first 111 markers in projects because the STRs from the Big Y tests are less reliable than the first 111 markers tested by Sanger testing.</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSW7z6ueM0x2YAnhAP8oiZY2s6Hig4tx_YUiDeX3yDmAPi3L-ldiaq7JZXqO18gQ4YNEoyu9EkZpM0WIuTa084MYFLwOwEMgqgeEyP-luJ3R4CsctqSv_R-pz3o7VKYyCvO5nAMChCO7k/s1600/YF6.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="STRs displayed in YFull group" border="0" data-original-height="517" data-original-width="1267" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSW7z6ueM0x2YAnhAP8oiZY2s6Hig4tx_YUiDeX3yDmAPi3L-ldiaq7JZXqO18gQ4YNEoyu9EkZpM0WIuTa084MYFLwOwEMgqgeEyP-luJ3R4CsctqSv_R-pz3o7VKYyCvO5nAMChCO7k/w640-h260/YF6.jpg" title="STR display in YFull group" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">YFull R-L21 STR results</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Notice above that some of the STRs are missing or questionable in the test results. This means that the NGS test returned reliable results for some positions and not others. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">However, if these were results from Family Tree DNA all of the first twelve markers should have solid results because FTDNA does Sanger testing on the first 111 markers. In the above screen, the people who have missing or questionable results loaded their BAM file, but they did not load their STR file.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">We can display all STRs by clicking the All view button as shown above.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">The results below are some of the additional STRs received from the Big Y-700 test that are not compared at Family Tree DNA.</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFkl06LnHk6dYoIxNM3inubQOVY7Pm339QNEzbq4geBKEV2mWJxBlqBftWSdKibd3zAowSTZyP-DDhXOgIWKUvp065ml-AkLkfp05VSeJOafyBtrgZ7Vfq-PRGomlISBZCzM7HPTiyb28/s1600/YF8.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="YFull comparison of STRs" border="0" data-original-height="564" data-original-width="935" height="386" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFkl06LnHk6dYoIxNM3inubQOVY7Pm339QNEzbq4geBKEV2mWJxBlqBftWSdKibd3zAowSTZyP-DDhXOgIWKUvp065ml-AkLkfp05VSeJOafyBtrgZ7Vfq-PRGomlISBZCzM7HPTiyb28/w640-h386/YF8.jpg" title="YFull comparison of STRs" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">YFull Comparison of all STRs</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">In the above screen we can see that the NGS tests do not return all STRs for all people. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">This is one reason why FTDNA does not compare them, but if so, what is the benefit of showing them at YFull? </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">One reason is that if you discover missing STRs, you may be able to order these from YSEQ and have them added to your account. We will examine this procedure later in this post.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Although FTDNA projects are generally much larger than YFull groups, YFull groups have a few major advantages. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">The first advantage is your ability to contact anyone in the group whose results interest you. [For example, let's say that you see that someone else appears to be an STR match to you, but his test did not show results for many STRs that you have. Has he uploaded his STR file? Would the two of you be willing to do Sanger testing for any STRs that you both agree are particularly important?] </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Simply click the PM (Private Message) envelope icon next to the kit number in the group results. A message screen will pop up:</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTKeQHXolqZzSvDQn2GcR-3kY1XqLF-f4iXpe0dRd16wyZBlipaQvvXSZSkr58Sx2LxjKN-anpHHejq8pKjToIfXd2BhG48gjK0iecvgvDHvDfOGi5BRU5BUOjbGDJVq4xso1hVIpq_5E/s1600/YF7.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="private message screen" border="0" data-original-height="409" data-original-width="799" height="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTKeQHXolqZzSvDQn2GcR-3kY1XqLF-f4iXpe0dRd16wyZBlipaQvvXSZSkr58Sx2LxjKN-anpHHejq8pKjToIfXd2BhG48gjK0iecvgvDHvDfOGi5BRU5BUOjbGDJVq4xso1hVIpq_5E/w640-h326/YF7.jpg" title="Send private message in YFull" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Sending a private message in YFull</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Notice that you are sending a message to Kit YF06227 who is recipient 6227. We do not know this person's name or email address. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">However, once you send the message it will appear in that person's YFull account, and they will have the option to respond. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">A second advantage is that YFull groups have results from not only Family Tree DNA, but also from other companies. This will be increasingly important as the price of Full Genome testing continues to come down. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">More and more people are extracting Y-DNA results from Full Genome tests and uploading the results to YFull. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">In addition, YFull group administrators can add results from scientific studies. See the "Add science sample" below.</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl1-gfKiUCXDcmN6pZx-7c3lOGVAk4WKB1lh1a_e2-D1rrjmXFBkBiME771nf8RcJOBk38QLu8JwfMNb1WJRo7kofykJREcNzMWtXubfxg6HkuZqsvFeckBnvU_G860WmSQdlEsCCBllI/s1600/YF9.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="option to add science sample to YFull group" border="0" data-original-height="92" data-original-width="286" height="128" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl1-gfKiUCXDcmN6pZx-7c3lOGVAk4WKB1lh1a_e2-D1rrjmXFBkBiME771nf8RcJOBk38QLu8JwfMNb1WJRo7kofykJREcNzMWtXubfxg6HkuZqsvFeckBnvU_G860WmSQdlEsCCBllI/w400-h128/YF9.jpg" title="Add science sample to YFull group" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Add science sample to YFull Group</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">A third benefit of YFull groups is the ability to search for SNPs to find everyone in the project who might share your SNP of interest. </span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0WRghU5wiDABP3SEfozu_Zlhs1_-v1Qi7s3f73FEkvbzXnu4UZwBtpWys8IL73ZsTRBOjyBO4fqvoNAeSRTWfd_fu8DLPCia1oRGRO-ic8hKQ7xgMXuOYXYGRNmP0ZxbHfZ7qShyphenhyphen35Os/s1600/Search+for+Y-SNPs.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="search for snips in YFull group" border="0" data-original-height="108" data-original-width="264" height="162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0WRghU5wiDABP3SEfozu_Zlhs1_-v1Qi7s3f73FEkvbzXnu4UZwBtpWys8IL73ZsTRBOjyBO4fqvoNAeSRTWfd_fu8DLPCia1oRGRO-ic8hKQ7xgMXuOYXYGRNmP0ZxbHfZ7qShyphenhyphen35Os/w400-h162/Search+for+Y-SNPs.jpg" title="YFull search for SNPs" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Search for SNPs</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">You can search by SNP name using the Y-Results tab or by position number using the Y-Browser tab. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Although the Group's scientific samples may not show in the STR table (because the STRs were not included in the scientific report), they will show up in the SNP search. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Searching by "View Y-SNPs", people who have the SNP we're looking for will show up in the results list with a + sign like this:</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6MF4OnWB-GTsS3ld3ICI1IhmVCI6wZaedf_y2WQbx-3qPo6wodfSNVAKCW2_yQDCXr6M6QqLPpdkHk7ftwk5JXoc-xfFAYgUu_kh1XLJUWx-wAqa0H9HGVIG1fuZbZsi2YmABDYJvpBM/s1600/Positive+SNPS.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="display of positive snips" border="0" data-original-height="23" data-original-width="135" height="68" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6MF4OnWB-GTsS3ld3ICI1IhmVCI6wZaedf_y2WQbx-3qPo6wodfSNVAKCW2_yQDCXr6M6QqLPpdkHk7ftwk5JXoc-xfFAYgUu_kh1XLJUWx-wAqa0H9HGVIG1fuZbZsi2YmABDYJvpBM/w400-h68/Positive+SNPS.jpg" title="Search by SNP in YFull Group" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Positive SNPs</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Of course, if any SNP is one of particular interest, we could send a Private Message to another person who has this SNP.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The results will be less likely to show positive results when searching for something like an ambiguous novel SNP. Using the Y-Browser, we searched by position. The results will show every sample in the Group. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Only the first three results are shown in the image below:</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAjcgOcgyiqlefsluz1RGGwT9Jxxf-S9irCu8UJGJZWSuzyrY5xXVMENNTiUmJ9Go4Ayg0_AjGTYxm47aPmv0IPPUUjZwBLsXiFHP8G7rPrtReoR2Jo08ymFyqdq89A5tBK2z2MS0yg1Q/s1600/Search+by+position.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="search by position number in YFull group" border="0" data-original-height="237" data-original-width="174" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAjcgOcgyiqlefsluz1RGGwT9Jxxf-S9irCu8UJGJZWSuzyrY5xXVMENNTiUmJ9Go4Ayg0_AjGTYxm47aPmv0IPPUUjZwBLsXiFHP8G7rPrtReoR2Jo08ymFyqdq89A5tBK2z2MS0yg1Q/w293-h400/Search+by+position.jpg" title="Search by position in YFull Group" width="293" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Search by Position number</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;">These results show that the Reference Sequence had an A at position 14239619. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">The first ID had a N which means this position had no reads in the Big Y test.</span><span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">The second ID had an Error. The error is because the position had only two reads, and they were both T. </span><span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">The third ID is a scientific sample. The sample had an A in this position. If we hover the mouse over the A, we can see that this position was read five times in the test.</span></div><div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">The ability in Groups to search by SNPs is another tool that can verify SNPs and find variants that can identify recent lineages.</span><br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">What if I have taken more than one test?</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">One really great thing about YFull is the ability to load several test results for the same person. Your previous results do not disappear. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">For example, I ordered a Big Y test for a kit in 2017. In 2019, I ordered the Big Y-700. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Big Y-700 is an entirely new test, not just an upgrade from the previous Big Y. YFull indicates multiple tests for the same kit on their tree. The new kit is displayed along with the old kit number.</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifglJa2L-xrtIebmM-SlUOofe0j1fMn62yS-yS5U7f1CJT1H2J1IJpe84H2cTVCA5lTQsrJHchMl26163vFSdiOblHq8uqK5OZznyNNZcd0kja6aDTT8kfl0AXYFOZowg1jzw9Wwl-SVE/s1600/YFull+two+tests.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="notation showing two files submitted for same person" border="0" data-original-height="42" data-original-width="185" height="88" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifglJa2L-xrtIebmM-SlUOofe0j1fMn62yS-yS5U7f1CJT1H2J1IJpe84H2cTVCA5lTQsrJHchMl26163vFSdiOblHq8uqK5OZznyNNZcd0kja6aDTT8kfl0AXYFOZowg1jzw9Wwl-SVE/w400-h88/YFull+two+tests.jpg" title="Two files submitted for same person on YFull Tree" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Two YFull kits for the same person</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">When the Big Y-700 test was finished in 2019, Family Tree DNA removed the original Big Y test results and replaced them with the Big Y-700. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">With the results from the first test gone, there is no way to compare the two. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">But at YFull, the original test remains and can be compared to the linked Big Y-700 results. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">I have also ordered a Full Genome test from Dante Labs. When those results come in, I can compare all three tests. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">If we click Comparisons in the YFull menu, we can see the following Statistics tab that compares the original Big Y to the Big Y-700 test for this kit. The original Big Y was aligned to hg19 [this was before the Big Y-500 test], and the new results were aligned to hg38:</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI70JfvHcTANawLKBAj7KUbWBwHnpJ2yInRGGaOLtA3f4s_MXK2ThviFDurojOVn-ZMVrQy6YwHvrmhE8hgxi6m0JSpSmduqPuCLJ9CBPMjjnxohxWnAh8deBmf7Wtb1aRbWRgOTqxbnI/s1600/YF-Comp1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Big Y-500 and Big Y-700 comparison" border="0" data-original-height="654" data-original-width="1263" height="330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI70JfvHcTANawLKBAj7KUbWBwHnpJ2yInRGGaOLtA3f4s_MXK2ThviFDurojOVn-ZMVrQy6YwHvrmhE8hgxi6m0JSpSmduqPuCLJ9CBPMjjnxohxWnAh8deBmf7Wtb1aRbWRgOTqxbnI/w640-h330/YF-Comp1.jpg" title="Big Y-500 and Big Y-700 Statistics" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Big Y vs Big Y-700</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">The Novel SNPs tab below is especially fascinating. Position by position we see the hg19 and hg38 position numbers, all names that have been given to each SNP, and the calls from the two tests. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">We can hover the cursor over any item to see an explanation. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">For example, hovering the cursor over the green 1 shows that this is a Best quality SNP.</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiztaqnYcCQNlah1Q5BGCjV2Knurn3dBgcmX1bS5m4cjJ9yVkyMtJm5KPEUKuPWNgrB0HLe63XGWSuXbu37-K15paNAUzeaqtqapjRwHyB_MkWiJxZ7AwkCqMUE3LtZE5NsdamicPzncsE/s1600/YF-Comp2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="YFull novel snip comparison" border="0" data-original-height="650" data-original-width="1250" height="332" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiztaqnYcCQNlah1Q5BGCjV2Knurn3dBgcmX1bS5m4cjJ9yVkyMtJm5KPEUKuPWNgrB0HLe63XGWSuXbu37-K15paNAUzeaqtqapjRwHyB_MkWiJxZ7AwkCqMUE3LtZE5NsdamicPzncsE/w640-h332/YF-Comp2.jpg" title="YFull novel SNP comparison" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Novel SNP comparison between Big Y test and Big Y-700 test</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">We want to examine one of these positions that was discovered in the Big Y-700 test but not in the original Big Y. Click on the yellow magnifier.</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkucCkstT0uuwydCYqFqkYeMyxszoPrAPSpyyAv96k8CtpJ1y8pD_tE0_HoUT15pF-BtHUF3N5qgEPidUFrBEH314qa6ustBJKxm2gz4MUo-32spjDZeI0y3aiJx2sOx-GAeatr5t67CE/s1600/YF-Comp3.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="new SNP discovered in Big Y-700" border="0" data-original-height="635" data-original-width="1251" height="324" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkucCkstT0uuwydCYqFqkYeMyxszoPrAPSpyyAv96k8CtpJ1y8pD_tE0_HoUT15pF-BtHUF3N5qgEPidUFrBEH314qa6ustBJKxm2gz4MUo-32spjDZeI0y3aiJx2sOx-GAeatr5t67CE/w640-h324/YF-Comp3.jpg" title="Big Y-500 to Big Y-700 comparison" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"> New SNP discovered in Big Y-700</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">We can see that although this position was not discovered in the original Big Y, it was read 28 times in the Big Y-700 and has been given the SNP name FT85878.</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcHOtEavZlifZRfompdr4umqyE5lCNGArQkJxhqhTSnsKNbs7dJvHNdYtwMtk4r8QmMkjSKaKc1dztMRTz1O7v-RYFFVUF03fh58jOKgfyftKEFEtb9zc9uokN_DaKpZfisqQDynMJkLk/s1600/YF-Comp4.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="new SNP details" border="0" data-original-height="327" data-original-width="843" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcHOtEavZlifZRfompdr4umqyE5lCNGArQkJxhqhTSnsKNbs7dJvHNdYtwMtk4r8QmMkjSKaKc1dztMRTz1O7v-RYFFVUF03fh58jOKgfyftKEFEtb9zc9uokN_DaKpZfisqQDynMJkLk/w640-h248/YF-Comp4.jpg" title="Display of SNP in BAM File" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">More information about newly-discovered SNP</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">We can also compare the STRs from the two tests. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">The STR name is on the left, then the STR results from the first Big Y test for this kit, and finally the results for the same kit from the Big Y-700 test (the column on the far right). </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Notice that on this first screen the STR results are the same for both tests:</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhioZYSseXjccKRG787I6Z3vpCPrxFNWyEGxcih-keyFeaKiDUUqJmqw8qpKubFFGtJB3A3EeOKyBIDd-deohcFdXFbH4N2mhX7ySk2LS6QCFYOYmXaI4yhULu4dTW7_FKAoTiiROg4MA/s1600/Comp5.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Big-Y STR comparison chart" border="0" data-original-height="411" data-original-width="1240" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhioZYSseXjccKRG787I6Z3vpCPrxFNWyEGxcih-keyFeaKiDUUqJmqw8qpKubFFGtJB3A3EeOKyBIDd-deohcFdXFbH4N2mhX7ySk2LS6QCFYOYmXaI4yhULu4dTW7_FKAoTiiROg4MA/w640-h212/Comp5.jpg" title="Big Y-500 and Big Y-700 comparison" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Compare Big Y and Big Y-700 STRs</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">However, as we move further down, we can see that they are not all the same:</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVfssAihQCaIZwxCYXWN9sABWhpI6IbFSDlu44rTZ2QnWOe1zKbI-imEYTcIVZuAaFCjqcZF0Tx9o5sk3yrZxUP8_bcKKJgKkgDe3J_sbj6-D5rvELHzugCslseM_uiRk20WJSugDrSho/s1600/Comp6.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="missing STRs in two versions of test" border="0" data-original-height="175" data-original-width="1085" height="102" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVfssAihQCaIZwxCYXWN9sABWhpI6IbFSDlu44rTZ2QnWOe1zKbI-imEYTcIVZuAaFCjqcZF0Tx9o5sk3yrZxUP8_bcKKJgKkgDe3J_sbj6-D5rvELHzugCslseM_uiRk20WJSugDrSho/w640-h102/Comp6.jpg" title="YFull STR comparison" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Missing STRs in two versions of Big Y tests</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">In the above screen there were results for some markers in my original Big Y test [the second to last column], but no results for the same markers in the most recent Big Y-700 test. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">The same is true with the new test showing results for some markers that the older test did not. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Without being able to compare the two tests at YFull, I would not know about the missing results at any position. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">But I what can I do about it? I may be able to order a test for a specific STR at YSEQ.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">YSEQ STRs</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">YSEQ can test a single STR or a panel of STRs. To order a single STR, click STRs in the menu on the left of the screen, then search to see if the STR is available for testing.</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtr6GElm_evkGplQ22Ni84XH7e4pAy5UdVGfB_-6zmfHiEly3Tk4Sr865UK24kR7l0paIltn1bBwhmurPRBrgieDIDphl1TAGjiZkmBUqmZXxI24nRiwls-BzlozJBrCDd09BRrpWfCVc/s1600/Yseq+STRs.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="YSEQ STRs" border="0" data-original-height="359" data-original-width="955" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtr6GElm_evkGplQ22Ni84XH7e4pAy5UdVGfB_-6zmfHiEly3Tk4Sr865UK24kR7l0paIltn1bBwhmurPRBrgieDIDphl1TAGjiZkmBUqmZXxI24nRiwls-BzlozJBrCDd09BRrpWfCVc/w640-h240/Yseq+STRs.jpg" title="YSEQ STRs" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">YSEQ STRs</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">We can order a test for the DYS518 STR that was discovered in the original Big Y test, but lost in the Big Y-700:</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9Z_ukS3z2HRCaSTgl5o_e2Pwd1lILKx2jMH3bgimUmGNgjsxlaLvOGdBrSk_K8MB4pCO9ngwInID4WvTJcIzsTcrjAmKLxOx8dq_ORrrzKx2IguNR7W3T0hT0AOcHoACef3plvsh6pRg/s1600/Yseq+STR.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="order YSEQ STR" border="0" data-original-height="74" data-original-width="631" height="73" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9Z_ukS3z2HRCaSTgl5o_e2Pwd1lILKx2jMH3bgimUmGNgjsxlaLvOGdBrSk_K8MB4pCO9ngwInID4WvTJcIzsTcrjAmKLxOx8dq_ORrrzKx2IguNR7W3T0hT0AOcHoACef3plvsh6pRg/w640-h73/Yseq+STR.jpg" title="Order YSEQ STR" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Order YSEQ STR </span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Once you have received STR results from YSEQ, you can upload them to YFull and add them to the results you already uploaded. First click Upload STRs:</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI3UmxMxIL8U8N9LmkrIvmba9t0SUy-BiMerw6wJIGTf2NC-R2OTBL7fIVRhnQiNALSxzShk3C3U6sy2n0FnIQPKKC1RoDr22re9eF4d5J_yqgjucyQxOycxPR3fMI2kqpDE7TtJePZ0A/s1600/YF+STRs.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="upload STRs to YFull" border="0" data-original-height="116" data-original-width="112" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI3UmxMxIL8U8N9LmkrIvmba9t0SUy-BiMerw6wJIGTf2NC-R2OTBL7fIVRhnQiNALSxzShk3C3U6sy2n0FnIQPKKC1RoDr22re9eF4d5J_yqgjucyQxOycxPR3fMI2kqpDE7TtJePZ0A/w192-h200/YF+STRs.jpg" title="Upload STRs to YFull" width="192" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Upload STRs to YFull</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Now click UPLOAD STRs-YSEQ:</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVlsgY8lDvNYWzA4E6jHOm7bzIkokW0G8Ysc2DUJlUIWGTmlrvhZvTOaK55lVuVszLQyaXZpOzeg37pKWHdZDWhcufoC02qjpsgxUmBhtw3T_y3PGxEh3Bb-QuqytDp-rlcnSmh3x87Nw/s1600/YF+STR-2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="upload YSEQ STRs" border="0" data-original-height="112" data-original-width="1145" height="62" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVlsgY8lDvNYWzA4E6jHOm7bzIkokW0G8Ysc2DUJlUIWGTmlrvhZvTOaK55lVuVszLQyaXZpOzeg37pKWHdZDWhcufoC02qjpsgxUmBhtw3T_y3PGxEh3Bb-QuqytDp-rlcnSmh3x87Nw/w640-h62/YF+STR-2.jpg" title="Upload YSEQ STRs" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Upload YSEQ STRs</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The ability to combine STRs from FTDNA and from YSEQ is wonderful.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">SUMMARY: Why should I upload to YFull? </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Here are 10 reasons</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Although we did not cover all of the benefits of YFull including SNP matches, STR matches outside of projects, estimating the dates when SNPs occurred, and many others, here are ten benefits that we did discuss:</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">1</span><span style="font-size: large;">. You will not be charged for your upload until the results are ready, and you can add mtDNA Full Sequence results and multiple STR files for the same person at no additional charge.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">2. You can find additional information about your private variants including the names that have been given to this variant, the region of the Y-chromosome where it appears, whether it is available for Sanger testing at YSEQ, and more.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">3. You can compare your results to people who tested at other companies.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div>
<span style="font-size: large;">4. You can compare your own results from different NGS or Full Genomes tests you've taken.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">5. YFull Groups can display and compare all STRs (not just the first 111).</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">6. You can find SNP matches in YFull Groups, not for just your terminal SNP, but for any named or unnamed variant.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">7. You can contact other people in your YFull Groups.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div>
<span style="font-size: large;">8. If you discover questionable SNPs or STRs in your NGS test, you can verify them at YSEQ and add them to your test results. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">9. If some SNPs or STRs did not appear in your test results at all, you can order new SNPs or STRs from FTDNA or YSEQ and add them to your results.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">10. Your results will not be wiped out, no matter how many versions of the same test you take.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">You get a new, more comprehensive interpretation of your data. The benefits increase as YFull adds more features and more people submit results. Please seriously consider adding your results to YFull.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Update: See <a href="https://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2020/07/advantages-of-submitting-to-yfull-part-2.html" target="_blank">Advantages of submitting to YFull - Part 2</a></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><b>What's next?</b> </div></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">YFull is not just great for finding out more about your Y-DNA. You can also make great matches with mitochondrial DNA for your maternal line. See <a href="https://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2020/08/mitochondrial-dna-mtdna-at-yfull.html">How to make matches with Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)</a>. </span></div><div><br /></div><div>
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<br /></div>Linda Jonashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00245944818580411111noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7064587737424586464.post-34587367781925181782019-05-19T23:52:00.002-04:002019-05-19T23:52:35.083-04:00What unites people?<br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;">What unites people? Armies, gold, flags? STORIES. </span><span style="font-size: x-large;">There's nothing in the world more powerful than a good story. Nothing can stop it. No enemy can defeat it. . . . [You] are our memory, the keeper of all our stories: the wars, weddings, births, massacres, famines, our triumphs, our defeats, our past. Who better to lead us into the future?</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Tyrion Lannister</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-large;">To family historians: Never forget how important your work is.</span>Linda Jonashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00245944818580411111noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7064587737424586464.post-68129701760079826262019-02-21T15:00:00.039-05:002021-05-24T04:59:58.195-04:00Y-DNA: Big Y test resolves STRs and convergence<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">The Big Y </span><span style="font-size: large;">test can </span><span style="font-size: large;">resolve a Y-DNA problem when STRs alone cannot tell you what you need to answer </span><span style="font-size: large;">your genealogical questions. </span><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">In this blog post we will start with the standard Y-DNA testing advice, then examine how your strategy might have to change if your results are not showing matches to others with your surname. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">This particular case will show how you might see false Y-DNA matches because of a process called convergence.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">If you are new to Y-DNA testing, please read this post about <a href="https://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2017/10/y-dna-strs-snps-and-haplogroups.html" target="_blank">STRs, SNPs, and haplogroups</a>. It will open in a new window so that you won't lose your place here.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Standard Y-DNA testing advice</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Here's what generally true about STRs and SNPs:</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">1. Start with STR testing. If you have too many, or not enough matches, upgrade the number of STRs to narrow down your list of matches, find new matches, and better determine your Y-DNA relationships. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">2. Use SNP testing to trace your family further in time. SNPs are primarily for older genealogical relationships, but can be brought into the genealogical time frame. Because SNPs generally occur less frequently than STRs, use STRs to refine the relationship.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Our Case Study:</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">More STRs do not always mean fewer matches</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">I initially tested a Mullins cousin with a 37-marker STR test from Family Tree DNA. He is a descendant of James Mullins who was first located in Rutherford County, North Carolina. James was listed in earlier census records as James McMullins and later as J</span><span style="font-size: large;">ames Mullins. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Over the years, I gradually upgraded the Y-DNA tests of Mr. Mullins, the descendant of James. His Y-DNA results take what is generally accepted about SNPs vs. STRs and turns it on its head.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>37-marker STR test: Lots of matches</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">At 37 markers, Mullins had an astonishing 1804 matches:</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-2NehI2EyUUm6l4dp7iipxgDxZRdP-8AGkZDJCPgtZXpW_kC10JIKFU4pbllD4UWf4hnYsCF16iSvwXnFsMxsFD0-DbojMej1XoK1mcgkAMzMqDretUhbDaAJRkbdYsznitGTkyVbxq4/s1600/Mullins+37.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="37-marker STR matches" border="0" data-original-height="601" data-original-width="884" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-2NehI2EyUUm6l4dp7iipxgDxZRdP-8AGkZDJCPgtZXpW_kC10JIKFU4pbllD4UWf4hnYsCF16iSvwXnFsMxsFD0-DbojMej1XoK1mcgkAMzMqDretUhbDaAJRkbdYsznitGTkyVbxq4/s640/Mullins+37.jpg" title="37-marker STR matches" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">37-marker STR test: 1804 matches</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Notice that there are a wide variety of surnames in the match list. This is obviously not caused by the usual "non-paternity event" or NPE, which means that one of the ancestors was not the natural-born son of the man who raised him. This many surnames and the large number of matches is due to convergence.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>What is convergence? </b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Convergence in DNA is when mutations make it appear that two people are more closely related than they really are. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Let's see an example of this using two ancestral lines that we will call A and B. We will examine only one marker. One of your ancestors, Mr. A, had a value of 19 at DYS570. An unrelated man, Mr. B, who lived at the same time as your ancestor, had a value of 16 at that marker. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">In a more recent generation of the A family, the 19 mutated to 18. In an even more recent generation, the 18 further mutated to a 17. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">In the meantime, in the B family ancestral line, the value at DYS570 only mutated once, from a 16 to a 17. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Today the descendants in the A and B family both have a 17 at DYS570. At that one marker the two families now appear to be more closely related than they really are. They share different surnames, yet have identical values at that marker. Again, this is due to convergence, not a non-paternity event. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Finding matching surnames</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">As we saw above, Mullins had lots of matches, but we didn't immediately see anybody named Mullins or any variation of that name. We can search by surname to find a specific name. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">In the Y-DNA Matches, you will see a section to filter your matches. In the the Filter Matches section, I entered the first few letters of the surname McMullins, which is a variation of the surname Mullins.</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC-KTLZDkJbUvMslsyRszLxk1x1CMz-ItW76veGlKSGgbre6L2D7M3hPCw_6_yXS7f8teMWRI9riQKS3Zk2C8Xs13LonW4pM7pErBcsfqeIFGdWtRmvzVf-040Hx-g0DKDwNDDa61L4tk/s1600/McMul-37.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="search Y-DNA by surname" border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="1014" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC-KTLZDkJbUvMslsyRszLxk1x1CMz-ItW76veGlKSGgbre6L2D7M3hPCw_6_yXS7f8teMWRI9riQKS3Zk2C8Xs13LonW4pM7pErBcsfqeIFGdWtRmvzVf-040Hx-g0DKDwNDDa61L4tk/s640/McMul-37.jpg" title="Search by surname" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Filter by surname</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Out of the previous 1804 matches, only one man has this surname. He is a genetic distance of 4 at 37 markers. He has a family tree as indicated by the family tree symbol under his name.</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7P1FqpyYpT3v96MEK9Y3MDqIQtFbk8bElp8SNcWUALxT86rC_e-Af7YMDcNGJ7UKHsjQ8ImtL2wM9HcyI0YCybe126BtJJnbyszXK3SpM7WLEDGfv0TK7rrRWaB3-brWsYow_TKdu52Q/s1600/mcmullin.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="61" data-original-width="224" height="174" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7P1FqpyYpT3v96MEK9Y3MDqIQtFbk8bElp8SNcWUALxT86rC_e-Af7YMDcNGJ7UKHsjQ8ImtL2wM9HcyI0YCybe126BtJJnbyszXK3SpM7WLEDGfv0TK7rrRWaB3-brWsYow_TKdu52Q/s640/mcmullin.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Family Tree symbol</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">His ancestors are from County Cavan, Ireland.<b></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Now we will filter the matches by just "Mul" to find any variations of Mullins, Mullens, etc.</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdRZaEyfzRz8SzTF60W4mEJzxR2o8zTk4EowxMDhGlqq8SU_XLUZA8FacP5iMRLePdD2JB3sa499GRaDBUps5ahAWKtuo6xdM4B7JzZ7xuVY03F6HHDvug3FUgYlNKRAsdPuxIqhvwwDQ/s1600/mul+37.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Filter DNA matches by surname" border="0" data-original-height="620" data-original-width="893" height="444" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdRZaEyfzRz8SzTF60W4mEJzxR2o8zTk4EowxMDhGlqq8SU_XLUZA8FacP5iMRLePdD2JB3sa499GRaDBUps5ahAWKtuo6xdM4B7JzZ7xuVY03F6HHDvug3FUgYlNKRAsdPuxIqhvwwDQ/s640/mul+37.jpg" title="Filter DNA matches by surname" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">One Mullins match</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">There was only one Mullins, and again, he has a family tree. His ancestor is from Rutherford County, North Carolina. This looks promising because our ancestor James Mullins also lived in that county. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Notice also that next to the family tree symbol you will see what tests this man has taken at Family Tree DNA. This Mullins man has taken the 37-marker Y-DNA and the Family Finder tests.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b> </b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Because neither Mr. McMullin or Mr. Mullins have tested more than 37 markers, I will not see either of these men in a </span><span style="font-size: large;">match list at 67 markers. However, I expect that if I order 67 markers, I will see a more manageable list of matches than </span><span style="font-size: large;">a list of 1804 men. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">How many fewer matches will I see? Further, will ordering 67 markers show new Mullins matches that do not appear in the 37-marker list? </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">I definitely wanted to find out, so I ordered an upgrade to 67 markers. The results shocked me.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>67-marker STR test: Even more matches</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">After ordering 67 markers, the number of matches went up, not down as we would normally expect. I now saw 2631 matches with all kinds of surnames.</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4LIXum5MmfJlFNKaTOGoS1xLFV_hVe_N9Zc1g_5z-3pgyBiZpY-ZBbHZQLVa7Lng4S-4hfrUTlSrfIWuy4Scs_SKTix2vItA7guur47tkc-G_pHCBAJ2_kFwcQKo-gFEBT2ioqR5_LhY/s1600/mullins+67.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="67 marker match list" border="0" data-original-height="466" data-original-width="1009" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4LIXum5MmfJlFNKaTOGoS1xLFV_hVe_N9Zc1g_5z-3pgyBiZpY-ZBbHZQLVa7Lng4S-4hfrUTlSrfIWuy4Scs_SKTix2vItA7guur47tkc-G_pHCBAJ2_kFwcQKo-gFEBT2ioqR5_LhY/s640/mullins+67.jpg" title="67-marker match list" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">67 markers: 2631 matches</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Filtering by surname, I find four new McMullin men. </span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivZglDcnqmL-6hMqHjHygnTfLxNl02LN8-8hE1D9A6kKMV7nEfI9A1vo6f0CfUJroxwL4wW7kv6-Zpecmk9AaiiZWdWlAiytmRa-_xUeriBJFmaB4s_2ZRLDH9cIuwibp0I_nJd9_b-kk/s1600/McMul-67.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="381" data-original-width="1011" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivZglDcnqmL-6hMqHjHygnTfLxNl02LN8-8hE1D9A6kKMV7nEfI9A1vo6f0CfUJroxwL4wW7kv6-Zpecmk9AaiiZWdWlAiytmRa-_xUeriBJFmaB4s_2ZRLDH9cIuwibp0I_nJd9_b-kk/s640/McMul-67.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">McMullin results</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Why didn't they show up in the 37-marker results? The answer has to do with the criteria used by Family Tree DNA to determine a match. You can find an explanation of what FTDNA considers to be a relevant match here: </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/learn/general/what-is-a-relevant-match/" target="_blank">https://www.familytreedna.com/learn/general/what-is-a-relevant-match/</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">This tells us that any matches at the 37-marker level must have a genetic distance of four or fewer. At 67 markers, the match must have a genetic distance of seven or fewer. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">So, if a person was a genetic distance of 7 at 37 markers, he would not show up as a match. But if no additional mutations occurred at the 38-67 marker level, he would show up as a match at 67 markers. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">It is very useful for people to join surname, haplogroup, and other projects so that we can see the actual mutations and where they occurred.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Using the same 67-marker match list, we will now look </span><span style="font-size: large;">for surnames that start with "mul." We again see several new matches that were not on the 37-marker match list.</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQCrDBKhRlVziY4y-1bjx8T00UK-ZOyiYmGN-eSplA4YTYFOpxp2wwbYkP5TJTY9C6HiUUgVpseS4SWPiY72Y592k_qfYCibzh7oswhou8urPyBTQXPP0yxszvkWBl1T5QVDSi8uDSsZ0/s1600/mul-67.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Muatching surnames beginning with M U L" border="0" data-original-height="495" data-original-width="1004" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQCrDBKhRlVziY4y-1bjx8T00UK-ZOyiYmGN-eSplA4YTYFOpxp2wwbYkP5TJTY9C6HiUUgVpseS4SWPiY72Y592k_qfYCibzh7oswhou8urPyBTQXPP0yxszvkWBl1T5QVDSi8uDSsZ0/w640-h314/mul-67.jpg" title="Matching surnames beginning with "Mul"" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">"Mul" results</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Now I was so curious to know what would happen at 111 markers that I upgraded again.</span><br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><b>111-marker STR test proves that SNP testing is necessary</b></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">At 111 markers, the number of matches went down to 195. This is partially due to the fact that far fewer people ordered testing at this level.</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB431Z_WHXBcvLAnC1K9hXc2W-B5np7ObecapNb-LMI-wPBSlv2YkeYplgfe8XDMJOJRzmgD3NxvKGBIb_IQKy3kIsliIOdp2jdJxtlZ9yf3as96FvYtdMVa8-Kwn6tCq_vhCApvQ36qQ/s1600/mullins+111.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="List of matches at 111 markers" border="0" data-original-height="992" data-original-width="1007" height="630" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB431Z_WHXBcvLAnC1K9hXc2W-B5np7ObecapNb-LMI-wPBSlv2YkeYplgfe8XDMJOJRzmgD3NxvKGBIb_IQKy3kIsliIOdp2jdJxtlZ9yf3as96FvYtdMVa8-Kwn6tCq_vhCApvQ36qQ/w640-h630/mullins+111.jpg" title="111-marker matches" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">111 markers: 195 matches</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">66 of the 195 men had taken the Big Y-500 test [I had to count them], but their haplogroups were very different. Here's just a sample:</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhftppoFgweKb3Fphxb1puIlO91tMG9KgMW7cOc1qZvZBAjg-OOZwH9mFmFin2Z45oEvZGgv5tZTWlObLujk-jgsk12L-evjBQqpmnUn-5y1_4rBV2uNUQ1a_HcUDKS6Erdkv7kyBpFGsU/s1600/Match+haplogroups.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="STR match but not SNP match" border="0" data-original-height="159" data-original-width="978" height="104" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhftppoFgweKb3Fphxb1puIlO91tMG9KgMW7cOc1qZvZBAjg-OOZwH9mFmFin2Z45oEvZGgv5tZTWlObLujk-jgsk12L-evjBQqpmnUn-5y1_4rBV2uNUQ1a_HcUDKS6Erdkv7kyBpFGsU/s640/Match+haplogroups.jpg" title="STR match but not SNP match" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Different haplogroups in men who ordered Big Y</span></td></tr>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Time to change strategy</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Normally, we encourage our matches to upgrade their STRs to help with finding common ancestry. But in haplogroups with high levels of convergence, upgrading STRs may not </span><span style="font-size: large;">provide any as</span><span style="font-size: large;">sistance. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">111 </span><span style="font-size: large;">STRs had not helped with finding a common Mullins ancestor, and the only thing that will prove relationships in this case is </span><span style="font-size: large;">SNP testing. </span><span style="font-size: large;">SNPs do not mutate back and forth the way STRs do, so SNPs are much more stable. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">It was pretty obvious to me by looking at the various haplogroups that Mr. Mullins belonged somewhere within haplogroup R-M222 which is known for large numbers of matches due to convergence. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">I</span><span style="font-size: large;"> was not going to bother with ordering a s</span><span style="font-size: large;">ingle SNP, or even a SNP Pack, to confirm this because what I really wanted to find were modern SNPs that could bring me into the genealogical time period. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">If I ordered the Big Y-500 [recently renamed the Big Y-700] test, how many of these men would be real matches? We're about to find out.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Examining the Big Y test</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">The initial results of the Big Y-500 test showed a terminal haplogroup of R-FGC57769 with four matches:</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFscstEIw_v6U7M1h7xKX_iyy4Ac-hCgp_JUBAGNDr5_V9d6D00GXeavmp_4u3UsNfGQzlTZLm3WY7E99X55-7TPNxsf5mb5W7VRtefPEggRa7UCaPb7L8ndfB8rNzJVFAJMaOeoJ3uYE/s1600/mullins+initial+haplogroup2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Big Y matching tab" border="0" data-original-height="575" data-original-width="1255" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFscstEIw_v6U7M1h7xKX_iyy4Ac-hCgp_JUBAGNDr5_V9d6D00GXeavmp_4u3UsNfGQzlTZLm3WY7E99X55-7TPNxsf5mb5W7VRtefPEggRa7UCaPb7L8ndfB8rNzJVFAJMaOeoJ3uYE/s640/mullins+initial+haplogroup2.jpg" title="Big Y Matching tab" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Big Y Matching tab</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The Unnamed Variants tab showed that Mr. Mullins had 10 variants that had not yet been given SNP names.</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu0hV9Mz5Gj-QpCdVTi7wvsXxWkuMoCfG62ymsGoPZR6JGAXOTfj7kglwwu8axaojtIVTd6CGwXctxHAVmXpFwCpMHhmLgDoqGf8NiGYpJGmOOVbzs8iA-4yVt7bKvA0W-yLVgBn4fG3o/s1600/mullins+unnamed+variants.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Big Y Unnamed Variants" border="0" data-original-height="478" data-original-width="1261" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu0hV9Mz5Gj-QpCdVTi7wvsXxWkuMoCfG62ymsGoPZR6JGAXOTfj7kglwwu8axaojtIVTd6CGwXctxHAVmXpFwCpMHhmLgDoqGf8NiGYpJGmOOVbzs8iA-4yVt7bKvA0W-yLVgBn4fG3o/s640/mullins+unnamed+variants.jpg" title="Big Y Unnamed Variants" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Big Y Unnamed Variants tab</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="font-size: large;">After the initial results are in, Family Tree DNA does a manual review to check for any new SNPs that have not yet been named. This usually occurs within a few weeks. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">After the manual review, there was only one match. These two men formed a new haplogroup, R-BY66397.</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Big Y matches" border="0" data-original-height="463" data-original-width="1119" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-MnIQ5DgCA4TQaCHCIHaceldLaYrGSYXe7QAijsw5_sa6IA3GY-SS6sM7Nx2yfRKLbPIjYE95-90j2HinOKYADBKk9TSrZRQu0krt3pzLtyTQNwUPgqie6REYV1WMdngbVYuzByZ9e8w/s640/mullins+revised+haplogroup.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Big Y Matching tab" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">New Big Y Matching results</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: large;">After FTDNA's manual review, you may want to download your results. You can store them on your computer and transfer them to other databases. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">There is a blue Download Raw Data link. Be sure to request the BAM file.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Big Y Block Tree</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">You can see more detail about how the haplogroup changed by clicking on the Big Y Block Tree. You can access the Block Tree in the Big Y section of your homepage:</span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTIo9D_iYSSyx34Vg0W_ToRfnKTVwgkR2Pdz5mN1AhvTe5jqjhnjp4eVldlz_cawSelGj6fz9FVxbaFvk6JDekigH-431LXZlTO9EZzRhGyifX2VVQFJid84tEpeKFYweXbp7WuXT7sd4/s1600/block+tree.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Big Y Block Tree" border="0" data-original-height="103" data-original-width="670" height="98" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTIo9D_iYSSyx34Vg0W_ToRfnKTVwgkR2Pdz5mN1AhvTe5jqjhnjp4eVldlz_cawSelGj6fz9FVxbaFvk6JDekigH-431LXZlTO9EZzRhGyifX2VVQFJid84tEpeKFYweXbp7WuXT7sd4/s640/block+tree.jpg" title="Big Y Block Tree" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Click on Block Tree</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Once you have clicked on Block Tree, you will be taken to your position in the tree. You can easily move up and down the tree and see details about various levels of the tree. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Below we are seeing the position on the tree for Mr. Mullins. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In Haplogroup R-FGC</span><span style="font-size: large;">57769 there are currently a total of five men: Mr. Mullins (not shown because these are his matches), Mr. O'Brien, Mr. Martin, Mr. Carr, and Mr. Herberg. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">On the left, Martin and Carr are in their</span><span style="font-size: large;"> own haplogroup named R-FGC57762. They </span><span style="font-size: large;">share three named SNPs: FGC57762, FGC57770, and FGC57771. They also have an average of five private variants each. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In the middle we see the newly-formed haplogroup R-BY66397. This is the haplogroup of Mr. Mullins. We </span><span style="font-size: large;">see his one match in this group. The tree shows that below R-BY66397 there are an average of eight private variants between Mr. Mullins and his match Mr. O'Brien. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mr. Herberg, on the right, currently has no matches below Haplogroup R-FGC57769. When he does, he and his match will form a new haplogroup.</span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX76VVjQFBUvZ2B_Ph3Wlz8auz_ey_ghOCbOTD1IWnKrq068DyUgUaE8xdC0sxSeYN_34Q2g_y05hq73aEu_05tn1nG64QhRB9TbrwU1zE_BgwDKKFm4NBWLy-OXm-3hTsT8IvWcGyAU0/s1600/FGC57769.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Big Y Block Tree" border="0" data-original-height="610" data-original-width="371" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX76VVjQFBUvZ2B_Ph3Wlz8auz_ey_ghOCbOTD1IWnKrq068DyUgUaE8xdC0sxSeYN_34Q2g_y05hq73aEu_05tn1nG64QhRB9TbrwU1zE_BgwDKKFm4NBWLy-OXm-3hTsT8IvWcGyAU0/s640/FGC57769.jpg" title="Big Y Block Tree" width="388" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Big Y Block Tree</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Which position did Mullins and O'Brien share?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Here is the list of unnamed variants after the manual review:</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP2Ma2Yo_lsPDvd4cMHmxri906dn-OdLtFBCOuKYIPu2wriq0mAdZO5HZPVUjxCFuUj2QtEv4iVdOHeuZsHiewW1OCWab5JO8GXDvmf2vsWFRBmJwCbHtuv0bOrQm7tRkO43yb7iYBlG8/s1600/mullins+revised+unnamed+variants.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="426" data-original-width="1115" height="244" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP2Ma2Yo_lsPDvd4cMHmxri906dn-OdLtFBCOuKYIPu2wriq0mAdZO5HZPVUjxCFuUj2QtEv4iVdOHeuZsHiewW1OCWab5JO8GXDvmf2vsWFRBmJwCbHtuv0bOrQm7tRkO43yb7iYBlG8/s640/mullins+revised+unnamed+variants.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">New Unnamed Variants</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span>There are now nine unnamed variants. The variant 7761527 is missing from the former list. This means it is the variant shared with Mr. O'Brien. </span><span>Variant 7761527 was given the SNP name BY66397, and the new haplogroup R-BY66397 was formed. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span>We can verify this by going to </span><a href="https://ybrowse.org/gb2/gbrowse/chrY/?" target="_blank">YBrowse</a><span> and entering 7761517 in the search box. The results are shown below:</span></span></div><div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSOxRdox7YLeRoV_N80k29jydEfyNS5y7F0rsHIGRKNeTVfVDWyz5EE91146aztVxHKKNZjId4_WcNO0KXwjESxrRPIFNStA4tMdU39kwl70yttKW_zpwD89ZJ7K6c2uCVKf8KeydWu5U/s1600/YBrowse.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="YBrowse" border="0" data-original-height="571" data-original-width="1312" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSOxRdox7YLeRoV_N80k29jydEfyNS5y7F0rsHIGRKNeTVfVDWyz5EE91146aztVxHKKNZjId4_WcNO0KXwjESxrRPIFNStA4tMdU39kwl70yttKW_zpwD89ZJ7K6c2uCVKf8KeydWu5U/s640/YBrowse.jpg" title="YBrowse" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Position 7761527 at YBrowse</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">This verifies that the previously unnamed variant 7761427 has been named BY66397.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>How closely are Mr. Mullins and Mr. O'Brien related?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mr. Mullins has nine variants that are not shared with Mr. O'Brien. This indicates that their relationship is not recent. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">While SNP dating is not precise, it appears that the common ancestor of these two men lived at least 1000 years ago.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Filtering the STR lists of matches</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Once you have taken a Big Y test, your STR lists of matches will have a new column called Big Y STR Differences. You will also see a new filter option to display only matches who have taken the Big Y test:</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXaeZIRpaxBXkIf57N_hXu_X_gUVOLbgu2Ssckjz54QIdAuQqOWaSRZoDWLN9ubgX1z2y92IoCnaCi21j7khQihEahKIy5hAMLXM1SIELdghRYOkN9ryIb3e5nhNF44HoxVIVPe-G6oT8/s1600/new+match+list.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="STR match list with Big Y" border="0" data-original-height="617" data-original-width="952" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXaeZIRpaxBXkIf57N_hXu_X_gUVOLbgu2Ssckjz54QIdAuQqOWaSRZoDWLN9ubgX1z2y92IoCnaCi21j7khQihEahKIy5hAMLXM1SIELdghRYOkN9ryIb3e5nhNF44HoxVIVPe-G6oT8/s640/new+match+list.jpg" title="STR match list with Big Y" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Big Y STR Differences column</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Notice above that the Mullins list of 111-marker matches is now at 208 matches because more people have now taken the test. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">When we filter the matches by only those people who have taken the Big Y test, we see the following:</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx7vgNMvy2y3y60VCZU6kaCk_Ui_XeXydETm3w0stFfubTOpGOT-DmOsDz-hnG9-GoWgLDiQDDZCk88ERFsNeSeeR28MyCx1JBO_wtURZ4zQHKzsQopi56UzDmxSKJfgCDD6G_fyImWx0/s1600/filtered+111.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Big Y testees in STR results" border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="951" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx7vgNMvy2y3y60VCZU6kaCk_Ui_XeXydETm3w0stFfubTOpGOT-DmOsDz-hnG9-GoWgLDiQDDZCk88ERFsNeSeeR28MyCx1JBO_wtURZ4zQHKzsQopi56UzDmxSKJfgCDD6G_fyImWx0/s640/filtered+111.jpg" title="Big Y testees in STR results" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Show only men who have taken Big Y</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Notice that 73 of his 208 matches have taken the Big Y test. The closest match is a genetic distance of 7 at 111 markers. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">None of these men show up as a match in the Big Y match list of Mr. Mullins. Even though they are showing up as STR matches, they all belong in different haplogroups. None of these men is related to Mr. Mullins within at least a thousand years.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">We can filter the list at each level of matching. Here is the filtered list at 67-markers. 376 men at this level have taken the Big Y test. We know that none of them is a match to Mr. Mullins because they do not appear on his Big Y match list.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi806Rcwm932QQtAVlPVrfVlOsdZ63FgZ0MeZ8qibEHeDkVYhkh5AtsVcZf82kjiKx7KoJAXtwLxIRu61oSdjAJq7Ic4jEbxpolyhKx2h61pdbi_nbS1KC45j3pz2mF8AkLmFlVAdvFqLc/s1600/filtered+67.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="602" data-original-width="953" height="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi806Rcwm932QQtAVlPVrfVlOsdZ63FgZ0MeZ8qibEHeDkVYhkh5AtsVcZf82kjiKx7KoJAXtwLxIRu61oSdjAJq7Ic4jEbxpolyhKx2h61pdbi_nbS1KC45j3pz2mF8AkLmFlVAdvFqLc/s640/filtered+67.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Close STR matches with different haplogroups</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In the above list, we see very interesting results. The first man on the list, McConnell, is only a genetic distance of one at 67 markers. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">There are other men here at a genetic distance of only two or three. This usually indicates that these men are closely related. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">However, in this case all the men have taken the Big Y test. Their haplogroups are not estimated; they are confirmed by SNP testing. None of them is related to Mr. Mullins within the genealogical time period.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Finally, we will filter the 37-marker match list by men who have taken the Big Y test and whose surname begins with the letters "mul":</span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixZvP0a-ZphBMDarvfRqUFQlmdlAmebIjJCleUa6iKQHPx5RvfDyWjWQhj20bAH1q9nnhgvJjg4kg1E9K8M017q1HkbctCsZVdr9hX2SIqw-rjeABexeZ2wZY_DmbhuayqIAE16brRFBs/s1600/filtered+37.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="STR matches filtered by Big Y and surname" border="0" data-original-height="378" data-original-width="957" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixZvP0a-ZphBMDarvfRqUFQlmdlAmebIjJCleUa6iKQHPx5RvfDyWjWQhj20bAH1q9nnhgvJjg4kg1E9K8M017q1HkbctCsZVdr9hX2SIqw-rjeABexeZ2wZY_DmbhuayqIAE16brRFBs/s640/filtered+37.jpg" title="STR matches filtered by Big Y and surname" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Filter STR results by surname and Big Y </span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">There are no Mullins matches, only a man named Mullican. As we can tell by his confirmed haplogroup, Mr. Mullican is not related to Mr. Mullins.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>What did SNP testing tell us?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">We now know that STR testing, even at 111 markers, may not be enough. It is definitely not enough in haplogroups with high levels of convergence. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">It is fascinating that the SNP results of Mr. Mullins does not match a single one of the hundreds of men who appear on his lists of STR matches who have also taken the Big Y test. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Mr. O'Brien, who is his only Big Y match, does not appear on a Mullins STR match list at any level. SNPs will be the only way to determine if someone is related by Y-DNA to this Mullins line.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>What do we do now?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">At the current time, Mr. Mullins has nine private variants in his Big Y results. Each of these variants occurred somewhere in his Mullins line, but we don't yet know the order in which they occurred or in which ancestor each mutation occurred. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">We can find out some of that by testing more Mullins cousins. So far nobody else shares any of these private variants. We need to find someone who does so that we can find out more about the Mullins ancestry.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Looking through the STR match lists it is possible that of the thousands of STR matches, one of them might actually be relevant. It is the man appears on the 37-marker match list and whose ancestor is Spencer Mullins. He is mismatching by four alleles at 37 markers, and that does not appear to be a close match. We cannot tell without examining the exact locations of the mutations. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">However, his ancestor Spencer Mullins appears to be the son of a William Mullins who lived in Rutherford County, North Carolina, at the same time as James Mullins lived there. William was about the same age as James. These two men could be brothers or another close relationship. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">STRs indicate that these men mismatch on four out of 37 markers, and even closer matches are not related. So this Mullins man could be just another convergence match. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">The only way to find out is to order the new Big Y-700 test for this man</span><span style="font-size: large;">. I need to contact him to see if he agrees. If he is a genuine genealogical match, as I suspect, he will share at least one of the unnamed variants. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">The more unnamed variants the two men share, the closer they are related. If they share one or more of the currently unnamed variants, the two men will form a new haplogroup under R-BY66397.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Testing this potential Mullins match is only the beginning, but it can be a big step forward in tracing the Mullins ancestry.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>What are some of the things you can do with the Big Y </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>to find more about your paternal ancestors?</b></span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Examine your list of matches first. If your results have just arrived, they may change after a manual review. You may want to c</span><span style="font-size: large;">ontact your matches to see if you can determine how you are related.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">See how many unnamed variants you have. This can help determine how closely related you are to your matches.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Examine the new Block Tree to see where you fit in and to find more information about your more distant matches.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Be sure you add a family tree to your results. Your family tree should at least contain information about your paternal line.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Join surname and haplogroup projects. This allows you to compare your STR results and will help encourage potential matches to upgrade their STR and SNP results.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Go back to your list of STR matches and see how many of these people have ordered the Big Y test.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Encourage any matches to whom you think you may be related to take the Big Y test. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Search through public family trees to find other possible male relatives for Y-DNA testing.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Test closer male family members to determine in which ancestor each mutation occurred and to find your true terminal haplogroup. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Consider transferring your results to other websites to get further evaluation and to find even more matches. This step will be increasingly important now that the price of full genome sequencing has dropped significantly. See websites, such as <a href="http://yfull.com/">yfull.com</a> and <a href="http://fullgenomes.com/">fullgenomes.com</a>, that accept transfers from multiple companies.</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>What's next?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">We have just examined the Big Y results of a man who has no matches in the genealogical time period and have determined our next step. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">In another post I used Big Y results to prove the identity and European origins of a different ancestor. See <a href="https://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2021/01/the-identity-of-jacob-bertschinger.html" target="_blank">The identity of jacob Bertschinger solved with Y-DNA</a>. Ahhh, Y-DNA testing. I'm loving it!</span></div>
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</div>Linda Jonashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00245944818580411111noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7064587737424586464.post-46911563703453463852019-01-16T11:43:00.005-05:002021-05-07T04:25:15.483-04:00Y-DNA testing for genealogy: Are these men related?<div><span style="font-size: large;">DNA testing is very popular, and millions of people are now using it to find their ancestors. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Are you using the right kind of DNA test to find your ancestors?<br /></span><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Some people are unaware that there are more than one kind of DNA test. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">The tests can be put into four broad categories: Full Genome, autosomal, Y-DNA, and mitochondrial DNA. Autosomal DNA, Y-DNA, and mitochondrial DNA are subsets of the Full Genome test. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">In the case we are about to examine, only Y-DNA will solve our ancestral problem. We will use Y-DNA along with genealogical records to see how several men are related.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Autosomal DNA </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The most common DNA test is the autosomal DNA test offered by companies such as 23andMe, Ancestry DNA, My Heritage, and Family Tree DNA's Family Finder. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Current autosomal DNA testing uses segments from 22 of your chromosomes and compares your DNA results to the results of all
the other customers who tested with that company. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">You then try to prove
that these matching DNA segments came from particular ancestors. This
is difficult, but very rewarding. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">The most important thing to know about autosomal DNA testing is that we inherited 50% of our DNA from each parent, and approximately 25% from each grandparent. As we go further back in time we may not have any DNA from some distant ancestors.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">It is generally accepted that these
tests are useful for finding ancestors within the first five
generations, but sometimes it is possible to go further. </span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Y-DNA</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">A Y-DNA test is very different from an autosomal DNA test. It looks in more detail at only one chromosome -- the Y-chromosome. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Only men have a Y-chromosome, so their Y-DNA came from their father, their father's father, etc. Y-DNA is a great test for solving paternal lines. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Unlike autosomal DNA, Y-DNA is not broken up with each succeeding generation. In is passed intact from father to son with occasional mutations. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">So you can use Y-DNA to go as far back in time as you'd like and use the mutations to determine specific lines within your paternal ancestry,</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">If you are looking for the origins of a male ancestor, Y-DNA
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">The problem: Multiple men with similar surnames</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In this post we will examine a very
difficult problem that can't be solved by genealogical records. This is a case
of men with similar surnames living in the same area at the
same time. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">There were several men living in Colonial Virginia with variations of the surname Karnes. The variant spellings include Carn, Karn, Carns, Karns, Kern, Cairns, Carnes, Kearnes, etc. In this post we will use the spelling Karnes. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Are these Karnes men related? If so, how? </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Researchers have been trying for years to use genealogical records to sort out the relationships. Genealogical records don't tell us enough, and only Y-DNA can give definitive proof of relationships.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Genealogical records</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Today we are looking at three men named Karnes. Two of men are named Michael Karnes, and one is George Karnes<b>. </b>What can genealogical records tell us about them? </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">As you will see, the genealogical records indicate potential relationships but no proof.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">For many years, the two Michael Karnes were confused and assumed to be one man. But land records tell us that that they were two separate men. Both of them had held land in Botetourt and Bedford counties in Virginia (as well as other counties). </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">One of them died in Bedford County, and the other left Bedford County and moved to Grainger County, Tennessee, then to Knox County, Tennessee. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">We will call these men Michael of Bedford and Michael of Knox. Almost nobody could tell which of these men married a woman named Elizabeth and which married Catherine. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Some even thought that Michael of Bedford had two wives--one named Catherine and one named Elizabeth. Genealogical records tell us that Michael of Bedford married Elizabeth, and Michael of Knox's wife was named Catherine. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">To add to the confusion, Hannah Karnes, the daughter of Michael of Bedford, married Charles Karnes, the son of Michael of Knox, on 13 Nov 1793 while they were all living in Bedford County. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">So the two Michaels had both lived in Bedford County, Virginia, and the daughter of one Michael married the son of the other. Surely these two Michaels were related! </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">There are numerous family trees that call Michael of Bedford "Michael Gabriel Karnes," but there is no evidence whatsoever for this middle name. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The third man, George Karnes, lived in Tennessee, but some of his sons state that they were born in Virginia. George settled in Hawkins County, Tennessee, which is adjacent to Grainger County where Michael of Knox had lived. We will call this man George of Hawkins. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Since George had lived in Virginia and moved to Tennessee near Michael of Knox, these two men appear to be related.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Many online family trees list George as the son of Michael of Bedford, but the following land records prove that George, the son of Michael of Bedford, was a different man. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">We will call him George of Botetourt. George of Botetourt married Elizabeth Persinger. In 1804 he received a tract of land in Botetourt County from his father Michael [Botetourt County, Virginia, Deed Book 8, page 412]. The deed is between "Michael Karns of the County of Bedford and State of Virginia of the one part and George Karns, son of said Michael Karns, of the County of Botetourt and said state." </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">George of Botetourt died in Alleghany County, Virginia. In 1836, a deed is recorded describing the land in Botetourt County, Virginia, that George received from his father Michael </span><span style="font-size: large;">[Alleghany County, Virginia, Deed Book 3, page 182].</span><span style="font-size: large;"> I</span><span style="font-size: large;">n the deed, the land is passing to George's three children Michael, William, and Harriet Karnes (who married William Clarkson). </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">These are not the children of George of Hawkins. This deed proves that George of Botetourt died in Allegany County, Virginia, and he was the son of Michael of Bedford. George of Hawkins is a different man.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;">
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<span style="font-size: large;">George of Hawkins died 1816 in Hawkins County, Tennessee. The first mention of George in Hawkins County is a deed dated 1799. There is an even earlier deed by a man named John Karnes who was selling Hawkins County land in 1790. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">How is he related to George? Is he George's father? George's Last Will and Testament names his children Jacob, George, Andrew, William, and John Karnes, and his daughter Elizabeth Witty. His Will also names his wife Elizabeth, so it is easy to see how he was confused with George of Botetourt who had a wife named Elizabeth. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">One of the witnesses to the Last Will and Testament of George of Hawkins was a man named George H Etter. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">George H Etter had been living in Hawkins County since at least 1791 when he married his first wife. </span><span style="font-size: large;">He married his second wife Maria Eva Karnes, daughter of Michael of Knox, on 31 Mar 1812 in Knox County, Tennessee, and continued to live in Hawkins County. George H Etter died 1842 in Hawkins County, Tennessee. Since he was a witness to the will of George of Hawkins, it appears that if George of Hawkins is related to either of the Michaels (or both), he is, again, more likely to be related to Michael of Knox.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Although many Carnes, Cairns, etc. families were Irish, all of these Karnes men were German. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Genealogical records can tell us where each man lived in America and can also tell us the names of their wives and children. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">We know from deeds and family records that Michael of Bedford and Michael of Knox were different men who appear to be related. George of Botetourt and George of Hawkins are also different men, one of whom is the son of Michael of Bedford; and the other appears to be related to Michael of Knox. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Other than George of Botetourt, the records do not tell us the relationship between these men. How are the other three related?</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">The genealogical records do not provide proof of relationships.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">The solution: Two types of Y-DNA tests</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">There are two types of Y-DNA that are used for genealogy. The first is a Short Tandem Repeat (STR) test. The second is a Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) test. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">For an explanation of these tests and how they work, see <a href="https://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2017/10/y-dna-strs-snps-and-haplogroups.html" target="_blank">Y-DNA STRs, SNPs, and Haplogroups.</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">STR tests can answer the broad question, are Michael of Bedford, Michael of Knox, and George of Hawkins related? STR tests cannot, however, tell us a precise relationship, but SNP tests often can. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Genealogical evidence suggests that these men certainly might be related, but only Y-DNA can prove this.</span><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Michael of Knox</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">We used Y-DNA STRs to find and prove the ancestry of Michael of Knox. We were even able to trace his ancestry to a specific town in Germany. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Several men were tested and were proven to be descendants of Michael's father Nicolaus Karnes who died in Frederick County, Virginia. You can read the incredible story, and see the genealogical and DNA evidence here: <a href="http://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2018/04/the-amazing-power-of-y-dna.html" target="_blank">The Amazing Power of Y-DNA</a>. This link will open in a new window so that you will be able to easily go back and forth between posts.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Here are the STR results from descendants of Nicolaus Karnes, the father of Michael of Knox:</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Matching STRs surname project" border="0" data-original-height="81" data-original-width="739" height="70" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDaIvR-ClZZO-Y4G1V4IGfubJzXAagVlge6FYLQAvA8Y1gzUSzt7SCtvU7g-9yUxYJmfsIXlN2PB7HSPdrC0N58p99KpG9biPydZ8198Ba1RUp9hJFkTnARrrVXzxftyCFe7hDgJjy7wE/s640/Kern+Surname+Project.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Matching STRs from surname project" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kern DNA Project</td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDaIvR-ClZZO-Y4G1V4IGfubJzXAagVlge6FYLQAvA8Y1gzUSzt7SCtvU7g-9yUxYJmfsIXlN2PB7HSPdrC0N58p99KpG9biPydZ8198Ba1RUp9hJFkTnARrrVXzxftyCFe7hDgJjy7wE/s1600/Kern+Surname+Project.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Notice in the second column that three of the men have haplogroups shown in red: J-M172. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">One man has a green J-1296. His haplogroup is different because he did some SNP testing, but did not do a Big Y-500 test that could potentially bring his haplogroup into the genealogical time period. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Two men did Big Y-500 testing. Their haplogroup is shown as J-BY45500. If we ask either of them for the match list in their Family Tree DNA account we will see this screen:</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Big Y-500 step chart" border="0" data-original-height="440" data-original-width="607" height="462" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVBvaYbiwXE933LewbLdZvtqeL2iGOKGk45x6SDilYcu7Wf-noFO_YBjPsVCOgBgpoE8jdu6dunrYhWf1SbqAzeoNtd6sKcEvi64xRp8SgqJAxeYxE0HlXSHzYD43XU893GDUYpmMhIW4/s640/BY45500.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Big Y-500 step chart" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Big Y-500 Matches</td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVBvaYbiwXE933LewbLdZvtqeL2iGOKGk45x6SDilYcu7Wf-noFO_YBjPsVCOgBgpoE8jdu6dunrYhWf1SbqAzeoNtd6sKcEvi64xRp8SgqJAxeYxE0HlXSHzYD43XU893GDUYpmMhIW4/s1600/BY45500.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">This shows that each man has only one match. Below the chart, the name of the match appears. That match is the other man in the Kern DNA Project. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">One of the men is a proven descendant of Michael of Knox. The other man is a descendant of Jacob Karnes, and he does not know where Jacob fits into the family of Nicolaus Karnes. He needs at least one more Karnes Big Y-500 test to be able to determine his ancestry.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Michael of Bedford</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">At the time of the post about Michael of Knox (<a href="http://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2018/04/the-amazing-power-of-y-dna.html" target="_blank">The Amazing Power of Y-DNA</a>), we only had one Y-DNA test from a descendant of Michael of Bedford. His Y-DNA results did not match the family of Michael of Knox, but this might have been because he was not a biological descendant of Michael of Bedford. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">We needed at least one more descendant of Michael of Bedford to prove whether or not these two Michaels were related.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">We now found two descendants of Michael of Bedford. The first man is a descendant of Michael's son Michael Jr.:</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Kerns Family Tree" border="0" data-original-height="183" data-original-width="627" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbhTgoqTE9umQzTo0Af0KELstlyHDusONk4yJ5GbUhCBecd1RVwIE-cMpcEzCWnGbA9aNDLW8ZifG9Gqqo3CQXqfXXTanh3UAEgR_yZLTDxXX0AQox40y59q5G0arMQ7HHXFiPUwxR87g/s640/Karnes3treea.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Kerns Family Tree" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kerns family tree</td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbhTgoqTE9umQzTo0Af0KELstlyHDusONk4yJ5GbUhCBecd1RVwIE-cMpcEzCWnGbA9aNDLW8ZifG9Gqqo3CQXqfXXTanh3UAEgR_yZLTDxXX0AQox40y59q5G0arMQ7HHXFiPUwxR87g/s1600/Karnes3treea.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The second man is a descendant of Michael's son Jacob:</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Karnes Family Tree" border="0" data-original-height="358" data-original-width="1244" height="184" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-mUCmBwB8n7VEYvEs244akkGzYhi_xnkAhWMAvYUxIZMSRev6NDWH_kkBPpTqqwfxFJVZ08TOItcMPU80ZRrlMe_a1wGBeyhjr_pUxBacRoIvqUwedA9GD1VYTlr-fCCZQy3hjM0fbOc/s640/Karnes2treeb.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Karnes Family Tree" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Karnes family tree</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">In order to determine the Y-DNA of Michael of Bedford, we must test two or more descendants from two or more of his sons. We have done exactly that--we tested a descendant from Michael's son Michael and a descendant of Michael's son Jacob.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">They both ordered Y-DNA tests, and here are their STR results:</span><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Matching STR Results" border="0" data-original-height="21" data-original-width="833" height="16" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk9MkcFCpgDpekxD14sp45LmHm7NZJJe6nBfyERottP4ZUgQ2C3Aomg3SOHgyohbmSjNHVr6se2YfaKHVV7pDG24tf1k8izyKJHZjUwNSQPD8GHazSMmeaNdxlCQKJr30H0y1X9cm8VcY/s640/Karnes2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Matching STR Results" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Matching STR results from two descendants of Michael of Bedford</td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk9MkcFCpgDpekxD14sp45LmHm7NZJJe6nBfyERottP4ZUgQ2C3Aomg3SOHgyohbmSjNHVr6se2YfaKHVV7pDG24tf1k8izyKJHZjUwNSQPD8GHazSMmeaNdxlCQKJr30H0y1X9cm8VcY/s1600/Karnes2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Y-DNA of the two descendants match. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">However, they do not match the results of Michael of Knox. So even though Michael of Bedford and Michael of Knox lived in the same areas and Hannah Karnes, daughter of Michael of Bedford, married Charles Karnes, son of Michael of Knox, the two Michaels were definitely not related. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Michael of Knox is in Haplogroup J, and Michael of Bedford is in Haplogroup R. They aren't even remotely close!</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">To know more about Michael of Bedford's paternal ancestry, we will need to do some SNP testing.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">George of Hawkins</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">When we look at the Kern DNA Project, there is only one man who claims to be a descendant of George of Hawkins. His STR results are as follows:</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Karnes STR results" border="0" data-original-height="12" data-original-width="832" height="8" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4NIhEJy-OidplN4GwlONt6LmWvymDdIdSLh4GyP6z032fw0iwtcmQn0OEOKwr2pYVvjtL5uUlrxbmPHN7h1NVb0M2EdIhPhkODyx39cKuOd8elVT29Nhg3MjTQbWlHYdijagg38ZTRHc/s640/Karnes3.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Karnes STR results" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">STR results from a descendant of George of Hawkins</td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4NIhEJy-OidplN4GwlONt6LmWvymDdIdSLh4GyP6z032fw0iwtcmQn0OEOKwr2pYVvjtL5uUlrxbmPHN7h1NVb0M2EdIhPhkODyx39cKuOd8elVT29Nhg3MjTQbWlHYdijagg38ZTRHc/s1600/Karnes3.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The results of one man don't tell us anything. What we do know is that his Y-DNA results don't match either Michael of Knox or Michael of Bedford. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">We need another descendant of George of Hawkins to confirm these DNA results. Notice that this man has not only done STR testing, but he has also done SNP testing because his confirmed haplogroup is shown in green: R-A6704. As it turns out, this man did a Big Y-500 test, so he is set up to really find the origins of George of Hawkins.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Although we don't see any matches in the Kern DNA Project, we have to ask this man for his Y-DNA match list from Family Tree DNA to see if he is matching anybody with the surname Karnes.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Here are his list of his matches from Family Tree DNA:</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Y-DNA match list" border="0" data-original-height="357" data-original-width="1113" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVB1_lNJCPs47c4UDkTvKiVx0mza9OzHPO9gutLtTmIHkHWXorHsv9oXOiQJ7zik_bJwXEVoS2Tuq1EgIMs8SFYbdfSoSQRGR79nS4w3mEPmEn2nK32ys7GWh5Oe8ji9ekDd_M9zeDSwE/s640/karnes3match.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Y-DNA match list" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Matches based on 37 STRs</td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVB1_lNJCPs47c4UDkTvKiVx0mza9OzHPO9gutLtTmIHkHWXorHsv9oXOiQJ7zik_bJwXEVoS2Tuq1EgIMs8SFYbdfSoSQRGR79nS4w3mEPmEn2nK32ys7GWh5Oe8ji9ekDd_M9zeDSwE/s1600/karnes3match.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The descendant of George of Hawkins has no matches at the 111 STR level, but he has three matches at 37 STRs. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">There are two men with the surname Karns/Karnes and one who appears to be a descendant of a man with the surname Kernen. As you can see by the genetic distance in the first column, the descendant of George of Hawkins appears to be more closely related to the two Karnes descendants that to the Kernan descendant. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">We would need for these men to join the Kern DNA Project so that we could examine the exact STR differences. While two of these men appear to have family trees</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">(as shown by the <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhku1YHGLqN26oUKcS1kxbkFOSCBbsQ1as32EaWows5aW55Je_AK3YHoPPiEkEdexcBB9aAVLhyZtUI19kPXzzwNO-iYXg_JYyWLxnddbuM09qsP9aRYoiwRYDoJucELTeN1O21mJyB1lY/s1600/setup4.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="Family Tree" border="0" data-original-height="33" data-original-width="33" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhku1YHGLqN26oUKcS1kxbkFOSCBbsQ1as32EaWows5aW55Je_AK3YHoPPiEkEdexcBB9aAVLhyZtUI19kPXzzwNO-iYXg_JYyWLxnddbuM09qsP9aRYoiwRYDoJucELTeN1O21mJyB1lY/s16000/setup4.jpg" title="Family Tree" /></a> symbol),</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">neither of them really does. Here is the "tree" for one of them:</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="No ancestors in family tree" border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="625" height="490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOWg4OHWz3IaPFESgKuUhlBNOHd4VoUAiMx6NBZuMkEsl8agUCAfl5WZYYhk-LAoKJFhqdM85B17VzRT-Au2bhS9kRROqPeaaRc3NuY5lAU8tBwpAxZ2lVc6ViV1a6f0uDM6pXZxDTy7M/s640/Karnes3tree1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="No ancestors in family tree" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A family tree with no ancestors shown</td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOWg4OHWz3IaPFESgKuUhlBNOHd4VoUAiMx6NBZuMkEsl8agUCAfl5WZYYhk-LAoKJFhqdM85B17VzRT-Au2bhS9kRROqPeaaRc3NuY5lAU8tBwpAxZ2lVc6ViV1a6f0uDM6pXZxDTy7M/s1600/Karnes3tree1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The other man's tree is similar. So what can we do? </span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">First, contact these men and ask if they know their ancestry; email addresses are provided in the match list. Encourage them to enter the name of their Most Distant Known Ancestor into their Family Tree DNA account and to join the Kern DNA Project. Even though the man descended from George Kernen does not have a tree, I have traced his ancestry. The Kernens came from the Reutigen area of Switzerland.</span></li>
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Next, encourage further DNA testing. 37 STR markers are not enough to determine an exact relationship, but a Big Y-500 test could do precisely that. Encourage one descendant of George of Hawkins and the descendant of George Kernen to take a Big Y-500 test. The three men will then be able to compare approximately 500 STRs as well as the essential SNPs.</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The descendant of Karnes of Hawkins took a Big Y-500 test. Right now he has no matches:</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="No Big Y-500 matches" border="0" data-original-height="145" data-original-width="384" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgi4NHusfAIkF3YoGZO1Qi7l6mh6aIL87TL9Q22Sk0iw2yCGgkmwmYfcSZ9Mu5YMux6znq80a55HWVYaVG_N3YsyfPB8YO4tr4Q4-OISGH-6Bu3Jf9lsY8b8xGkx9bUJ5nZ0Vp57toNICE/s640/Karnes3SNP.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="No Big Y-500 matches" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">No Big Y-500 matches at this time</td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgi4NHusfAIkF3YoGZO1Qi7l6mh6aIL87TL9Q22Sk0iw2yCGgkmwmYfcSZ9Mu5YMux6znq80a55HWVYaVG_N3YsyfPB8YO4tr4Q4-OISGH-6Bu3Jf9lsY8b8xGkx9bUJ5nZ0Vp57toNICE/s1600/Karnes3SNP.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Testing another descendant of George of Hawkins will form a new branch under R-A6704 that will bring the haplogroup closer in time. The test will also reveal SNPs that are specific to each ancestral line.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>What did we learn from Y-DNA?</b></span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Multiple descendants of Nicolaus Karnes, father of Michael of Knox, have taken Y-DNA tests. Their results match and allowed us to prove the names of the brothers of Michael, prove the name of his father, and to trace his ancestry back to his hometown in Germany.</span></li>
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Two descendants of Michael of Bedford have now taken Y-STR tests. Their results match and prove that these two men are biological descendants of Michael Karnes. The results also prove that Michael's DNA is within haplogroup R, and he was definitely not related to Michael of Knox. Researchers can stop looking for a biological connection between these men and direct their research to finding the ancestry of Michael of Bedford through further DNA testing.</span></li>
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">We have not yet learned anything about George of Hawkins, because one Y-DNA test is not enough. We must test at least one more descendant to confirm these results. If confirmed, we will know that George of Hawkins was not related to either Michael of Bedford or Michael of Knox. This will be critical in correcting all of the current online family trees. </span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Review: What's next?</b></span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Michael of Knox: Get at least one more descendant of Nicholas Karnes (father of Michael of Knox) to do a Big Y-500 test to determine the Y-DNA profile of Nicholas Karnes. This wr]ill also help us see where Jacob Karnes (one of the Big Y-500 testers) fits into the Karnes family. Further, as stated in <a href="http://mr.%20karns%20has%20four%2C%20and%20mr.%20carnes%20has%20five%20unnamed%20variants.%20these%20mutations%20occurred%20in%20their%20own%20family%20line%20and%20not%20in%20the%20line%20of%20the%20other%20man.%20these%20unnamed%20variants%20can%20be%20named%20and%20tied%20to%20specific%20ancestors%20by%20testing%20more%20kerns%20descendants.%20when%20any%20of%20these%20unnamed%20variants%20is%20found%20in%20another%20man%2C%20a%20new%20haplogroup%20will%20be%20formed./" target="_blank">The Amazing Power of Y-DNA</a>, the two previous testers [Mr. Karns and Mr. Carnes] have unique variants that have not yet been seen in anyone else. Mr. Karns has four, and Mr. Carnes has five unnamed variants. These mutations occurred in their own family line and not in the line of the other man. These unnamed variants can be named and tied to specific ancestors by testing more Karnes descendants. When any of these unnamed variants is found in another man, a new haplogroup will be formed.</span></li>
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Michael of Bedford: Get at least one descendant of Michael of Bedford to do a Big-Y-500 test. By comparing his results to any people on his Big Y-500 match list, we may begin to find Michael's German origins. This test will also begin to establish the Y-DNA profile of Michael of Bedford which will be useful in determining relationships of possible male relatives.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">George of Hawkins: Get at least one descendant of George of Hawkins to do a Big Y-500 test to verify the lineage. Ask the descendant of George Kernen to do a Big Y-500 test to see how closely he is related to these two Karnes descendants. This could tell us if George of Hawkins was originally from the area around Reutigen, Switzerland, and can also tell us the approximate date of the common ancestor.</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Y-DNA can do what nothing else can. With Y-DNA we can focus on specific genealogical lines, determine relationships, and prove or disprove our genealogical theories. Y-DNA is amazing!</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>What are the next steps?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Sometimes our Y-DNA results don't follow the normal pattern. See what happens with a man who has thousands of results at 67 markers and how many of those match in the Big Y results. It's actually quite shocking. See <a href="http://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2019/02/y-dna-big-y-test-resolves-strs-and.html" target="_blank">Y-DNA: Big Y test resolves STRs and convergence</a></span></div>
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</div></div>Linda Jonashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00245944818580411111noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7064587737424586464.post-49599042982612871412018-09-30T14:27:00.000-04:002019-08-02T11:38:33.397-04:00Using the new Family Tree DNA Y-DNA Haplotree<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Family Tree DNA has just released new a Y-DNA haplotree that is open to the public. Using the new FTDNA public haplotree can help you decide whether you want to do your own Y-DNA testing and whether you want to recruit others for testing. It can also help you better understand the results you already have. The tree not only includes SNPs from Big Y tests (recently renamed "Big Y-500" tests); it also includes results from FTDNA SNP packs and individual SNP tests. Roberta Estes wrote a good post on how to use this new tree <a href="https://dna-explained.com/2018/09/27/family-tree-dnas-public-y-dna-haplotree/" target="_blank">here</a>.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">I want to focus on how this new haplotree can help you with interpreting and enhancing your Big Y results. It can also be a good tool for recording your ancestry. Let's start with a Big Y-500 test to see how this process works. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Your Big Y-500 list of SNP matches</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">If you took a Big Y-500 test, one of the most confusing parts about your Big Y-500 results is your list of matches. Below we see what many refer to as your step chart. The chart shows the "terminal" SNP which is the most recent SNP that you share with at least one other man. I put the term "terminal" in quotes because this SNP may not actually be your terminal, or most recent, SNP. Your most recent shared SNP can change if you test more closely-related individuals. If you have tested a father and son or two brothers, then you probably do know the real terminal SNP. Note the terminal SNP J-BY45500 and its four upstream branches.</span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzQMiD6K5KjeL8_sDP3VLHblvpBk5kfqyU_J3LDZLH3-3YuadyzBFJvyTYdVPUKAPe2_R-qjRG-2ME7P71A0m2UAasZ6nOjj_ZTAGrNfuIDnggR0_8ndJXTrDjoXSneA_RR-pZe_L7UJA/s1600/Step+Chart.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Big Y-500 Step Chart" border="0" data-original-height="348" data-original-width="504" height="440" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzQMiD6K5KjeL8_sDP3VLHblvpBk5kfqyU_J3LDZLH3-3YuadyzBFJvyTYdVPUKAPe2_R-qjRG-2ME7P71A0m2UAasZ6nOjj_ZTAGrNfuIDnggR0_8ndJXTrDjoXSneA_RR-pZe_L7UJA/s640/Step+Chart.jpg" title="Big Y-500 Step Chart" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Step Chart</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In the above chart, the most recent shared SNP is BY45500. J-BY45500 is the haplogroup assigned to this person. To the right of the haplogroup is the number 1 indicating that this SNP is shared with only one other man. But the four haplogroups above also seem to show that each of the SNPs is shared with only one other man. When you click on the icon of the male, you will see the name of the match. In this case the kit belongs to a man named Karns, and his only match at all five levels is a man named Carnes.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Because there is only one match at haplogroup J-Z1295 we could conclude that only two people, Carnes and Karns, have tested within this haplogroup. These results can be very misleading unless you understand that Family Tree DNA is only showing genealogically-relevant matches. Family Tree DNA will not display matches who have more than a 30-SNP difference with you. So the Matches list does not mean that only two people have tested positive for SNPs Z1295, Z631, Z1043, Y98609, and BY45500. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Using the FTDNA non-public haplotree</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">To see if there are other people with these SNPs, let's first examine the haplotree that you see within your account. This tree is only available to people who have tested with Family Tree DNA. This is the only haplotree that has been available until the release of the new public haplotree, so it is useful to see the comparison.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">To find the haplotree click on myDNA at the top of the screen, then click Y-DNA, then Haplotree & SNPs.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9fmTyo9MjUSkPSBkO76KlJElYgt093ADQtlzCfHlcIgdC9o7VnrOBKoLBKAEKH5e2Ptlhwi5x3SlNCwlOtSFDdcDaqp9kCAr8lYiFWO6OO04JcYEBLlliPMDUlcRCOZWYM07iYtq3EqY/s1600/haplotree+and+SNPs.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Haplotree SNPs" border="0" data-original-height="423" data-original-width="694" height="390" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9fmTyo9MjUSkPSBkO76KlJElYgt093ADQtlzCfHlcIgdC9o7VnrOBKoLBKAEKH5e2Ptlhwi5x3SlNCwlOtSFDdcDaqp9kCAr8lYiFWO6OO04JcYEBLlliPMDUlcRCOZWYM07iYtq3EqY/s640/haplotree+and+SNPs.jpg" title="Haplotree & SNPs" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">You will see your position within the human haplotree, and you can see other SNPs associated with your haplogroup by clicking the word "More" next to the haplogroup. You will not see information such as surnames or how many people tested at each level.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaX0ZI59Im58sZY9DueOJpCIXuQ_yjHl_HBpB0Y10CHayiC7P9Wnfvn5auWOz8e5MLTkhlGvvGfQUrW3g7jwI1ThvBighvG4gpwlHttLrSnJaudk1-XK5dVhkqjybLggR6TFHpbNifnFs/s1600/J-BY45500.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="FTDNA haplotree" border="0" data-original-height="585" data-original-width="1134" height="330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaX0ZI59Im58sZY9DueOJpCIXuQ_yjHl_HBpB0Y10CHayiC7P9Wnfvn5auWOz8e5MLTkhlGvvGfQUrW3g7jwI1ThvBighvG4gpwlHttLrSnJaudk1-XK5dVhkqjybLggR6TFHpbNifnFs/s640/J-BY45500.jpg" title="FTDNA haplotree" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Is there a way to find out how many people have tested at the various levels and maybe even see surnames? Yes, finally there is.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Using the new Family Tree DNA Y-DNA Haplotree</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">To see the FTDNA public haplotree, you must either log out of your account or open another browser so that you can see your account and the public haplotree at the same time.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">If you have logged out of your account, you will be taken to the Sign In screen.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLCzt3PHOEl14v0xUVIPmMW8d_Zr6bdxiOAbgzEjKKl6_n-VKqZABefd5fQwQMCfEjl9UAlNNZPSIZkwz1G8Y2FwW4nvJlBlYMVk-OBW3ckWWGLkZ9iR7TwrI1RIfrLDGaVLS0csd6Pjs/s1600/Sign+in+screen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="FTDNA Sign In screen" border="0" data-original-height="401" data-original-width="1259" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLCzt3PHOEl14v0xUVIPmMW8d_Zr6bdxiOAbgzEjKKl6_n-VKqZABefd5fQwQMCfEjl9UAlNNZPSIZkwz1G8Y2FwW4nvJlBlYMVk-OBW3ckWWGLkZ9iR7TwrI1RIfrLDGaVLS0csd6Pjs/s640/Sign+in+screen.jpg" title="FTDNA Sign In screen" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Click the Family Tree DNA logo at the upper left of the screen. On the next page, scroll all the way to the bottom until you see this:</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyVJr03aW1ZBk1e4yXgSYaxqZGI07591bDJu_VCvyGhkGN74xQM0VEI4txx6VUQazS4QCr9ADFruyTH7gEMClI9vj6HzrPc1D1IdyCBFhX-Qoug2gRg4Bs4BiKViyHWq0FB8DmMURL_80/s1600/Y-DNA+haplotree.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="FTDNA Y-DNA Haplotree" border="0" data-original-height="283" data-original-width="1043" height="172" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyVJr03aW1ZBk1e4yXgSYaxqZGI07591bDJu_VCvyGhkGN74xQM0VEI4txx6VUQazS4QCr9ADFruyTH7gEMClI9vj6HzrPc1D1IdyCBFhX-Qoug2gRg4Bs4BiKViyHWq0FB8DmMURL_80/s640/Y-DNA+haplotree.jpg" title="FTDNA Y-DNA Haplotree" width="640" /></a></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgesUF3AgmLF62ujFmIPUglr2sWXUlOCCbc87fiF3qZOqDOmJ2isgOVGJ-KwHEWh741DY4Mw75h7a_HlUQpfhaOH6tfDhoX2GSAGnTH4IOMxchusU7YAvhl753UqAaMHGkc8mWUfNtuiUs/s1600/mobile+version.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="474" data-original-width="378" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgesUF3AgmLF62ujFmIPUglr2sWXUlOCCbc87fiF3qZOqDOmJ2isgOVGJ-KwHEWh741DY4Mw75h7a_HlUQpfhaOH6tfDhoX2GSAGnTH4IOMxchusU7YAvhl753UqAaMHGkc8mWUfNtuiUs/s320/mobile+version.jpg" width="255" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mobile </td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">You can go directly to the tree by clicking <a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/public/y-dna-haplotree/" target="_blank">https://www.familytreedna.com/public/y-dna-haplotree/</a></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The tree will open in a new window so that you can explore the tree while reading this.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">The Y-DNA Haplotree will take awhile to load. You will then see the tree below. The Countries view is the default, but you can change to the Surnames view or the Variants view. We will leave it in the Countries view.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyCx3xLD9JZX0RyHZm608BRMmQv2iChjb7sqtLbywdFUFaW3ogPMkpq6S3_KU-zo-e29V10q8_6o8vYUONhJC2FM8kK0YD1mcFf7LhpU7tBrMBSkBvUR-gOAZ6wxsy1xDRiUsiFkDlYCY/s1600/haplotree+countries+view.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="FTDNA haplotree countries" border="0" data-original-height="636" data-original-width="1112" height="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyCx3xLD9JZX0RyHZm608BRMmQv2iChjb7sqtLbywdFUFaW3ogPMkpq6S3_KU-zo-e29V10q8_6o8vYUONhJC2FM8kK0YD1mcFf7LhpU7tBrMBSkBvUR-gOAZ6wxsy1xDRiUsiFkDlYCY/s640/haplotree+countries+view.jpg" title="FTDNA haplotree Countries view" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Using the Countries view</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">We want to find out if more than two people tested positive for SNP J-Z1295 (the top level of the step chart). Enter the haplogroup name in the "Go to Branch Name" box. You must list the full J-Z1295, not just Z1295, but you don't need to type capital letters. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOJE_CVtEh1v43r3QkxQBVa0DJI6y60g-TyX41dmnL_iR8Im9DlmVvH8s83dh49_5NCVD4X93TGR721DALzAWQ57_pXmJqIvoti6667s2QGvY9YgHuvc9g6-AhCAct12YWgkCHTlNo1tM/s1600/Search+by+branch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Y-DNA Haplotree countries" border="0" data-original-height="410" data-original-width="1111" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOJE_CVtEh1v43r3QkxQBVa0DJI6y60g-TyX41dmnL_iR8Im9DlmVvH8s83dh49_5NCVD4X93TGR721DALzAWQ57_pXmJqIvoti6667s2QGvY9YgHuvc9g6-AhCAct12YWgkCHTlNo1tM/s640/Search+by+branch.jpg" title="Y-DNA Haplotree Countries " width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">You will be taken to the precise position on the tree:</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDw2i279FmpfG9humlB7famOKP4kdh1SSqnK7bMAsYizOtieo0ESKw2z7y8uWfRi_fPfvXrfz5RONJcesF7dSHOm55tquSH7o_1HMqJAHk20qNsw0PD5sAeSuiIe6QxE68W4v-jd9Zu9A/s1600/J-Z1295.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Y-DNA Haplotree countries " border="0" data-original-height="246" data-original-width="1111" height="140" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDw2i279FmpfG9humlB7famOKP4kdh1SSqnK7bMAsYizOtieo0ESKw2z7y8uWfRi_fPfvXrfz5RONJcesF7dSHOm55tquSH7o_1HMqJAHk20qNsw0PD5sAeSuiIe6QxE68W4v-jd9Zu9A/s640/J-Z1295.jpg" title="Y-DNA Haplotree Countries view" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Haplogroup J-Z1295 is highlighted in blue. Next to J-Z1295 is the number 41. This is the current number of branches within haplogroup J-Z1295. Click the + sign at the left to see the branches.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSx7SPlPBdPfFzL4ePhmq02UgOCXzgmkUO9SEbBuermHvyQO1xaam4N1L5mzGe4r7rlNsna-S-SWQx7sAS7ZHGOLT55RNOJl54lupy6sZi2EwIknNXvV52G_5jWF4WCBRoGQpHq_x-emg/s1600/J-Z1295+branches.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Y-DNA Haplotree subclades" border="0" data-original-height="212" data-original-width="1002" height="134" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSx7SPlPBdPfFzL4ePhmq02UgOCXzgmkUO9SEbBuermHvyQO1xaam4N1L5mzGe4r7rlNsna-S-SWQx7sAS7ZHGOLT55RNOJl54lupy6sZi2EwIknNXvV52G_5jWF4WCBRoGQpHq_x-emg/s640/J-Z1295+branches.jpg" title="Y-DNA Haplotree with subclades" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">We now see two branches (subclades) within J-Z1295: J-Z631 has 34 subclades, and J-CTS5789 has five subclades for a total of 41. We can continue to see the further branching of the tree by clicking the + sign next to each branch we want to view.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">What else do we see in the above screen? Aside from knowing that J-Z1295 has 41 branches we see four icons on this line. These are flags representing the countries of origin reported by the testees. Each person reports his own country of origin, so if a person believes, for example, that his ancestor came from Scotland you will see the flag of Scotland. You can hover over each flag to see the name of the country it represents. Obviously, since these countries of origin are self-reported, they may not be accurate. The last icon is a question mark which indicates that 21 people did not report a country of origin. So it appears that there are a total of 26 people who currently have haplogroup J-Z1295 as their terminal haplogroup. Since they do not belong to the two branches below J-Z1295 there may be at least one other subclade that has not yet been discovered. As more people take the Big Y-500 test, these people could be moved into a new subclade.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Instead of clicking on each subclade and adding the number of people with flags, we can see a better report by clicking the three dots to the far right of J-Z1295 </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg90-9fJENhmW0gE5YWHEcb-LaN86v8Lg51ykm5vA9CLIjSdWFY9kqywXUrKWjEuRCIg3Ez3UgyULovwH0_ucEjKGoRvIXin-3LquRlNIDmvVo4wuSJnSdpg8C1xvpR4OE-7Fsitj0MYp0/s1600/More.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Y-DNA Haplotree options" border="0" data-original-height="92" data-original-width="1110" height="52" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg90-9fJENhmW0gE5YWHEcb-LaN86v8Lg51ykm5vA9CLIjSdWFY9kqywXUrKWjEuRCIg3Ez3UgyULovwH0_ucEjKGoRvIXin-3LquRlNIDmvVo4wuSJnSdpg8C1xvpR4OE-7Fsitj0MYp0/s640/More.jpg" title="Y-DNA Haplotree see more" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Click Country Report on the menu. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzJlmWfGU8rpPpG2HEYkCk6ndJzNTsPDKSdzj4MyfiOFc9OusOAOuqn90BPKrT_3s8Tq62gIGvJr_Y4khDXDGZ76nonbzIusyXd8Eji6BbdU9rhfY89RK0Gd0L4CrpFPsJOfJ5UIuJXi8/s1600/country+report.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="haplotree country report" border="0" data-original-height="241" data-original-width="1223" height="126" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzJlmWfGU8rpPpG2HEYkCk6ndJzNTsPDKSdzj4MyfiOFc9OusOAOuqn90BPKrT_3s8Tq62gIGvJr_Y4khDXDGZ76nonbzIusyXd8Eji6BbdU9rhfY89RK0Gd0L4CrpFPsJOfJ5UIuJXi8/s640/country+report.jpg" title="Select Country Report" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">We will now see the total number of people who have tested positive for J-Z1295 and its branches.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEPmUNF7y4yQX2AKsiGsEqsIOgEZCLpKCJgI-50b5blh7P-rKO25J0PJWVR1qOJOgRVJBOsQXyzT5ghXVdnVeSCAF2EGtadQH0wVBeHPgoHkW8vTDoHQQitGsouZxe84SSgWuVf9Q4Inw/s1600/country+report+with+branches.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="haplotree country report" border="0" data-original-height="635" data-original-width="1026" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEPmUNF7y4yQX2AKsiGsEqsIOgEZCLpKCJgI-50b5blh7P-rKO25J0PJWVR1qOJOgRVJBOsQXyzT5ghXVdnVeSCAF2EGtadQH0wVBeHPgoHkW8vTDoHQQitGsouZxe84SSgWuVf9Q4Inw/s640/country+report+with+branches.jpg" title="Country Report for J-Z1295" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">We see that 26 people have J-Z1295 as their terminal haplogroup. Their countries of origin are shown. For example, one person in haplogroup J-Z1295 reported Germany as his country of origin, and </span><span style="font-size: large;">17.18% of the people within this haplogroup and subclades reported Germany as their country of origin. </span><span style="font-size: large;">We must scroll down to see all reported countries. 379 people are within haplogroup J-Z1295: 26 at J-Z1295, and 353 in its branches. This is far more than the two people we assumed from our Big Y-500 match list! Furthermore, these numbers will continue to grow. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">We can see the total number of men for each branch in our step chart. Here is the Country report for haplogroup J-Z631:</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9W3D8y7pAZUMhen7ll7nnu8QEMOrbAbYRms9ChXe7CB0hAzCH15mr6BWucKUl1tlFyyl8tGTXyn-f7VKeDYBb13Qp7hz0zGijx8zYYXKUA3-3ZMZ6QnojwtT1AZ3FhXzk8v3XxPDM3oE/s1600/J-Z631.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="haplotree country report" border="0" data-original-height="626" data-original-width="1027" height="390" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9W3D8y7pAZUMhen7ll7nnu8QEMOrbAbYRms9ChXe7CB0hAzCH15mr6BWucKUl1tlFyyl8tGTXyn-f7VKeDYBb13Qp7hz0zGijx8zYYXKUA3-3ZMZ6QnojwtT1AZ3FhXzk8v3XxPDM3oE/s640/J-Z631.jpg" title="Country Report for J-Z631" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">345 people have been placed in this haplogroup or one of its branches. Now we'll see the number of people in J-Z1043:</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsJScnLcty-JE48erdmEFzHUJ_Y51xMAeLy6Cd_cYXHsTlE5TsD1rbO8opq6lF99WebnbkCPhPibW6mpp9l-OxEXbJWMkdIWEwnjoVI6yBYEL4P9IWlbwtT7F7p9WqqXROkece2PD6epE/s1600/J-Z1043.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="haplotree country report" border="0" data-original-height="627" data-original-width="1029" height="388" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsJScnLcty-JE48erdmEFzHUJ_Y51xMAeLy6Cd_cYXHsTlE5TsD1rbO8opq6lF99WebnbkCPhPibW6mpp9l-OxEXbJWMkdIWEwnjoVI6yBYEL4P9IWlbwtT7F7p9WqqXROkece2PD6epE/s640/J-Z1043.jpg" title="Country Report for J-Z1043" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">241 people have been placed within this haplogroup by Family Tree DNA. The next subclade, J-Y98609, is where it gets interesting.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6QvHBfQe394BPG_n_vvMD69t8F1S4LpXL_JmDuZCPAGuRX9qiHjT67_PtQ8G2aaGWm4PubRDWZiFJuAZGglVBh08OaKryNiHWjJ4UY-vpyXYFbznlCKYqvGwtiU_PvQ6dhj2CFxK9YIM/s1600/J-Y98609.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="J-Y98609" border="0" data-original-height="431" data-original-width="1028" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6QvHBfQe394BPG_n_vvMD69t8F1S4LpXL_JmDuZCPAGuRX9qiHjT67_PtQ8G2aaGWm4PubRDWZiFJuAZGglVBh08OaKryNiHWjJ4UY-vpyXYFbznlCKYqvGwtiU_PvQ6dhj2CFxK9YIM/s640/J-Y98609.jpg" title="Country Report for J-Y98609" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">There are a total of three testees above. Notice that there is only one man who has haplogroup J-Y98609. His ancestor was from the Czech Republic. The two additional men broke off and formed a new subclade.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Here is the terminal haplogroup J-BY45500:</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTq2Z-axCujRFtBRrn_bbWftzTbCgWyWOATMaeL1QIKfETZStgjpPQ0hc1UuhS6o9a3LGe9s-jwERGMnwVnWqVMr7cEGZzYeYHArrLAeaRFo7rubv5o47IF0x0MVU1S8Mzqo39tcG4nqg/s1600/J-BY45500+total.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="J-BY45500" border="0" data-original-height="395" data-original-width="1025" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTq2Z-axCujRFtBRrn_bbWftzTbCgWyWOATMaeL1QIKfETZStgjpPQ0hc1UuhS6o9a3LGe9s-jwERGMnwVnWqVMr7cEGZzYeYHArrLAeaRFo7rubv5o47IF0x0MVU1S8Mzqo39tcG4nqg/s640/J-BY45500+total.jpg" title="Country Report for J-BY45500" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In this final screen, these are the two people, Carnes and Karns, who are reported as matches in the Big Y-500 Matching list we originally saw. I will repeat the beginning screen:</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaHvlnnv_N0GuF3MpleOCJ1Xjk1zSKvGA3jrRo189OjIYTwbllZMRubL-iojnPFoL6ZUisKyRFQRmMbrItAknEhJ85CiWPkpTQIocYHg3UxWzrZOKZZ9fJbUNQS4RtqmmAj_ebsM-AU6c/s1600/Step+Chart.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="J-BY45500" border="0" data-original-height="348" data-original-width="504" height="440" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaHvlnnv_N0GuF3MpleOCJ1Xjk1zSKvGA3jrRo189OjIYTwbllZMRubL-iojnPFoL6ZUisKyRFQRmMbrItAknEhJ85CiWPkpTQIocYHg3UxWzrZOKZZ9fJbUNQS4RtqmmAj_ebsM-AU6c/s640/Step+Chart.jpg" title="Big Y-500 step chart" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">What we know is that these two people [the "You" (Karns) and the one match (Carnes)] do not share at least 30 SNPs with the man who is still in haplogroup J-Y98609. He is not on the list of matches. We can see a partial list of the SNPs by changing to the Variants view instead of the Countries view in the new Y-DNA Haplotree.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Using the Variants view</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Go to the top of the page and select Variants. We still have J-Z1295 in the "Go to Branch" search box.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCJ9FDZB29k5N4NKJ2gw2rXs9KgY5dqlZR8mzY8iIwchenFqecQX9rmMFXIdX6KD2zsSqsLHKOsVhP_iNuF31N7el6xXYzcGVdxUy9SLOZvNQKTLuxf776yuilkBsHgT0ijVzyC3KaL7Y/s1600/select+variants.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="FTDNA haplotree variants view" border="0" data-original-height="223" data-original-width="1113" height="128" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCJ9FDZB29k5N4NKJ2gw2rXs9KgY5dqlZR8mzY8iIwchenFqecQX9rmMFXIdX6KD2zsSqsLHKOsVhP_iNuF31N7el6xXYzcGVdxUy9SLOZvNQKTLuxf776yuilkBsHgT0ijVzyC3KaL7Y/s640/select+variants.jpg" title="Select Variants" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The view will change to show SNPs instead of countries.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-l6Re63Mhqcr-agtjDftDmm4kgHt8ywFciTXXaSM5oHFskMH9RN6JeQQ9TgWKxjB5BALLBT4Eym7NpKDBDEq3evNlrrSNonk7yfJZuCroVP0mtds8aaQTxM6e6tNLjbVCeoQpB4WvukQ/s1600/Variants+view.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="haplotree variants view" border="0" data-original-height="337" data-original-width="999" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-l6Re63Mhqcr-agtjDftDmm4kgHt8ywFciTXXaSM5oHFskMH9RN6JeQQ9TgWKxjB5BALLBT4Eym7NpKDBDEq3evNlrrSNonk7yfJZuCroVP0mtds8aaQTxM6e6tNLjbVCeoQpB4WvukQ/s640/Variants+view.jpg" title="Variants view" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Here we see that the two men at haplogroup J-BY45500 share three SNPs with the man at haplogroup J-Y98609. These shared SNPs are Y98609, BY38005, and Y105578. After that, Carnes and Karns formed their own subclade because they shared 13 named SNPs and had some unnamed variants that the other man did not have. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The man at J-Y98609 no doubt has a large number of unnamed variants because he is not within 30 SNPs of the other two men. He can recruit another cousin with his surname who will share some of his unnamed variants. They will then form a new subclade of haplogroup J-Y98609. As more distant cousins and closer family members are tested the haplogroups will move closer to the present time, and we can begin to see at which generation each SNP occurred.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Using the Surnames view</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">We saw in Haplogroup J-Z1295 that there was an option for a Country Report. The Surname Report has no link, so there are no surnames available for this haplogroup.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1A3u5LneZU9kD37vr9ae7zNz6SgCzCYyGBTPcwPNnNQ63ZjrCzWN1z1atLwiQ9rTRg8n4jsJy1KOexNP0QD_aaKTrOVVpiNp1zM6TTJTe-vd6A8gvMHy26cnpuOag-Mc3G1Q1N8hLtgQ/s1600/country+report.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="haplotree reports" border="0" data-original-height="241" data-original-width="1223" height="126" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1A3u5LneZU9kD37vr9ae7zNz6SgCzCYyGBTPcwPNnNQ63ZjrCzWN1z1atLwiQ9rTRg8n4jsJy1KOexNP0QD_aaKTrOVVpiNp1zM6TTJTe-vd6A8gvMHy26cnpuOag-Mc3G1Q1N8hLtgQ/s640/country+report.jpg" title="No option for Surname Report" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">If we go to the top of the Y-DNA haplotree we can search by surname. I removed the branch name from the "Go to Branch Name" search box, so we are now searching for the surname Karns in the entire haplogroup J.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfglT3JzW38Q0I8QFZPEL7tF788WiZbHOsQ9BujdZjp75rLQvJiTsMlsGdlBDcOV05LfJyvydT4nXR2Ae8xy5OPjRXQJc5gDKsFRHihApK7Ac3Tj2vpB1wq4FGbdH1qN_UREqGVo4wf5E/s1600/surname+search.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="haplotree surnames" border="0" data-original-height="218" data-original-width="1118" height="124" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfglT3JzW38Q0I8QFZPEL7tF788WiZbHOsQ9BujdZjp75rLQvJiTsMlsGdlBDcOV05LfJyvydT4nXR2Ae8xy5OPjRXQJc5gDKsFRHihApK7Ac3Tj2vpB1wq4FGbdH1qN_UREqGVo4wf5E/s640/surname+search.jpg" title="Select Surnames" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">There are no results.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Why aren't surnames showing in all haplogroups?</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">If you choose the surname view you will notice that sometimes you will see surnames, and other times you will not. Here are the reasons you may not be seeing surnames in your haplogroup:</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">At least two men must share the same terminal haplogroup and the same surname.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Each man has to have opted into public sharing in his account settings.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">The surnames currently held by these men must be spelled exactly the same.</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In haplogroup J-Y98609 there is only one man in the group, so there can be no matching surname. In haplogroup J-BY45500 you also do not see any surnames. Although the two men in this haplogroup share the same terminal SNP, share a common ancestor named Nicolaus Kern[s], and both have opted into public sharing, the current surnames of these men are not spelled exactly the same. One man spells his surname Carnes, and the other spells his surname Karns, so no surname appears on the haplotree.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Finding a surname</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Let's use another ex</span><span style="font-size: large;">ample where we have two men with matching surnames. Here we will use my Thompson example from previous blog entries. Thompson is a very common surname, so we should expect to find the name in a surname search of Haplogroup R.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuVuiYbJTXJIoq7fyD7s3mkpJ_9MaC1kExdUu1vK3DRI6DxnviWGDO8t2deJKCZUOt4aCDfQWqr3UgxW9GOCAPQaky7NFfx8SH96PFegf7z9fgjgDry5gNmQLgl4I1HGH8jwltJzC3ja8/s1600/Thompson+search.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="haplotree surname search" border="0" data-original-height="218" data-original-width="1113" height="124" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuVuiYbJTXJIoq7fyD7s3mkpJ_9MaC1kExdUu1vK3DRI6DxnviWGDO8t2deJKCZUOt4aCDfQWqr3UgxW9GOCAPQaky7NFfx8SH96PFegf7z9fgjgDry5gNmQLgl4I1HGH8jwltJzC3ja8/s640/Thompson+search.jpg" title="Haplotree surname search" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The search results say that the surname Thompson is found a total of 27 times and is found 14 times within Haplogroup R. The screen will then display every Thompson within Haplogroup R. Here are a few examples:</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvnb0-v7_8_czmSKfX40e2oXMia4YbXSCNdLY8WRSSr815umIK42bMd3ze7esqn_8v4lZUHlXhsa_SjDC6xPCdab3wQVZnhLKe7bemCskBV9sVi4o1GubH6jqC7xFE8GLP4nt2QrSDBP0/s1600/Thompson+R.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Thompson haplotree" border="0" data-original-height="235" data-original-width="1116" height="134" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvnb0-v7_8_czmSKfX40e2oXMia4YbXSCNdLY8WRSSr815umIK42bMd3ze7esqn_8v4lZUHlXhsa_SjDC6xPCdab3wQVZnhLKe7bemCskBV9sVi4o1GubH6jqC7xFE8GLP4nt2QrSDBP0/s640/Thompson+R.jpg" title="Thompsons in haplotree" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The haplogroups are highlighted in blue that have at least two Thompsons with that haplogroup as their current terminal haplogroup. In order to appear on the list, they also had to agree to public sharing.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Here are my Thompsons. Their current terminal SNP is FGC65820, and only the two Thompsons share this SNP. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisgqFlQ1Hrlk0MR77wu5f8UrFW1rcdtpjNh-rPzB-nU9pZ7nX847xP8Yk-fVJSZZD_jNFGdG6LbdiO4jw23M7M-UysMGIcsny4jp9KukKpUvA3nzbxe9RxoAUhy0Ii7wlK_iUVc-d8ybE/s1600/R-FGC65820.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="FGC65820" border="0" data-original-height="182" data-original-width="1220" height="94" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisgqFlQ1Hrlk0MR77wu5f8UrFW1rcdtpjNh-rPzB-nU9pZ7nX847xP8Yk-fVJSZZD_jNFGdG6LbdiO4jw23M7M-UysMGIcsny4jp9KukKpUvA3nzbxe9RxoAUhy0Ii7wlK_iUVc-d8ybE/s640/R-FGC65820.jpg" title="R-FGC65820 Thompson" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Notice that there are options to see both a Country Report and a Surname Report. Here is the Surname Report:</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVc__zycG5K8SY7PVZwH4BpkwdibsAPG0tHITze3M2mE2xmknG5D1OMTeSGu3e9pGLNDk520p8yhsrMzgb-IJ2RXtgD1PC-V9wStoWwrBe7vKJT3pmB7AwYd-fito9cbUeRNwTvYtzXcY/s1600/surname+report.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="R-FGC65820" border="0" data-original-height="403" data-original-width="1022" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVc__zycG5K8SY7PVZwH4BpkwdibsAPG0tHITze3M2mE2xmknG5D1OMTeSGu3e9pGLNDk520p8yhsrMzgb-IJ2RXtgD1PC-V9wStoWwrBe7vKJT3pmB7AwYd-fito9cbUeRNwTvYtzXcY/s640/surname+report.jpg" title="Surname Report for R-FGC65820" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In the surname report for this haplogroup there is only one surname. We can see exactly how many Thompsons have this terminal SNP. </span><span style="font-size: large;">The terminal SNP will change as more Thompsons are tested, and they will form subclades of R-FGC65820.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">It's pretty exciting seeing my ancestor's surname appearing in this haplogroup.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>How can I make sure that my results are on the </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>FTDNA public Y-DNA Haplotree?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">1. Take a SNP test from Family Tree DNA. You must take a Y-DNA test and be SNP tested. If your test results show the haplogroup in red (such as R-M269), your haplogroup is estimated and has not been confirmed. You must order some kind of SNP test from Family Tree DNA to confirm it. Once you have been SNP tested your haplogroup will be shown in green. I highly recommend ordering the Big Y-700 test if you can afford it because you will likely find new SNPs that have never been discovered, and you may even form a modern haplogroup. The Big Y-700 test can help get your ancestor's name in a haplogroup in the genealogical time frame.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">2. Opt into public sharing. Log into your account, and click your name at the upper right of the screen. Then click Account Settings. On the next screen click the Privacy & Sharing tab:</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglbaMvX15aGyNNA9UcPraxXCtfnJq9VD6iPpxOYWk-NYcPhg5Kx1VbvaIygeKJmF5XrSkprwXtJd9nam6ljy-oUcXQdzV6to3Ywt0ihHneUJ6S1oaLUU4Lqs3wn_4aeGiVZOWcBhnfeAs/s1600/privacy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="123" data-original-width="864" height="90" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglbaMvX15aGyNNA9UcPraxXCtfnJq9VD6iPpxOYWk-NYcPhg5Kx1VbvaIygeKJmF5XrSkprwXtJd9nam6ljy-oUcXQdzV6to3Ywt0ihHneUJ6S1oaLUU4Lqs3wn_4aeGiVZOWcBhnfeAs/s640/privacy.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Click the boxes next to "Opt in to sharing," especially the box for Origin Sharing.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7uuz6qCrsYMAaQef6TdCNULg_DXn1sdT4JGivoTCn-LcsKnd9Et8Xiu749_0716pUQb0zzwTZPHA06bgGRi4EskPSrjdTRjvKltlKZzW6qRGCVJ3oWlTY40YRHB6Ks-kkRCtm-JN-drk/s1600/origin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="110" data-original-width="971" height="72" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7uuz6qCrsYMAaQef6TdCNULg_DXn1sdT4JGivoTCn-LcsKnd9Et8Xiu749_0716pUQb0zzwTZPHA06bgGRi4EskPSrjdTRjvKltlKZzW6qRGCVJ3oWlTY40YRHB6Ks-kkRCtm-JN-drk/s640/origin.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">3. Enter the country of origin for your most distant known paternal ancestor. Click the genealogy tab:</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhamGKi9T9HQZqG1eThmJg35jcaPUHxXQSpagYuCxMEL70LXtyrs6i93ysGmfpNBzyW51SI_L3ZWufHPjD7UyBcE8hf3Mhgdfv5ufzIRL7F9z9kHA3xY5WhMOB8_txwnA6sBgrKdGajv60/s1600/direct+paternal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="361" data-original-width="476" height="484" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhamGKi9T9HQZqG1eThmJg35jcaPUHxXQSpagYuCxMEL70LXtyrs6i93ysGmfpNBzyW51SI_L3ZWufHPjD7UyBcE8hf3Mhgdfv5ufzIRL7F9z9kHA3xY5WhMOB8_txwnA6sBgrKdGajv60/s640/direct+paternal.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Under Earliest Known Ancestors choose the Country of Origin for your Direct Paternal ancestor. Family Tree DNA used to ask you not to enter United States unless your ancestor was Native American. This is no longer the case; there is now a choice between United States and United States (Native American). So, for example, if your ancestor lived in the United States and you aren't sure of the country of origin, you should choose United States. You can change the country when you discover more information.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">4. Recruit other relatives. In the Carnes/Karns example above I need to recruit more closely-related men. We would then see two subclades below J-BY45500: one with the surname Carnes and one with the surname Karns.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Summary</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The new public haplotree is a big step forward. You no longer need to be tested at Family Tree DNA to view the haplotree. The countries of origin, the surnames, and the number of people tested are all new additions to the haplotree. I am grateful to Family Tree DNA for finally making this tree public and for adding these very helpful enhancements. The tree motivated me to do even further Big Y-500 testing to get my ancestral surnames assigned to modern haplogroups on the Y-DNA haplotree.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">This tree will allow me to leave a lasting record of many of my ancestors, proved by Y-DNA.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>What's next?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In an upcoming blog entry we will compare two public haplotrees: FTDNA's new Y-DNA Haplotree and the YTree at YFull. We will see the advantages and disadvantages of each. You may want to consider getting into both. Good news just keeps coming!</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">Disclosure</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Links to Family Tree DNA appear in the sidebar. I receive a small contribution if you make a purchase, but clicking through the link does not affect the price you pay. </span></div>
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Linda Jonashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00245944818580411111noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7064587737424586464.post-48065803541628278112018-04-20T12:58:00.002-04:002018-04-20T12:58:50.430-04:00Announcing Family Tree DNA's new Big Y-500 test<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Since its inception Family Tree DNA has been conducting Y-chromosome DNA tests. Originally these were STR tests, then Family Tree DNA began SNP testing. For an explanation of the differences between these tests, see <a href="http://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2017/10/y-dna-strs-snps-and-haplogroups.html" target="_blank">Y-DNA STRs, SNPs, and Haplogroups</a>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Until today, Family Tree DNA's most recent Y-DNA test was called the Big Y which was a SNP discovery test. But now there is a new, combined Big Y-500 test that is absolutely amazing. Here is how FTDNA describes the new test.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">What is Big Y-500?</span></h2>
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<li style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-left: 15px;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The Big Y and Y-111 will be sold together in a product called Big Y-500</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-left: 15px;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">It includes all SNP information currently included in Big Y, as well as the 111 STRs of the Y-111 and newly reported STRs </span></li>
<li style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-left: 15px;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Approximately 45 STRs used in the Y-111 product are also reliably called from Big Y data and will serve as additional cross-checks to control the quality of the Big Y-500 product</span></li>
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<h2 class="m_7384047320634480137null" style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">Where did the 500 come from?</span></h2>
<ul style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">
<li style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-left: 15px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Approximately 450 STRs were chosen from Big Y data because they can be <strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><u style="line-height: 1.22em;">reliably called on a consistent basis</u></strong> </span></li>
<li style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-left: 15px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Of the ~450 STRs, at least 389 will be reported and when combined with the Y-111, that gives a total of at least 500 STRs</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px;"> </span><h4 class="m_7384047320634480137null" style="color: #333333; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">Note:</strong> Everyone with Y500 will have 500 STRs (including the Y-111), but not everyone will have exactly the same 389 additional STRs from the Big Y. There will be a significant overlap, but there will be some STRs that are called for one tester that may not be reliably callable for another tester. Big Y-500 STR values will be displayed on the tester's Y-STR results page. </span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">If you would like to see how these new STRs look, please see <a href="http://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2018/04/strs-now-included-in-big-y500-test.html" target="_blank">STRs now included in Big Y500 test!</a> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Family Tree DNA has removed the requirement that a man has to order an STR test before ordering the Big Y. Anyone can now order the Big Y-500 and will get a 111- marker STR test, the Big Y SNP discovery test, and hundreds of additional STRs. </span><span style="font-size: large;">For DNA Day, the new test is on sale for $649 (regularly $799).</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">If you have previously done some Y-DNA testing with Family Tree DNA the upgrade prices are shown in the following image:</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ9w3pi7QSPAy4JQkXl38_AyGviR1hWolsvX2F6AOu2lk00OpVJEMAbeEWpGa7y3Z8CqSiqSnujG4a9fn5H06foOhddDQs_CYO7i71lJlwWIq1WiL9M6Sz0JSMLxLEELmf86nXBG71auA/s1600/DNA+day+sale.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="2018 FTDNA DNA Day Sale" border="0" data-original-height="433" data-original-width="660" height="418" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ9w3pi7QSPAy4JQkXl38_AyGviR1hWolsvX2F6AOu2lk00OpVJEMAbeEWpGa7y3Z8CqSiqSnujG4a9fn5H06foOhddDQs_CYO7i71lJlwWIq1WiL9M6Sz0JSMLxLEELmf86nXBG71auA/s640/DNA+day+sale.jpg" title="2018 DNA Day Sale" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">It will be fascinating to see what we can discover about our families with the new Y-DNA data!</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>Linda Jonashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00245944818580411111noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7064587737424586464.post-77308052395893394392018-04-20T11:09:00.001-04:002018-04-20T15:00:33.018-04:00STRs now included in Big Y500 test!<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">In my previous post, <a href="http://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2018/04/the-amazing-power-of-y-dna.html" target="_blank">The amazing power of Y-DNA</a>, I stated the following:</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">In November 2017, Family Tree DNA announced that in 2018 they would be including about 500 STRs, in addition to the SNPs, in Big Y results. These would not just be for new Big Y testers; anyone who had ever taken a Big Y will see them. There will be no additional charge for these new STRs. While there is no expected date, it is obvious that the "Y500" is now in the pipeline. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Well, the Big Y500 results have arrived, and it's stunning. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>STRs now included in Big Y500 test!</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">When you log into your Family Tree DNA account, instead of seeing a section called Big Y you will now see a section called Big Y500:</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9n_ggq2aFnqMu6kHaazzSYqCWCHcL_RlzKgPgpGyI9yQU8gz2rgDq1nTiKNpm2kVzvJYZ3gy7inL1sqQMk6VoGrGZs_09hwo_Uhv8lpkESpdPaypsDKi5P7wa6YL1x31kFtvLNNOh27w/s1600/Big+Y500.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Big Y 500" border="0" data-original-height="122" data-original-width="548" height="142" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9n_ggq2aFnqMu6kHaazzSYqCWCHcL_RlzKgPgpGyI9yQU8gz2rgDq1nTiKNpm2kVzvJYZ3gy7inL1sqQMk6VoGrGZs_09hwo_Uhv8lpkESpdPaypsDKi5P7wa6YL1x31kFtvLNNOh27w/s640/Big+Y500.jpg" title="Big Y 500" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The link to Y-STR Results is new. If your Y-STR results are still in process, you will see this at the bottom of your list:</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEirceF39UdQS5A4Us2yVbHzFHH07n90KOW56voLr9FaoFETkBHeUNP4pgv717l32EO1Quzr7PaaepV4zH7WcqONMH4PbsNvNUvD28XtxfVOStyaZqaXGUaxlfF0OzJVKzyzXKiIUYV_Y/s1600/awaiting+500.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="345" data-original-width="1316" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEirceF39UdQS5A4Us2yVbHzFHH07n90KOW56voLr9FaoFETkBHeUNP4pgv717l32EO1Quzr7PaaepV4zH7WcqONMH4PbsNvNUvD28XtxfVOStyaZqaXGUaxlfF0OzJVKzyzXKiIUYV_Y/s640/awaiting+500.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">But if they have been completed, you will see a screen that caused me to gasp with shock. Here's the entire screen:</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO6fLv-4hPuCGgkLbHTqFq4d9IybeWO2oxm8i6Yl48c94o2bec-VYXjP91vQCpZr5NTLSbY4qGe58UcCIxqG3mSQn0nuMQ2nvGbkIr-Gi4dez_g7Nh4n3M_aPhf9nGXw1X_cRm-GTPHAM/s1600/y500+results.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="474" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO6fLv-4hPuCGgkLbHTqFq4d9IybeWO2oxm8i6Yl48c94o2bec-VYXjP91vQCpZr5NTLSbY4qGe58UcCIxqG3mSQn0nuMQ2nvGbkIr-Gi4dez_g7Nh4n3M_aPhf9nGXw1X_cRm-GTPHAM/s640/y500+results.jpg" width="188" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Here is a close up of a portion of it:</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQkZcJqnGSUE3dYvEKXE3MC2HOM9xVCMbXKQe66I2X2vgAQVOflO64bqNvT7HaydE2Qrpv6oDMdH1A08YHz5e9cDTNOzIv6OwvUulV_46ykSPLZA0fIlPCF2C3Lcb4GqaHEbFh3zr3qWA/s1600/Y500closeup.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="612" data-original-width="1119" height="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQkZcJqnGSUE3dYvEKXE3MC2HOM9xVCMbXKQe66I2X2vgAQVOflO64bqNvT7HaydE2Qrpv6oDMdH1A08YHz5e9cDTNOzIv6OwvUulV_46ykSPLZA0fIlPCF2C3Lcb4GqaHEbFh3zr3qWA/s640/Y500closeup.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">On your dashboard, you will still see the section for Y-DNA results. Notice that "Y-STR Results" appears in both the Y-DNA section and the Big Y500 section.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In the Y-DNA section, when you click Y-STR results you will see the same massive list you saw in the Big Y500 section. However, when you click Matches, your list has not changed. You will see matches for the first 111 markers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">We don't yet know when we will see a list of matches for the Y500 STRs, but it is clear that Family Tree DNA came through on their promise to provide these additional markers. The best part is that previous Big Y testers didn't have to pay any additional fee to get these. These new STRs will appear at no cost in the results of anyone who has already taken the Big Y test, but the cost of new Big Y500 tests has gone up significantly because it is now a combination of the previous Big Y test, a Y-111 STR test, and all the additional new STRs. I can't wait to see what we will be able to do with all this new data.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">To see the new test announcement see <a href="http://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2018/04/announcing-family-tree-dnas-new-big-y.html" target="_blank">Announcing Family Tree DNA's new Big Y-500 test</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The title of one of my blog posts was, "<a href="http://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2017/12/the-big-y-could-be-best-dna-test-ever.html" target="_blank">The Big Y could be the best DNA test ever!</a>" I feel even more strongly about that now.</span></div>
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Linda Jonashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00245944818580411111noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7064587737424586464.post-25230864137795428582018-04-17T13:36:00.007-04:002021-05-20T12:35:18.130-04:00The amazing power of Y-DNA<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The amazing power of Y-DNA can help you break through brick walls in many of your ancestral lines. For example, when there are several men with similar surnames who lived in the same location, it is can be very frustrating to attempt to determine their true relationship. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;">But Y-DNA can point us in the right direction and can even prove our theories.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">You don't have to depend on your own Y-DNA or the Y-DNA of close relatives. I try to track down direct male descendants of all of my ancestral lines to see what Y-DNA can do. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;">Since the Y-chromosome is passed from father to son, I need to find a man who is my ancestor's son's son's son . . . . If the surname remained unchanged the descendant will be carrying the surname. This time I want to find more about my maternal grandmother's ancestors.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span>My problem was particularly troublesome because I am descended from two
men named Michael Kerns (spelled Carn, Carnes, Karns, Karnes, Kern, etc. in the various records) who both lived in Bedford County, Virginia. </span>One died 1807 in Bedford County, and the other left Virginia and died 1814 in Knox
County, Tennessee. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;">The daughter of Michael of Bedford married the son of Michael of Knox, so that's why I descend from both of them. Genealogists have confused the two men for decades and have placed them in multiple lineages.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal">
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<span style="font-size: large;">Researching in Colonial Virginia is difficult, and deeds are
your most important resource for this time period. So years ago I went through all of the deeds of the two Michael Karnes, and I now
know where each man lived and have determined the children of both men. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;">But I
want to find their fathers. Y-DNA testing can be a great way to do this.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">If you are relatively new to Y-DNA testing, you may wish to review this post: <a href="http://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2017/10/y-dna-strs-snps-and-haplogroups.html" target="_blank">Y-DNA STRs, SNPs, and Haplogroups</a>. The page will open in a new window, so you won't lose your place here.</span></div>
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<b>EXAMINING STR RESULTS</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">I found men who were willing to take DNA tests and ordered Y-DNA
tests from Family Tree DNA (FTDNA) for two descendants of Michael Karnes of Knox
County, and one for Michael of Bedford. This test is an STR test, and I originally
ordered 37-marker tests for these men. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;">The descendant of Michael Kern from Bedford did not
have any Y-DNA matches and did not appear to be related to the Michael of Knox,
but I need at least one more tester to be sure. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;">The Michael Karnes of Knox had several DNA matches, so we can find out more about him. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The Y-DNA results include a list of people who closely match your STRs. Below is the list of matches for one of the descendants Michael Karnes of Knox County. This man's surname is now spelled Karns. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;">Mr.
Karns is not listed here; these are the people who match his Y-DNA. Notice the
spelling of the various surnames: Carnes, Kern, Karnes. There's even one Moreno, but he doesn't have a family tree. From DNA we know that all of these men are probably related. </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIMY_JNhyphenhyphenpBg9F_-ZmUEcZXW3slSYyf7k3LFUAlpfysG0iTiOrJ2DeFf0jRQD23epB0uKAKaYbvRYINNlk-B15VyviuOEVxXivN5A151K_ZMdR_Bwnw9Zq00GIkDr5w9-nr2KNZwVyArM/s1600/DNA+Matches.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Y-DNA matches" border="0" data-original-height="327" data-original-width="1071" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIMY_JNhyphenhyphenpBg9F_-ZmUEcZXW3slSYyf7k3LFUAlpfysG0iTiOrJ2DeFf0jRQD23epB0uKAKaYbvRYINNlk-B15VyviuOEVxXivN5A151K_ZMdR_Bwnw9Zq00GIkDr5w9-nr2KNZwVyArM/s640/DNA+Matches.jpg" title="Y-DNA matches" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Y-DNA STR Matches</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The genetic distance in the first column gives us a clue to how closely related these men are. The first man on the list is the other descendant of Michael Karnes. After ordering the initial test, I ordered a SNP test for him and upgraded his STR test to 67 markers. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Family Tree DNA shows what tests were taken by each man. For example, the fourth man on the list has tested 111 markers, has taken the Family Finder (FF) test, and the Big Y test. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;">If Mr. Karns took the Family Finder test, these men may not be on his list of matches because they may not share any autosomal DNA segments with him. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;">This is one reason that Y-DNA is so powerful--Y-DNA is passed relatively unchanged with each generation and does not get broken up like autosomal DNA segments do. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">As I was looking through the above DNA matches, I noticed
that one Kern was descended from Adam Kern of Frederick County, Virginia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Genealogical research from DNA clues</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The earliest record I could find of Michael Karnes
was a 1766 deed in Frederick County, Virginia. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;">In 1773 Michael left Frederick County and
had deeded some of his land to a man named Adam Kern. Adam's name is showing up as a Y-DNA match, so now I decided to get all of
Adam’s deeds to see what I could find.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;">As it turns out, Adam split that land into several parts, and in one
significant 1796 deed to his first son Nicholas [Frederick County,Virginia, Deed Book 24B, page 565] Adam stated that he
received this land from his brother Michael.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVSERXqRBAhFBjS94ffPKYWUSufK90tt9ZJaMUD3INTj8Zvl4Tw8rJstkpULhQ3IXdM34zAVHBoMaozQl1u3Q2fVOAR4vzoEXAlQ3s_YM-CJQS0gtexAwXjmDVAt3zWPELd6bETCeEBTg/s1600/Michael+brother+of+Adam.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="relationships in Virginia deed" border="0" data-original-height="408" data-original-width="1600" height="162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVSERXqRBAhFBjS94ffPKYWUSufK90tt9ZJaMUD3INTj8Zvl4Tw8rJstkpULhQ3IXdM34zAVHBoMaozQl1u3Q2fVOAR4vzoEXAlQ3s_YM-CJQS0gtexAwXjmDVAt3zWPELd6bETCeEBTg/s640/Michael+brother+of+Adam.jpg" title="Relationships in Virginia deed" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Deed from Adam Karn to his son Nicholas</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">I started crying.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It
had long been believed that Adam might have a brother named Henry, a brother
named Michael, and a brother named Nicholas, but nobody had ever determined the
exact relationships.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;">I traced the
children of all four men and noticed that Michael, Adam, and Henry had each named
their first son Nicholas. So I decided that all family trees were likely incorrect,
and that these men were probably sons of a man named Nicholas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;">I checked the list of DNA matches again. Although all the men had family trees there was no common ancestor, so I traced the lineage of the men on the list. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;">In addition to the
two men whom I know are descended from Michael, two men on the DNA match list
are descended from Adam, and one is descended from Henry. The lineage of one
man is still uncertain.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Adam Kern had married in York County, Pennsylvania shortly
after coming to Frederick County, Virginia, so I went looking for a man named
Nicholas in York County.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I found him, and knowing
the names of some of his children, I was actually able to trace the entire
family to their hometown in Germany.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>The German origins of Michael Karnes (Kern)</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Johann Nicolaus Kern married Maria Apollonia Spicker 13 Feb
1738 in Flonheim, Germany.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> The marriage record stated that the father of Nicolaus was Nicolaus Kern, deceased, from Erbes-Bűdesheim, and the father of Maria Apollonia was Hermann [sometimes spelled Hermanes] Spicker of Flonheim.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Johann Nicolaus and Maria Apollonia Kern had the
following children baptized in Flonheim. I will show images for the first three
men, because our DNA testers are descended from them:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Johann Henrich Kern, 7 Aug 1740</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjafbKX6Qf22QToaOMzh1P_lxsQiHIy4lUjeHrwrY6fLat04eMbD2aFJhy9myYOnOLXerVWmQmptIQSv00R4OcG-SL0HNw02IFFeKpJp3dwMDXYkAtWeLfzgPYtDwviDGp2peFv2xayJoE/s1600/henry.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Johann Henrich Kern Flonheim" border="0" data-original-height="554" data-original-width="1600" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjafbKX6Qf22QToaOMzh1P_lxsQiHIy4lUjeHrwrY6fLat04eMbD2aFJhy9myYOnOLXerVWmQmptIQSv00R4OcG-SL0HNw02IFFeKpJp3dwMDXYkAtWeLfzgPYtDwviDGp2peFv2xayJoE/s640/henry.jpg" title="Johann Henrich Kern" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Baptism of Johann Henrich Kern</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Johann Adam Kern 26 Mar 1742<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtgIgbUWhNZ0HrLrMTln8D7dIXZJR1MCSS5CRaqumt4HEACjHhPdG2N0ejSvGCCLPj_yqeZi9ABBU8BE0p1DpPFQwU20YVKGrhBWJQWx_KhY1NHF38_cjtndm4GdQ_Udh3a0msGPM1o9A/s1600/adam.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Johann Adam Kern Flonheim" border="0" data-original-height="292" data-original-width="1600" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtgIgbUWhNZ0HrLrMTln8D7dIXZJR1MCSS5CRaqumt4HEACjHhPdG2N0ejSvGCCLPj_yqeZi9ABBU8BE0p1DpPFQwU20YVKGrhBWJQWx_KhY1NHF38_cjtndm4GdQ_Udh3a0msGPM1o9A/s640/adam.jpg" title="Johann Adam Kern" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Baptism of Johann Adam Kern</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Johann Michael Kern 7 Jul 1744<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIgtLtTdJfOXqN2XskPqKNBocI6uq5sDrBLsvWhhT52ZmnhetupsjV_iNiraB7wsjIWWQSLOST2BaxD01D4cVnkAUchXVVAv5yuVgN49C7hDNkDKk56re4sOBHKsS8uYmidJ3G3jPWEpI/s1600/michael.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Johann Michael Kern Flonheim" border="0" data-original-height="234" data-original-width="1600" height="92" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIgtLtTdJfOXqN2XskPqKNBocI6uq5sDrBLsvWhhT52ZmnhetupsjV_iNiraB7wsjIWWQSLOST2BaxD01D4cVnkAUchXVVAv5yuVgN49C7hDNkDKk56re4sOBHKsS8uYmidJ3G3jPWEpI/s640/michael.jpg" title="Johann Michael Kern" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Baptism of Johann Michael Kern</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Johann Nicholas Kern 5 Jun 1746<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Johann Georg Kern 12 May 1748<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Johann Paul Kern 2 Oct 1749<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>The Kern family in America</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The Kern family left Germany and went to America to join Maria Apollonia’s
family.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her parents Hermann Spicker and
Maria Ursula Brűcker went to Pennsylvania and arrived 15 Sep 1749 on the ship
Edinburgh. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;">Nicholas and Maria Apollonia Kern took the same ship two years later
and arrived in Philadelphia 16 Sep 1751. It must have been a miserable trip for
Maria because she gave birth in York County the next month. They had the
following children baptized in York County, Pennsylvania:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Maria Magdalena Kern 11 Oct 1751<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Carl Kern 1 Apr 1753 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">John Kern 21 Sep 1754<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">John Kern<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2 Sep 1756<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Anna Maria Kern 2 Sep 1756<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Henry Spicker [brother of Maria Apollonia] and Maria Ursula Spicker [mother of Maria Apollonia] were witnesses to the baptism of Carl Kern in 1753. The Kerns and Spickers were on multiple documents together in York County, Pennsylvania.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The Kern family moved to Frederick County, Virginia, about
1765. Nicholas Kern [spelled Carn on the administration bond] died that year,
and his wife Mary was appointed administrator.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her son Henry Carn [the signature is spelled Henrich Kern] and brother Julius Spicker signed the administration
bond.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5VCIgzzzEjdONEMsGrmR2Wm3J4rh2JIUl6zdZsIVh6Otgwgm80ZkUrnbi1NebNVpHKQtMCm6NPYEjwcL8uGj3tCrZuS45so6HLhyRD7oMujyX_3oSMiAmYVBCP4Qol5oXyhwvaMrxYxw/s1600/Carn+probate.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Virginia administration bond" border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1100" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5VCIgzzzEjdONEMsGrmR2Wm3J4rh2JIUl6zdZsIVh6Otgwgm80ZkUrnbi1NebNVpHKQtMCm6NPYEjwcL8uGj3tCrZuS45so6HLhyRD7oMujyX_3oSMiAmYVBCP4Qol5oXyhwvaMrxYxw/s640/Carn+probate.jpg" title="Frederick County, Virginia, administration bond" width="440" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Administration bond for Nicholas Carn</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">These Kerns do not yet appear to be related to any other Kern
family in Colonial America. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Learning more from Y-DNA</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;">I notified all of the men on the Y-DNA matches list about my new
findings, and here is a portion of how they currently appear in the Kern surname project:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDaIvR-ClZZO-Y4G1V4IGfubJzXAagVlge6FYLQAvA8Y1gzUSzt7SCtvU7g-9yUxYJmfsIXlN2PB7HSPdrC0N58p99KpG9biPydZ8198Ba1RUp9hJFkTnARrrVXzxftyCFe7hDgJjy7wE/s1600/Kern+Surname+Project.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Kern surname project" border="0" data-original-height="81" data-original-width="739" height="70" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDaIvR-ClZZO-Y4G1V4IGfubJzXAagVlge6FYLQAvA8Y1gzUSzt7SCtvU7g-9yUxYJmfsIXlN2PB7HSPdrC0N58p99KpG9biPydZ8198Ba1RUp9hJFkTnARrrVXzxftyCFe7hDgJjy7wE/s640/Kern+Surname+Project.jpg" title="Kern surname project" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Kern surname project at Family Tree DNA</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<o:p><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></o:p>
<span style="font-size: large;">The lineage of one man<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is still uncertain, but he has ordered a Big
Y test, so we should be able to find out more by examining Big Y results. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p>This past December the Big Y test went on sale and included a free upgrade to 111 markers. I ordered this test for Mr. Karns. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;">By comparing the Big Y results of the two men who have tested, we can begin to learn more about the Kern lineage.</span></div>
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<b>Haplogroups and SNPs</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Before we examine the Big Y results, notice in the above screenshot for the Kern surname project that STR results indicate that the men are related, but these STRs are not enough to distinguish between the various lineages. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;">Now look at the third column. The third column is for haplogroup. A haplogroup is a group of people who are related genetically and share a common ancestor. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;">These haplogroups seem to be very different and can make it look like these men are not related. But they are! </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;">The haplogroups in red are predicted haplogroups. This means that Family Tree DNA looked at the STR patterns of these men and predicted that they belong to haplogroup J-M172. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;">J-M172 is an ancient haplogroup that has been estimated to be between 19,000 - 24,000 years old. We are not going to be able to determine the name of our common ancestor that far back! </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;">We can get closer in time by ordering something called a SNP test. I did this for one of the men, and he was confirmed to be in haplogroup J-Z1296. His haplogroup is colored green which indicates that it is not merely predicted; it has actually been confirmed with a SNP test. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;">J-Z1296 is a branch of J-M172. Yfull.com estimates J-Z1296 to be about 4500 years old. That's much closer in time, but still not useful for genealogy. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;">So we need to discover new SNPs that can bring us into the genealogical time frame. That is the purpose of the Big Y test. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;">Now look at the two green haplogroups J-BY45500. This haplogroup is brand new. Haplogroup J-BY45500 was discovered with the Big Y tests of these men.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">EXAMINING BIG Y RESULTS</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Matching</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The Big Y test can find SNPs that have never been discovered. It can take your haplogroup from an ancient time period to a more modern one, and even find SNPs that only you have. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">When we get our Big Y results we should first look at the Matching tab. We will see our new haplogroup displayed along with a list of matches. The haplogroup of Mr. Karns is reported as J-Y98609, and he has only one match--a Mr. Carnes.</span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEideNjidLrnqMIMMZUFOOy1TbVr7rctTrikXLZbce8Jhz0GFsQb9BxlUVKxhqlvR-fLNfnL5-a-EV0OW5MXU-xJtvcj9TrOybi-Z3R8pCsoUkNSZLR9NC3Nn_zaCg8XCRENjz9ZT6iFhyphenhyphenA/s1600/original+big-y.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Big Y Matching" border="0" data-original-height="579" data-original-width="1078" height="342" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEideNjidLrnqMIMMZUFOOy1TbVr7rctTrikXLZbce8Jhz0GFsQb9BxlUVKxhqlvR-fLNfnL5-a-EV0OW5MXU-xJtvcj9TrOybi-Z3R8pCsoUkNSZLR9NC3Nn_zaCg8XCRENjz9ZT6iFhyphenhyphenA/s640/original+big-y.jpg" title="Big Y Matching" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Big Y Matching</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">This is where I could get depressed and say, "I only have one match, and my haplogroup didn't change much. What a waste." But this is just the beginning of the process. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Next to the name of the match, there is a list of Non-Matching Variants. The Non-matching Variants are the SNPs that are not shared between the two men. You will want to compare this list to the list of Unnamed Variants</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Unnamed Variants</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Many people have misinterpreted the Unnamed Variants and have assumed that these are private SNPs not found in anyone else. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">According to FTDNA, however, "The Unnamed Variants tab displays your SNP markers that are not on the list of ~70,000 known SNPs. These markers may or may not be unique to you as an individual. Men in related lineages may share some Unnamed Variants." </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">This means that in the Big Y process all previously-unnamed SNPs that are found in your results are automatically put into the Unnamed Variants section even if these SNPs are shared with another tester. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Newly-discovered SNPs that are shared between two men will be given a name by Family Tree DNA. However, the naming of new SNPs is not automated, and the initial results will require a manual review. It usually takes at least a week for the results to be finalized.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">When you first get your results and click on the Unnamed Variants tab you may see a long list of unnamed variants. Compare this list to the list of Non-Matching Variants in your Matching tab. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Unnamed Variants that are not in the Non-Matching Variants list may be shared with your match. In the screenshot in the section above, there are eight Non-matching Variants [BY28657, etc], but there are many Unnamed Variants:</span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiz8AvSQQyM2rWJpnsEL0CEPHWAWKYCu39H6o7R2gTDssFKcxBZC8YvhMjp9wb86DuuL-UgymAaQuOXeTM_UUojhDZVsOUtHxLcujqehCBAdpCDRx0Bx6RJNybceci8vO3IXn_OmdRj34/s1600/Karns+unnamed+variants2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Big Y unnamed variants" border="0" data-original-height="582" data-original-width="692" height="538" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiz8AvSQQyM2rWJpnsEL0CEPHWAWKYCu39H6o7R2gTDssFKcxBZC8YvhMjp9wb86DuuL-UgymAaQuOXeTM_UUojhDZVsOUtHxLcujqehCBAdpCDRx0Bx6RJNybceci8vO3IXn_OmdRj34/s640/Karns+unnamed+variants2.jpg" title="Big Y Unnamed Variants" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Big Y Unnamed Variants</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">There are often many Unnamed Variants that do not appear on the Non-Matching Variants list, and some of these could be shared with one or more people on the list of matches. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Again, it may take awhile for the manual review process. You might want to take a screenshot of the Unnamed Variants list and a screenshot of the Non-Matching Variants results because these will probably change during the FTDNA review. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Family Tree DNA will name any matching SNPs, create a new haplogroup, and maybe even remove a couple of variants from the list.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">After the Big Y manual review</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">After the Big Y results of the two kits have been compared and reviewed by Family Tree DNA, we actually have results we can work with. Here is the new haplogroup:</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibLSXXTsJlyr_NOaHzumx_4RgIXZgOu_wB8zPeYCCb08Tomzgj_lc4x4AkLgTzSpYvLqEzai4lakEcU9h2a_4CVEcF8oUBSQp8dkyjqDnNoJHYmwhKPVyFPdfyVLXFXtcwcK3kOx8u_nQ/s1600/Haplogroup.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Big Y haplogroup step chart" border="0" data-original-height="444" data-original-width="611" height="464" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibLSXXTsJlyr_NOaHzumx_4RgIXZgOu_wB8zPeYCCb08Tomzgj_lc4x4AkLgTzSpYvLqEzai4lakEcU9h2a_4CVEcF8oUBSQp8dkyjqDnNoJHYmwhKPVyFPdfyVLXFXtcwcK3kOx8u_nQ/s640/Haplogroup.jpg" title="New haplogroup after Big Y review" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">New haplogroup from Big Y results</span></td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The haplogroup is now reported as J-BY45500. We still have one match at each of the five haplogroup levels. We need to review what we are really seeing here and understand that these results are fantastic! Here are the important points:</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">1. We need to know why there is only one match. If I click on the person icon next to Haplogroup J-Z1297, I will see that person's results. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">In this case, I see the same name (Carnes) at all levels. Does this mean that only one other person has tested positive for SNPs J-Z1297, J-Z1295, J-Z631, J-Y98609, and J-BY45500? Absolutely not. Family Tree DNA will only display matches who have no more than a 30-SNP difference with you. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">If someone is not related within 30 SNPs, they are probably not related within at least a thousand years. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">So here's the first good news--I'm not going to waste my time trying to find the names of common ancestors when it will not be possible. I can look at the haplogroup projects if I want to see distantly-related people.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">2. There has to be at least one more person at haplogroup Y98609, otherwise these two Karns/Carnes men would not have formed a new haplogroup under it. The other men who share haplogroup Y98609 cannot be within 30 SNPs of Mr. Karns, or they would be on his match list.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">3.Since there is only one match at five haplogroup levels, Mr. Karns must share several SNPs with this person because they both share all of those five SNPs, and possibly more. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">4. The "terminal" haplogroup, J-BY45500 is not actually final. It is the last SNP, or group of SNPs, that is shared between these two people. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Mr. Karns had several unnamed variants that Family Tree DNA has now named and placed on the human haplotree. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">In a final group of SNPs, there is no way to determine the order in which they occurred. Family Tree DNA chooses one of these SNPs as the haplogroup designation and groups the rest of the SNPs with it. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">When other testers in the future have some of these SNPs, but not others, Family Tree DNA can then decide the order of the SNPs, and new haplogroups will be formed. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">In addition, when a future tester shares one or more of your unnamed variants, your haplogroup will be further refined. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">5. If there is nobody else within 30 SNPs, we have just uncovered new SNPs and made a great contribution to science and to family history.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;">
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Doing our own evaluation of Big Y results</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Let's find out how many SNPs are shared between Mr. Karns and Mr. Carnes. Click the myFTDNA tab, Y-DNA, then click Haplotree and SNPs.</span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGEjT2incD6cFxdIlFur5tgV8ELY9jx5E16vHM5qZjVYJjdzREG_4Gu8xJvfEXrd8PAjpTHdC_EmQiBu8P8TMam5G_9bKomO9wuJwcVLTWL0eWp2iOdlB18cN1UhzTLlxcCXITs3EGENA/s1600/haplotree+and+SNPs.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Haplotree and SNPs" border="0" data-original-height="431" data-original-width="302" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGEjT2incD6cFxdIlFur5tgV8ELY9jx5E16vHM5qZjVYJjdzREG_4Gu8xJvfEXrd8PAjpTHdC_EmQiBu8P8TMam5G_9bKomO9wuJwcVLTWL0eWp2iOdlB18cN1UhzTLlxcCXITs3EGENA/s400/haplotree+and+SNPs.jpg" title="Haplotree and SNPs" width="280" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Haplotree and SNPs</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">You will be taken to your exact position on the human haplotree. Your haplogroup will be highlighted in green. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Click "More" next to BY45500 to see a list of other SNPs. In this case we see 12 SNPs in addition to BY45500. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Since Mr. Karns has only one DNA match in his newly-created haplogroup BY45500, the two men share these 13 SNPs.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhENpuLV1eml0Z66ryvjUg8o4xuaLizGRCMiBIZRSUBwWitwyb74ZBIvUFnlq1TKvxOGAQbJuW-FEZ_1dV5Rn9EOhlDKTXyc7iLbToXzAOq2FPhGa9rYZ8eFkMJAqCspWBMtCiVlYcd_fo/s1600/Haplotree+J-BY45500.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Y-chromosome haplotree" border="0" data-original-height="598" data-original-width="1021" height="374" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhENpuLV1eml0Z66ryvjUg8o4xuaLizGRCMiBIZRSUBwWitwyb74ZBIvUFnlq1TKvxOGAQbJuW-FEZ_1dV5Rn9EOhlDKTXyc7iLbToXzAOq2FPhGa9rYZ8eFkMJAqCspWBMtCiVlYcd_fo/s640/Haplotree+J-BY45500.jpg" title="Haplotree with SNPs" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Confirmed haplogroup with SNPs</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">We can see the details of each of these SNPs by using the Big Y chromosome browser. From your Big Y Results screen click the Named Variants tab, and enter the name of the SNP in the SNP Name Search box.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0UpIxVHOF7-P1L-g74EPo7jEo2IyhN7OkDctXTo1t0s5ZjeYedWvJq_JZ5WMdKFX_QuzCX-gYMBw4M4DvszKiGNCgl35AqKgm4gdG33XTbu9ObBbC8QHUgcrsgvXBPXn_Dv8bq8QUt0I/s1600/SNP+search.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="SNP search FTDNA chromosome browser" border="0" data-original-height="530" data-original-width="1076" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0UpIxVHOF7-P1L-g74EPo7jEo2IyhN7OkDctXTo1t0s5ZjeYedWvJq_JZ5WMdKFX_QuzCX-gYMBw4M4DvszKiGNCgl35AqKgm4gdG33XTbu9ObBbC8QHUgcrsgvXBPXn_Dv8bq8QUt0I/s640/SNP+search.jpg" title="SNP Name Search" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">When the SNP name appears under the search box, click the link to see this SNP in the Y-Chromosome Browsing Tool.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhithR9j6I9Bwoa2hTJFLozYKozJdTP4UoMIulm7xJrKSLcOucX_16PogyZ_zKCd3bBSXux1a3R9SIlZQP5zcg5xVSMZ_kUaIX0nwv7S2MnPbFJgw18CImN2VcqQKu7-gffPXlKsvQyOls/s1600/Chromosome+browser+search.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="FTDNA SNP search" border="0" data-original-height="555" data-original-width="1079" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhithR9j6I9Bwoa2hTJFLozYKozJdTP4UoMIulm7xJrKSLcOucX_16PogyZ_zKCd3bBSXux1a3R9SIlZQP5zcg5xVSMZ_kUaIX0nwv7S2MnPbFJgw18CImN2VcqQKu7-gffPXlKsvQyOls/s640/Chromosome+browser+search.jpg" title="SNP Search for BY45501" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">SNP Name Search for BY45501</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">From the Y- Chromosome Browsing Tool we can find details about SNP BY45501. It is Position 8005382. The Reference Sequence has a T in this position, and Mr. Karns has a G. </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4T9IRTxGUX9rLDxgEyAZAqSQevFhyphenhyphenaDDseZOy7c10XfeAJMuJkbTNka5adrN9IeMSCf0g3gOUhggg5BK7GlFyxcIzw8XcXEn2UxRJAu4wauXZHbg2pK3ZYqNb93EgjJk9kkryG4lcF8Y/s1600/Chromosome+browser+results.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Big Y chromosome browser" border="0" data-original-height="523" data-original-width="641" height="522" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4T9IRTxGUX9rLDxgEyAZAqSQevFhyphenhyphenaDDseZOy7c10XfeAJMuJkbTNka5adrN9IeMSCf0g3gOUhggg5BK7GlFyxcIzw8XcXEn2UxRJAu4wauXZHbg2pK3ZYqNb93EgjJk9kkryG4lcF8Y/s640/Chromosome+browser+results.jpg" title="BY45501 in chromosome browser" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Chromosome Browser</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Because it is now named, position 8005382 should no longer appear on the list of Unnamed Variants. We can look up each named SNP in the chromosome browser and see its details. There are 13 total named SNPs, but Mr. Karns originally had 21 unnamed variants.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Since 13 SNPs have been named we might now expect to see eight Unnamed Variants. However, in his new list of Unnamed Variants Mr. Karns now has only four. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">FTDNA names SNPs when they are shared with someone else. Since these mutations are not shared with Mr. Carnes, these all probably occurred in the line of Michael Karnes and his descendants. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">We can know exactly in which generation each mutation occurred by testing more descendants of Michael.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">There are now 13 shared SNPs and four "private" SNPs (the unnamed variants that remain for Mr. Karns). But originally there were 21 unnamed variants. What happened to the other four SNPs? </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">We can use the Y-chromosome browser at ybrowse.org to look up the four positions and see that these SNPs had already been named and should not have appeared on the list of "unnamed variants." Here is one of them:</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKve6ybs40_v_VxZveABtUzjPWGddVTwIfAO6cglNU9CYQIvq41W7w_y6O3dk17sj9qAASw5gTfgMWp7L8DM5Z3Y8euvW9YZVToBbgCCbr98tij89nOVuhbMcQ67XAek5082FTCbjJbF8/s1600/ybrowse.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="ISOGG YBrowse" border="0" data-original-height="574" data-original-width="1121" height="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKve6ybs40_v_VxZveABtUzjPWGddVTwIfAO6cglNU9CYQIvq41W7w_y6O3dk17sj9qAASw5gTfgMWp7L8DM5Z3Y8euvW9YZVToBbgCCbr98tij89nOVuhbMcQ67XAek5082FTCbjJbF8/s640/ybrowse.jpg" title="YBrowse" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Details for position 15274092</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">This position had already been named A5563, but was not on FTDNA's list of named SNPs. The SNP name was found during the manual review. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">By examining each position from our screenshot of the previous list of Unnamed Variants, we can know what happened to all 21 unnamed variants during the Family Tree DNA review and know the full set of shared and unshared mutations. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">I contacted the person who manages Mr. Carnes account and asked what his unknown variants are. He has five of them. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">If at least one of these mutations did not occur in any of the descendants of Nicholas Kern (1715-1765), Mr. Carnes could be a more distant relation. </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">The amazing power of Y-DNA</span></b></div>
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">I used Y-DNA to solve a decades-long mystery about my mother's mother's mother's father's mother's father's father's father--eight generations back, weaving between maternal and paternal lines. All we have to do is find a direct paternal descendant of any of our ancestral lines and do a Y-DNA test.</span></li>
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Because of the clues from Y-DNA STRs, we now know the exact lineage of all of the matching Kerns except for one. Each of these lines has been extended multiple generations back to its German origins. The STRs were not enough to help pinpoint the ancestral line of Mr. Carnes, but he does know that he is related to this group of German Kern men and is not related to men from Ireland, for example, who may have spelled their name Cairns. </span></li><li><span style="font-size: large;">STR results were enough to help me trace the origins of my ancestor Michael Karnes back to Europe, but the SNPs in the Big Y test did even more. Even though we may never be able to know names such as Johann Kern for generations further back, I can use the Haplotree and SNPs screen to see that I have ancestors who have been given the names BY45500, Y98609, Z631, and so on, all the way back to "Y-Chromosomal Adam." Genealogy doesn't get better than that. </span></li>
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Mr. Karns and Mr. Carnes share 13 SNPs that have not been seen in anyone else. The two men are definitely related. These 13 SNPs have now become part of the human haplotree and will be available for family historians and scientists. Because we know the geographic origins of this family, we will eventually be able to assign at least one of these SNPs to a precise location.</span></li>
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Mr. Karns has four, and Mr. Carnes has five unnamed variants. These mutations occurred in their own family line and not in the line of the other man. These unnamed variants can be named and tied to specific ancestors by testing more Kerns descendants. When any of these unnamed variants is found in another man, a new haplogroup will be formed.</span></li>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">What can we do next?</span></b></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">1. YSeq: Submit the named SNPs and the unnamed variants to the Wish-a-SNP program at YSeq so that anyone can test one or more of these SNPs.</span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">2. YFull: In many haplogroups, including the J2 haplogroups, further evaluation by YFull is highly encouraged. One good reason for this is to further preserve your results. Are there any other good reasons? Will YFull tell us anything further? See <a href="https://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2019/10/advantages-of-submitting-to-yfull.html" target="_blank">Advantages of submitting to YFull</a>.</span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">3. STR upgrades: Encourage current Kerns Y-DNA testers to upgrade their STRs to 111 markers. There are three differences in the 68-111 marker panel between Mr. Karns and Mr. Carnes. Seeing these in the tests of the other men will help to verify the lineages. </span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">4. Big Y Upgrades: Encourage current Kerns Y-DNA testers to consider taking the Big Y test. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Encouraging more Big Y testing is especially important for Mr. Carnes because he does not know where he fits into this lineage, and he has five unnamed variants. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">If some of these unnamed variants show up in the Big Y tests results of other men whose lineage is known, his own lineage will be obvious. If they do not show up, it could indicate that Mr. Carnes is a descendant of another son of Nicholas or even one of the brothers or other relatives of Nicholas Kern who could have immigrated to America. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Each man taking the Big Y test will verify his lineage and discover the private SNPs that occurred in his own Kern line. He will be able to determine the exact ancestor in whom each SNP occurred by testing more relatives.</span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">5. New testers: Encourage new Kerns men to take a Y-DNA test. The more data we have, the better. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">For example, Nicholas (the brother of Henry, Adam, and Michael) has known descendants, and their DNA has not yet been tested. This step will be critical to Mr. Carnes if the Big Y test results of current Kerns testers don't match his. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">By testing more men with the Kern surname, maybe I'll even be able to find the father of my other ancestor Michael Karnes!</span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">6. SNP packs: Work with a haplogroup administrator to get some of these newly-discovered SNPs into one of the Family Tree DNA SNP Packs so that they are easily available for testing.</span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">7. New STRs: I was going to write that we've gone as far as we can go with Family Tree DNA until someone else decides to do further Y-DNA testing, but then I noticed that there were pending DNA test results. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8FPtTpb-m3PkHxe50QA5ITaFBF-FVEzl9duz4npVh6IVnEYZPV5o9ujlNs_LmVhyqyHCDeBfPCNENNK4Mpir2tcVbMFV2Arxe_Aa-qiyd__nHhu_0AI-yS0Av9Dz1jRTvSbAxurzHiC0/s1600/awaiting.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="FTDNA pending results" border="0" data-original-height="198" data-original-width="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8FPtTpb-m3PkHxe50QA5ITaFBF-FVEzl9duz4npVh6IVnEYZPV5o9ujlNs_LmVhyqyHCDeBfPCNENNK4Mpir2tcVbMFV2Arxe_Aa-qiyd__nHhu_0AI-yS0Av9Dz1jRTvSbAxurzHiC0/s1600/awaiting.jpg" title="Pending Results" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> I clicked on the above link and I saw this:</span></div>
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<img alt="Big Y 500 STRs" border="0" data-original-height="206" data-original-width="935" height="140" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZFtsBAHA8qeV9jd-uNGtRBbDBHcq13H22411z-2MERiTnuyiAvLA6vc2LPEnYiUm6p47g3MOiOMlNSX0kdOOoQctlP7w9OcMQ7sliz8Oj_XPCeayycaCxcSRptL8t4oYzFXrSOfDAblc/s640/Y500.jpg" title="Big Y Y500" width="640" /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZFtsBAHA8qeV9jd-uNGtRBbDBHcq13H22411z-2MERiTnuyiAvLA6vc2LPEnYiUm6p47g3MOiOMlNSX0kdOOoQctlP7w9OcMQ7sliz8Oj_XPCeayycaCxcSRptL8t4oYzFXrSOfDAblc/s1600/Y500.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In November 2017, Family Tree DNA announced that in 2018 they would be including about 500 STRs, in addition to the SNPs, in Big Y results. These would not just be for new Big Y testers; anyone who had ever taken a Big Y will see them. There will be no additional charge for these new STRs. While there is no expected date, it is obvious that the "Y500" is now in the pipeline. Ahhhh, the gifts just keep on coming.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">See the incredible update here: <a href="http://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2018/04/strs-now-included-in-big-y500-test.html" target="_blank">STRs now included in Big Y500 test!</a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Summary</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Y-DNA can focus on a specific lineage and do what no other DNA test can do. If you have not yet started Y-DNA testing in your family, please consider it. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: large;">Each DNA test helps not only you but others as well. I would not have been able to achieve this incredible breakthough if other men had not taken a Y-DNA test. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Y-chromosome is carried only by men, so only men can take this test. Remember, though, that you can use Y-DNA of cousins and other more distantly-related men for any of your ancestral lines. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Every year there is a DNA Day Sale in the month of April. See <a href="http://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2018/04/announcing-family-tree-dnas-new-big-y.html" target="_blank">Announcing Family Tree DNA's new Big Y-500 test</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<span style="font-size: large;">With the new Big Y-500 you will get not only recent, newly-discovered SNPs, but you will know your decent all the way back to "Y-Chromosomal Adam." In addition, you'll be getting a complete 111-STR test and new STRs giving you at least 500 total. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: large;">You can use the amazing power of Y-DNA to help your own family history research as well as preserve a story about your family for future generations.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Update: Were the these men related: Michael Karnes of Bedford and Michael Karnes of Knox. We now have the answer! See <a href="https://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2019/01/y-dna-testing-for-genealogy-are-these.html" target="_blank">Y-DNA testing for Genealogy: Are these men related?</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">______________________________________________________</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Disclosure</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Links to Family Tree DNA appear in the sidebar. I receive a small contribution if you make a purchase, but clicking through the link does not affect the price you pay. </span></div>
</div>
Linda Jonashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00245944818580411111noreply@blogger.com13tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7064587737424586464.post-72199934856604357532018-01-24T07:19:00.000-05:002018-01-25T19:18:57.046-05:00How to use GEDmatch - Part 2<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>How to use GEDmatch - Part 2: </b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Comparing two family trees, linking ancestors,</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b> and </b><b>finding common DNA segments</b></span></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">Before reading this article, it will be very helpful if you have done the following:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Download your raw DNA data from your DNA testing company, and upload it to GEDmatch.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Download your family tree as a GEDCOM file, and upload it GEDmatch.</span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">You can see step-by-step instructions, including screen images, in <a href="https://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2018/01/getting-started-with-gedmatch.html" target="_blank">Getting started with GEDmatch</a>.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">Then see how to do basic comparisons in <a href="https://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2018/01/how-to-use-gedmatch-part-1.html" target="_blank">How to use GEDmatch - Part 1</a>.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">Once you've done those two things, you'll be less overwhelmed by the following more advanced procedures for comparing family trees and finding common DNA segments. This is when it really gets great.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>The difference between GEDCOM and GEDmatch</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">We need to be clear about the meaning of two terms because there is a lot of confusion about the terms "GEDCOM" and "GEDmatch."</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">GEDCOM is an acronym that has been used since the 1980s. GEDCOM stands for <b>GE</b>n</span><span style="font-size: large;">ealogical <b>D</b></span><span style="font-size: large;">ata <b>COM</b></span><span style="font-size: large;">munication. GEDCOM is a family tree format that can be used to exchange family trees between different websites and genealogical software programs.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">GEDmatch is a website where you can compare your DNA results with the results of people who have tested at other DNA testing companies.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">Unfortunately, these terms have even been confused on the GEDmatch website.</span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Attach your GEDCOM to your GEDmatch profile</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">When you upload a GEDCOM file, GEDmatch assumes that the first person in the tree is the person to whom you are attaching the results. You should verify that the tree is attached correctly.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">Get your GEDmatch kit number (or the kit number of another person whose kit you manage), and go to your GEDCOM Resources:</span></div>
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSlIqFJqCfXQ1Ux4lzncc8yNFRTERxCk2fkd3YKtN3818gmZ4l0UZkSF3zd8Fv0-2Znl6y_XbGXtoqRtUK1qH8tMK8UGJ6pHhJWEy5B6WK4i1Y4SthiEL7FT5WtForUuEUKTfBin-AOGs/s1600/GEDmatch+GEDCOMs.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="GEDCOM files" border="0" data-original-height="597" data-original-width="338" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSlIqFJqCfXQ1Ux4lzncc8yNFRTERxCk2fkd3YKtN3818gmZ4l0UZkSF3zd8Fv0-2Znl6y_XbGXtoqRtUK1qH8tMK8UGJ6pHhJWEy5B6WK4i1Y4SthiEL7FT5WtForUuEUKTfBin-AOGs/s640/GEDmatch+GEDCOMs.jpg" title="GEDCOM files" width="362" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Uploaded GEDCOM files</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>Each GEDCOM is given a number. The GEDCOM numbers are listed in the left column above. Click on the appropriate GEDCOM number to go to the GEDCOM details page.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhatHzOntqISw92hWCRcWHkG2UvydOaTS-h0bs-qWcuV8egkxaTyp3gVmPmYWnDGkkyqBRh2y64PM7USd5218RNPTWLGe8qdf1TAxUnLDBxYqEt4tXmiTsRbLthTOHEMHnA2k2JeZfxosk/s1600/GEDmatch+GEDCOM+details.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTbetJyMYhbfQc1Aarn3Dq6DRY70JIdI3kZ-rEa7-6yDvhzOedNU2faR8Fbb-ZzTIRSPb3NlZrDUAwyU8A5_QqdbN22g9qDQGwAC-lBTyfrpL84O6ewuppFH5KdC6PcUOgumXq21QKO-s/s1600/GEDmatch+GEDCOM+details.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDCOM details" border="0" data-original-height="440" data-original-width="487" height="574" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTbetJyMYhbfQc1Aarn3Dq6DRY70JIdI3kZ-rEa7-6yDvhzOedNU2faR8Fbb-ZzTIRSPb3NlZrDUAwyU8A5_QqdbN22g9qDQGwAC-lBTyfrpL84O6ewuppFH5KdC6PcUOgumXq21QKO-s/s640/GEDmatch+GEDCOM+details.jpg" title="GEDCOM details" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">The details page will show the name of the person in the family tree and the kit number linked to this person. If the kit number is attached to someone in the tree other than the person who took the DNA test, unlink the kit number by clicking the blue <u>HERE</u> link. Then go to the correct person in the tree, and enter the kit number in the box. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Here is a portion of a new family tree once it has been uploaded to GEDmatch and linked:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGsCMZkspQ4oDbzweJIUYH3YpFLxZpLKqCQAAmXQTQGAJY0nFlOjIfiHDpGiUUSoPMFl2Nai1_tWY5i5wiR1sj9HaIB4WpfSn3s57CfTRCCXCkqqLt5zNj3FVAjedqzUVQGSkVrTCjtpY/s1600/GEDmatch+Tree.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDmatch family tree" border="0" data-original-height="612" data-original-width="727" height="534" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGsCMZkspQ4oDbzweJIUYH3YpFLxZpLKqCQAAmXQTQGAJY0nFlOjIfiHDpGiUUSoPMFl2Nai1_tWY5i5wiR1sj9HaIB4WpfSn3s57CfTRCCXCkqqLt5zNj3FVAjedqzUVQGSkVrTCjtpY/s640/GEDmatch+Tree.jpg" title="GEDmatch family tree" width="640" /></a></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>A new way to make a match</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">We are going to see some automated ways to compare family trees, notate matches on your family tree, and let others know about the match. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">Start by comparing your results to everyone in the database. Please note that if you loaded your DNA into GEDmatch within the past 24 hours, you must wait until your kit finishes processing. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Click One-to-many matches in the Analyze Your Data section.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg-qPUNI1N640c7ePOE8a_WtQHNpzMcZyehV5Nw3BK-Znw_fqCCHlmwyMzhueQpJYj5ROk2ZEYkEBsrMSrpXnkTiz2JPYqdt3-Xp6QPENG91RhJHvzIr524CA051gaYOL0RMfELU0UrHg/s1600/GEDmatch+one+to+many.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDmatch one-to-many" border="0" data-original-height="608" data-original-width="568" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg-qPUNI1N640c7ePOE8a_WtQHNpzMcZyehV5Nw3BK-Znw_fqCCHlmwyMzhueQpJYj5ROk2ZEYkEBsrMSrpXnkTiz2JPYqdt3-Xp6QPENG91RhJHvzIr524CA051gaYOL0RMfELU0UrHg/s640/GEDmatch+one+to+many.jpg" title="One-to-many matches" width="594" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Enter your GEDmatch kit number on the next screen, and click Submit. Then view your list of matches.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">The match list columns were explained in <a href="https://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2018/01/how-to-use-gedmatch-part-1.html" target="_blank">How to Use GEDmatch - Part 1</a>. Below is a partial list of matches with the kit number, name, and email columns removed. Find someone who has uploaded a GEDCOM file, and click "GED" to view the tree.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZRgfP8q4ghMI7UiDhLJQI_kXvq0A11maEUSXUpYKbwV6OhHz1rXGJ-lseXswZTrIyV4pjTx3g0LCgZ8lu3zJFeCwjHISra18NwASn6em8xrlLsEpKjqD5cLpKykNiaVRWtuVR4odN-lE/s1600/GEDmatch+view+tree.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDmatch family tree" border="0" data-original-height="55" data-original-width="732" height="44" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZRgfP8q4ghMI7UiDhLJQI_kXvq0A11maEUSXUpYKbwV6OhHz1rXGJ-lseXswZTrIyV4pjTx3g0LCgZ8lu3zJFeCwjHISra18NwASn6em8xrlLsEpKjqD5cLpKykNiaVRWtuVR4odN-lE/s640/GEDmatch+view+tree.jpg" title="Link to family tree" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">You could compare this person's family tree to your family tree, or you can have GEDmatch do it for you. GEDmatch will find all possible common ancestors.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">As stated above, there is a lot of confusion about "GEDmatch" and "GEDCOM." </span><span style="font-size: large;">Here is an example. In the image below, the "GEDmatch Ref" number should read GED</span><b style="font-size: x-large;">COM </b><span style="font-size: large;">Reference number, because this is the GED</span><b style="font-size: x-large;">COM</b><span style="font-size: large;"> number, not the GED</span><b style="font-size: x-large;">match</b><span style="font-size: large;"> Kit number. C</span><span style="font-size: large;">opy the "GEDmatch Ref" Number; it is your match's GEDCOM number.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj__W9_B2_XE732Ntl_idRnksOGYr691VNJBVE3QD0gxurxWUwNfaKDQYn5qG2CF7mCsxnZsfw4HadpvNc5t99CqgUHnqBmWd-ksex8WkRuRT6fyzodb-eWwlKhpq8LpBjQoBph_3QbItQ/s1600/GEDmatch+tree+details.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDmatch family tree reference number" border="0" data-original-height="438" data-original-width="482" height="580" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj__W9_B2_XE732Ntl_idRnksOGYr691VNJBVE3QD0gxurxWUwNfaKDQYn5qG2CF7mCsxnZsfw4HadpvNc5t99CqgUHnqBmWd-ksex8WkRuRT6fyzodb-eWwlKhpq8LpBjQoBph_3QbItQ/s640/GEDmatch+tree+details.jpg" title="GEDCOM reference number" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Go to your home page and click "2 GEDCOMs" in the Genealogy box.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJUdQ4hu6mE6hisk1SiRoJphAP9Ckv2L6NVghdP8E9kZ0_ynJsnGVnpX6-3PTyGg0Y0oRGjBkiOhuSRJPCKwmVvI8fSwhxFDb3A8i6d34KZBumnoj42h_hBHC0y6b3qCYLS4uWYGFnX1k/s1600/2+GEDCOMs.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Compare two GEDCOMs" border="0" data-original-height="149" data-original-width="179" height="332" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJUdQ4hu6mE6hisk1SiRoJphAP9Ckv2L6NVghdP8E9kZ0_ynJsnGVnpX6-3PTyGg0Y0oRGjBkiOhuSRJPCKwmVvI8fSwhxFDb3A8i6d34KZBumnoj42h_hBHC0y6b3qCYLS4uWYGFnX1k/s400/2+GEDCOMs.jpg" title="Compare two GEDCOMS" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Enter your GEDCOM number and your match's GEDCOM number. Notice that the GEDCOM numbers are all numeric, and the GEDmatch kit numbers begin with a letter. Be sure you are entering the all-numeric GEDCOM numbers.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmY6CauNpmLHfBOKcxk_BO7jpb_cnBYK2kIMj-Vlo04vtHPuc3R80KhYdUii8MN9-BXf2XZGsOYe9T-Ck_-hSHSif_dZznMlrM1nZ9a1JFmjLQpNWmUEd7h3h6G3CRoH2kUjAO51EVA9o/s1600/GEDCOM+comparison.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Compare GEDCOMs" border="0" data-original-height="157" data-original-width="572" height="174" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmY6CauNpmLHfBOKcxk_BO7jpb_cnBYK2kIMj-Vlo04vtHPuc3R80KhYdUii8MN9-BXf2XZGsOYe9T-Ck_-hSHSif_dZznMlrM1nZ9a1JFmjLQpNWmUEd7h3h6G3CRoH2kUjAO51EVA9o/s640/GEDCOM+comparison.jpg" title="Compare GEDCOMs" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">You will get a list of possible matching ancestors found in your family tree and your match's family tree. You will also see the following tools:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu06l6X6GMW_yY-XCrdB-uc0oR-rkqLqj2iHl_KrHzmkTiREYmycpcIN69-ldHC62Autjpa4bQTes5b_r3SB2UdZDsUfg73AH8qH-V7sCTDdu3KoFFVTMlBc_wQDrk7qjroRef0DHGWjA/s1600/GEDmatch+tree+symbols.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDmatch family tree symbols" border="0" data-original-height="148" data-original-width="545" height="172" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu06l6X6GMW_yY-XCrdB-uc0oR-rkqLqj2iHl_KrHzmkTiREYmycpcIN69-ldHC62Autjpa4bQTes5b_r3SB2UdZDsUfg73AH8qH-V7sCTDdu3KoFFVTMlBc_wQDrk7qjroRef0DHGWjA/s640/GEDmatch+tree+symbols.jpg" title="GEDmatch family tree symbols" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">You will have to evaluate these matches. Some of these possible matches are not real matches. For example, although these two people have the same names and approximate dates of birth, they have different parents. You would not confirm this as a match.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzjOxTT-bQ3BNEpYKDvl8xrraZc_YS1USvjduJoZvy4fd2oXIkseKI-2oYLymQ0sJp3HiUeankIq5w4TmA0ERppvCU-t1ZXmNROVbqfFunBmRjsb5tjZihOETd7Mo0ADIfeD8T8d-KBa4/s1600/GEDmatch+possible+match.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="ancestor compare" border="0" data-original-height="122" data-original-width="935" height="82" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzjOxTT-bQ3BNEpYKDvl8xrraZc_YS1USvjduJoZvy4fd2oXIkseKI-2oYLymQ0sJp3HiUeankIq5w4TmA0ERppvCU-t1ZXmNROVbqfFunBmRjsb5tjZihOETd7Mo0ADIfeD8T8d-KBa4/s640/GEDmatch+possible+match.jpg" title="Ancestor compare" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">When you are sure of a match, click the "Click HERE" link.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAbkEA8VZ5V0VQru3hDpJcTGsO8YckjUCRFUzY5Q_-MlsbIe1zIN2ktThMWP50-6bpUOW2uJqYHekQQG0PID61aCSDIFuNcn_gZytxsPQ_d7Mnq_kmMzdKD-N2x_LARLnlQPN2sXqWh-4/s1600/GEDmatch+tree+matches.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDmatch confirm match" border="0" data-original-height="379" data-original-width="947" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAbkEA8VZ5V0VQru3hDpJcTGsO8YckjUCRFUzY5Q_-MlsbIe1zIN2ktThMWP50-6bpUOW2uJqYHekQQG0PID61aCSDIFuNcn_gZytxsPQ_d7Mnq_kmMzdKD-N2x_LARLnlQPN2sXqWh-4/s640/GEDmatch+tree+matches.jpg" title="Confirm match" width="640" /></a></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">This will confirm the match. When you have confirmed a match, a new tab will open in your browser with the following message.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2ebpy_478uYhb_zGWYVBayCfa7WYIQXrwxmIr1Ai-ohl5vpTFZpSp92vUabvaYL3jlkSVG4FOSjVGio8m3jvKtez3ZvIcjnZJO-4ZpcGWpC_lqIdl1VciwiNdUvyMDOdp_Af5brr3MHs/s1600/GEDmatch+confirmed+match.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Confirmed family tree match" border="0" data-original-height="77" data-original-width="580" height="84" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2ebpy_478uYhb_zGWYVBayCfa7WYIQXrwxmIr1Ai-ohl5vpTFZpSp92vUabvaYL3jlkSVG4FOSjVGio8m3jvKtez3ZvIcjnZJO-4ZpcGWpC_lqIdl1VciwiNdUvyMDOdp_Af5brr3MHs/s640/GEDmatch+confirmed+match.jpg" title="Confirmed family tree match" width="640" /></a></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Close the tab to return to your matches. When you have finished, your family tree and your match's tree will have changed. Both trees will have green tree symbols indicating that these people have been found in more than one family tree.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsLoXH5FDiMY8gejAGO3UBVhp87TKx3H4xihNIlyfUW-xSWc-_Bvtw3LYBn16X5xQhyG__GF_ye80xPW-K3DlWA9mIl4O7QTCDEwtFv8uJ6eLRJ8lDlhiVlaKIG-nxTRA_OA0ce-LzPok/s1600/GEDmatch+linked+tree.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDmatch linked tree" border="0" data-original-height="642" data-original-width="743" height="552" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsLoXH5FDiMY8gejAGO3UBVhp87TKx3H4xihNIlyfUW-xSWc-_Bvtw3LYBn16X5xQhyG__GF_ye80xPW-K3DlWA9mIl4O7QTCDEwtFv8uJ6eLRJ8lDlhiVlaKIG-nxTRA_OA0ce-LzPok/s640/GEDmatch+linked+tree.jpg" title="Linked family tree" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Do my match and I share DNA segments?</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Once you have compared family trees and found common ancestors, you want to see if you have matching DNA segments. Go to your home screen and use the "One-to-one compare" to compare DNA.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEit_VNjRT_n9ct7k8rEuMUSy74x9upXZsEUxQ1ozche-sq1DbGP4695oXt4TxV8hg07U2viw5k7xvqKpZGJ7_HA7G7hTcPdJd-M8t8AK-1i45HBksee1XIYiigtK8taNX8VBvZhll7AQUw/s1600/GEDmatch+one+compare.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDmatch compare DNA" border="0" data-original-height="511" data-original-width="424" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEit_VNjRT_n9ct7k8rEuMUSy74x9upXZsEUxQ1ozche-sq1DbGP4695oXt4TxV8hg07U2viw5k7xvqKpZGJ7_HA7G7hTcPdJd-M8t8AK-1i45HBksee1XIYiigtK8taNX8VBvZhll7AQUw/s640/GEDmatch+one+compare.jpg" title="One-to-one compare" width="524" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Enter your GEDmatch kit number and your match's kit number on the next page. The GEDmatch kit numbers will each start with a letter. Below, one kit begins with the letter A indicating that this person was tested at Ancestry DNA. The other kit begins with a T and was tested at Family Tree DNA.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM3wne6FeiyQ3EZzqma_xaBGkT1Aivq7hF3JWtTh3FIFs61sK46O6VdJ2IVc8J2ij7R_CIAxl8BCGVrwgUFQ6K5fVGdRFV774egp8Pud-HdvjrCvIbMRaIVuzIxerVovpy8QBpW3V4C3s/s1600/GEDmatch+one+compare2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="one-to-one DNA comparison" border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="602" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM3wne6FeiyQ3EZzqma_xaBGkT1Aivq7hF3JWtTh3FIFs61sK46O6VdJ2IVc8J2ij7R_CIAxl8BCGVrwgUFQ6K5fVGdRFV774egp8Pud-HdvjrCvIbMRaIVuzIxerVovpy8QBpW3V4C3s/s640/GEDmatch+one+compare2.jpg" title="One-to-one DNA Comparison Entry" width="602" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Click Graphics and Positions, then click Submit.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Here is an example of one of the matching DNA segments.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFRSNM12Ar6hmKKCCN5roW0Na-xq9nTpuu_MnVEee2Msz0-eFfrbqX9fRkvywpTvIHYm4f7JnsI00KXTDUtxQ9YVUA5kaxnvOHbFBur0_xr87pvZw2znz1AVMaU2vcNximHo-qDX_nkP0/s1600/GEDmatch+chr+13.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDmatch chromosome browser" border="0" data-original-height="155" data-original-width="890" height="110" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFRSNM12Ar6hmKKCCN5roW0Na-xq9nTpuu_MnVEee2Msz0-eFfrbqX9fRkvywpTvIHYm4f7JnsI00KXTDUtxQ9YVUA5kaxnvOHbFBur0_xr87pvZw2znz1AVMaU2vcNximHo-qDX_nkP0/s640/GEDmatch+chr+13.jpg" title="Matching DNA segment" width="640" /></a></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">If you click "Position Only" instead of "Graphics and Positions" in the Comparison Entry Form, you will get a nice table that you can use when you transfer these segments to a database or to a tool like DNA Painter.</span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAs4Ep_vbXH1bHNkJv5pZ9LzBFVxKOuH4eeATEVPdT1m3hPtALRxIC-kh1vGKLJLkKCkZQfJ7IhZwNQQQeFKATvlcIOF7Ap1Bk1ch7tUqL864QKnDgZfFOg4DMLJN28rKHEzci7ubYMp0/s1600/GEDmatch+position+only.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="matching DNA segments" border="0" data-original-height="377" data-original-width="365" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAs4Ep_vbXH1bHNkJv5pZ9LzBFVxKOuH4eeATEVPdT1m3hPtALRxIC-kh1vGKLJLkKCkZQfJ7IhZwNQQQeFKATvlcIOF7Ap1Bk1ch7tUqL864QKnDgZfFOg4DMLJN28rKHEzci7ubYMp0/s400/GEDmatch+position+only.jpg" title="Matching DNA segments" width="383" /></a></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">To see what you can do with these segments, please see </span><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2018/01/using-dna-painter-to-reconstruct.html" target="_blank">Using DNA Painter to reconstruct ancestral DNA</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Tree symbols on your family tree</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-size: large;">What if you see the family tree symbol in your own family tree? You can find out who created this link, and see if you have any matching DNA segments. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">I found these links on one of my family trees, but I did not create them. Click the green tree symbol.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmgfnYt40vOGwt8fSC02MBMVJ_x60Sv3RaxhdcN9mUAKeNm9KTTOH3MnnSJGtfikm1jytzKXdwluKYEDCcwSfrlTHi7Z-z5NoCqYAqA8yyMjjst_aGytlDxQfBpnBW1-UwETwdQEP8Tos/s1600/GEDmatch+tree+symbol.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDmatch linked family tree" border="0" data-original-height="144" data-original-width="720" height="124" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmgfnYt40vOGwt8fSC02MBMVJ_x60Sv3RaxhdcN9mUAKeNm9KTTOH3MnnSJGtfikm1jytzKXdwluKYEDCcwSfrlTHi7Z-z5NoCqYAqA8yyMjjst_aGytlDxQfBpnBW1-UwETwdQEP8Tos/s640/GEDmatch+tree+symbol.jpg" title="Linked family tree" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">You will be taken to the ancestor in your family tree. At the bottom of the screen you will see "Other GEDCOMs that include this individual." This section does not list all GEDCOMs that contain your ancestor; it only lists GEDCOMs that somebody has linked.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZe5OV39su76QJISoXt14qShDONCrQm1WucQBlHtF4Sb9A-jTZrXDJOIMyFutE9JSbmWxtXR3IlnYewmQv0gzviNMWtasRe4uIv8H8jTajtELq42ew9fY_DLRpbFBdgTc1D1h7lXWGOS0/s1600/Pittman1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDmatch ancestor" border="0" data-original-height="618" data-original-width="504" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZe5OV39su76QJISoXt14qShDONCrQm1WucQBlHtF4Sb9A-jTZrXDJOIMyFutE9JSbmWxtXR3IlnYewmQv0gzviNMWtasRe4uIv8H8jTajtELq42ew9fY_DLRpbFBdgTc1D1h7lXWGOS0/s640/Pittman1.jpg" title="Your ancestor" width="519" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Click the GEDCOM number. Now you will see your ancestor as he appears in your match's family tree. A link to your tree will appear at the bottom.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlUJMeXMHOQK76w76xd2aAQXrI1LLJfxPj7fFwcaTNWLkvNZFlH2vPgN4S7SAgauSK6tNU9t0zTDqMkLYtpNJVRk10h-neJ-jqC_2PMcjnqCjA09auIL2XpQZbVVTmWHphZLhHMdjjK44/s1600/Pittman2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="GEDmatch ancestor" border="0" data-original-height="586" data-original-width="464" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlUJMeXMHOQK76w76xd2aAQXrI1LLJfxPj7fFwcaTNWLkvNZFlH2vPgN4S7SAgauSK6tNU9t0zTDqMkLYtpNJVRk10h-neJ-jqC_2PMcjnqCjA09auIL2XpQZbVVTmWHphZLhHMdjjK44/s640/Pittman2.jpg" title="Your match's ancestor" width="506" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Both people can now see that this ancestor appears in another person's tree. If more than one person linked these ancestors, the bottom of the screen would appear like this:</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0q3HMLQfxEJFbuKJcsaehaplrpP5e93_3W5Q8ofGJ4HFTssq7Wv_wefQknRAkVQDAWMf8iyrgr5OlYHCihwIvhj2Dn059eP26OCIIqnjwM9mVV0Pb-JHp8DvWSgHljsw2d_MMXVpM-cw/s1600/GEDmatch+other+kits.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Linked GEDCOMs" border="0" data-original-height="86" data-original-width="471" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0q3HMLQfxEJFbuKJcsaehaplrpP5e93_3W5Q8ofGJ4HFTssq7Wv_wefQknRAkVQDAWMf8iyrgr5OlYHCihwIvhj2Dn059eP26OCIIqnjwM9mVV0Pb-JHp8DvWSgHljsw2d_MMXVpM-cw/s640/GEDmatch+other+kits.jpg" title="Linked GEDCOMs" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Someone linked the ancestors, but do we share DNA?</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">We have found a common ancestor, and we want to see if we have any matching DNA segments. There is no link to this person's DNA kit on his family tree page; there is only a link to his GEDCOM. But we can use his GEDCOM number to find his kit number. Copy the "GEDmatch Ref" number. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjh87C92ZWbaCMRZq7s15n7HmxJ9whtXbzTB2W88gZBQ4NAU0HruCmjsb7IkejFr1lIoMDOaWDa0rw9em8V0TV5k-42nk7X-nrl4WdL915YgU4Ynps3Uhip1X01nXpycCCC7Mm7UUQmv0/s1600/Pittman3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="GEDCOM number" border="0" data-original-height="589" data-original-width="463" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjh87C92ZWbaCMRZq7s15n7HmxJ9whtXbzTB2W88gZBQ4NAU0HruCmjsb7IkejFr1lIoMDOaWDa0rw9em8V0TV5k-42nk7X-nrl4WdL915YgU4Ynps3Uhip1X01nXpycCCC7Mm7UUQmv0/s640/Pittman3.jpg" title="GEDCOM number" width="502" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Go to your home page, and click User Lookup in the Learn More section. You can use this field to look up someone by GEDmatch kit number, GEDCOM number, or email address.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOmp2eMBPRwMCDuPkQ__vnP2-DM6_6JeNKnwwdLVOKABWQzwM99JeZwK15ctrayFo5KRLY-h9NMYY11WXwLU1OdgSoUGxyuBHTtriOoVSsvXsFIUfNmIB7A-fE_4c0uZE1cXwDiZVSTTU/s1600/GEDmatch+user+lookup.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="GEDmatch user lookup" border="0" data-original-height="314" data-original-width="403" height="498" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOmp2eMBPRwMCDuPkQ__vnP2-DM6_6JeNKnwwdLVOKABWQzwM99JeZwK15ctrayFo5KRLY-h9NMYY11WXwLU1OdgSoUGxyuBHTtriOoVSsvXsFIUfNmIB7A-fE_4c0uZE1cXwDiZVSTTU/s640/GEDmatch+user+lookup.jpg" title="User Lookup" width="640" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">You copied the GEDmatch Ref number which is actually his GEDCOM number. Enter the "GEDmatch Ref" into the "GEDCOM (genealogy) ID number" field. Then click Display Results.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpxqPD3f2y0B91nCZRD_duwJFRA0Zrhhl74ZxP0XlVV8JOIEv-pQ_x7p7xofy8hk_temaXMf0S6wD89LTZiXqhWkSX5wQSKDkBEhyphenhyphenmgS5sJkXgRAqlRri0bpMAIzeGeEmVbr2_M925VAU/s1600/GEDmatch+User+search.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="GEDmatch User search" border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="729" height="448" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpxqPD3f2y0B91nCZRD_duwJFRA0Zrhhl74ZxP0XlVV8JOIEv-pQ_x7p7xofy8hk_temaXMf0S6wD89LTZiXqhWkSX5wQSKDkBEhyphenhyphenmgS5sJkXgRAqlRri0bpMAIzeGeEmVbr2_M925VAU/s640/GEDmatch+User+search.jpg" title="User search" width="640" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">You will see this person's GEDCOM number, the name of the person who took the DNA test, email address, GEDmatch Kit number, and the name and email addresss of the person managing the kit. Copy the Kit number that appears directly above your match's name. Kit numbers are used for DNA matching.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzGOscRMvgQ_4yT289fFhQNaOv_0IwCZ8JnYGR5s1WiYtWTYfTVaMsATISh0E9RYeywA9wy5uDPCRBN-Fewpvngm_1SQhFoGXr76H58yXsa_-et6-unpUbe5E37NdtFtxoIK18ZcSYQ-4/s1600/GEDmatch+User+lookup2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="GEDmatch user" border="0" data-original-height="215" data-original-width="274" height="502" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzGOscRMvgQ_4yT289fFhQNaOv_0IwCZ8JnYGR5s1WiYtWTYfTVaMsATISh0E9RYeywA9wy5uDPCRBN-Fewpvngm_1SQhFoGXr76H58yXsa_-et6-unpUbe5E37NdtFtxoIK18ZcSYQ-4/s640/GEDmatch+User+lookup2.jpg" title="User search results" width="640" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Now you can do a One-to-one comparison to find matching DNA segments. Enter your kit number and your match's kit number.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXJdTSJyxPJiiTpFj25Dh6ZZIB-z-GSZvqlff1iLKSVJwyrCNVS5Tex2S7z4W4x1L5tV02bpkdC-woni86vl6myWyq0cFbdkT4XMSsEoyITwaY879xCwAwUpbQp9RTzAKHXjh-GxaqH0o/s1600/gedmatch+one-to-one+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="GEDmatch one-to-one" border="0" data-original-height="644" data-original-width="607" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXJdTSJyxPJiiTpFj25Dh6ZZIB-z-GSZvqlff1iLKSVJwyrCNVS5Tex2S7z4W4x1L5tV02bpkdC-woni86vl6myWyq0cFbdkT4XMSsEoyITwaY879xCwAwUpbQp9RTzAKHXjh-GxaqH0o/s640/gedmatch+one-to-one+comp.jpg" title="One-to-one compare" width="602" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Here are the matching DNA segments!</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-_FfsS8L_VvomlFYaSBBeIuLTCKylnOEIeIObDJtV-WKH62RUaGwWUD5azPSiwZW_nAjNxvGI1PMN3O4EhTjHFlm2j0J-iyTYWVJnCJa-W1xUfj8DPEEtDJKwPx5VyEVS0hO4uZQlR38/s1600/GEDmatch+chr11+and+12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="matching DNA segments" border="0" data-original-height="387" data-original-width="895" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-_FfsS8L_VvomlFYaSBBeIuLTCKylnOEIeIObDJtV-WKH62RUaGwWUD5azPSiwZW_nAjNxvGI1PMN3O4EhTjHFlm2j0J-iyTYWVJnCJa-W1xUfj8DPEEtDJKwPx5VyEVS0hO4uZQlR38/s640/GEDmatch+chr11+and+12.jpg" title="Matching DNA segments" width="640" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">What is really nice about GEDmatch is that when we all work cooperatively finding and linking common ancestors, we will more easily prove the relationships with DNA.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Once you know your match's kit number and GEDCOM number you can do complete family tree and DNA comparisons to find DNA that you inherited from your common ancestors.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>What's next?</b></span></div>
<br />
.<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Verify that your GEDCOM is correctly linked to your GEDmatch kit.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Practice the comparison tools. It will be a little frustrating, because you will have to switch screens multiple times. But the results are worth it. The matching results are why you uploaded to GEDmatch in the first place!</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Learn about a great tool for displaying your DNA matches. You'll love this one! See <a href="http://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2018/01/using-dna-painter-to-reconstruct.html" target="_blank">Using DNA Painter to reconstruct ancestral DNA</a>.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">How to use GEDmatch - Part 3 will be coming soon.</span><br />
<br />Linda Jonashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00245944818580411111noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7064587737424586464.post-79273563491197292112018-01-22T00:36:00.003-05:002021-06-02T06:36:48.788-04:00How to use GEDmatch - Part 1<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">What is GEDmatch?</span></b></div>
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<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span class="_Tgc _s8w">GEDmatch.com is a volunteer-run
website for people who have already tested their autosomal DNA at DNA testing companies such as AncestryDNA, 23andMe, Family Tree DNA (Family Finder test only),
and MyHeritage DNA</span></span><span style="font-size: large;">. </span><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">At GEDmatch you can compare your DNA results with the results of people who tested at other DNA testing companies.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">GEDmatch has wonderful tools to enable you to contact your DNA matches, compare family trees, and see matching DNA segments</span><span style="font-size: large;">.</span><br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Getting Started with GEDmatch</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">If you don't have an account, go to GEDmatch.com and create one.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNe-aw54jKucCRlMefu2BN6z0aqNB7oDHXMHk0zHZ2p3njPjCxoW3U2xQwS9oege800YTQXgNPg4pKgKQTkzuNBWa54d5JYwRQbDSVkJ3YHodvpoQOdYLK5tTyodF4IeEq47c_IsO5hV0/s1600/GEDmatch+account.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDmatch login" border="0" data-original-height="430" data-original-width="540" height="508" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNe-aw54jKucCRlMefu2BN6z0aqNB7oDHXMHk0zHZ2p3njPjCxoW3U2xQwS9oege800YTQXgNPg4pKgKQTkzuNBWa54d5JYwRQbDSVkJ3YHodvpoQOdYLK5tTyodF4IeEq47c_IsO5hV0/s640/GEDmatch+account.jpg" title="GEDmatch login" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">To get the most from GEDmatch, you will need to load two things:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Your raw DNA data from your DNA testing company</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Your family tree</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-size: large;">To see how to upload these two items to GEDmatch see <a href="http://bit.ly/2mVqrZb" target="_blank">Getting started with GEDmatch</a>. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Now log onto your account, and let's examine how to make matches.</span><br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>One-to-Many Matches</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Click the One-to-many matches link in the Analyze Your Data section.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg-qPUNI1N640c7ePOE8a_WtQHNpzMcZyehV5Nw3BK-Znw_fqCCHlmwyMzhueQpJYj5ROk2ZEYkEBsrMSrpXnkTiz2JPYqdt3-Xp6QPENG91RhJHvzIr524CA051gaYOL0RMfELU0UrHg/s1600/GEDmatch+one+to+many.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDmatch One-to-many" border="0" data-original-height="608" data-original-width="568" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg-qPUNI1N640c7ePOE8a_WtQHNpzMcZyehV5Nw3BK-Znw_fqCCHlmwyMzhueQpJYj5ROk2ZEYkEBsrMSrpXnkTiz2JPYqdt3-Xp6QPENG91RhJHvzIr524CA051gaYOL0RMfELU0UrHg/s640/GEDmatch+one+to+many.jpg" title="One-to-many matches" width="596" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">On the next screen, enter your kit number. If you administer several kits, you can select the kit number from the drop-down menu.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpd0udqAO23WNEO9vA6JHA004N8pQxm4WhqJcxskzDEJtPKSj0_YGUrTQ-VoQSNWjGeK_1GqxqVSuHrrIMZUMSVWi8hMyciCMsTgsz5bVDmUxVBuTQY8Ba3l6jVVhqv7JgRuFKlrnx6PI/s1600/GEDmatch+kits.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDmatch kits" border="0" data-original-height="454" data-original-width="641" height="452" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpd0udqAO23WNEO9vA6JHA004N8pQxm4WhqJcxskzDEJtPKSj0_YGUrTQ-VoQSNWjGeK_1GqxqVSuHrrIMZUMSVWi8hMyciCMsTgsz5bVDmUxVBuTQY8Ba3l6jVVhqv7JgRuFKlrnx6PI/s640/GEDmatch+kits.jpg" title="Enter kit number" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Click Display Results at the bottom of the screen.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Your list of matches will appear on the next page. It will look overwhelming at first, but don't give up! Let's look at the table headings.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOzr30oWo4G2ZutL6aR0oU_bl7U8lZvxe5c50I_DqwkYd_YotIjHUQ_WlHNumdVdrHgy5m70lb8GC9z6FNonhWAlFOfgYjqmoX7t3VU3lwdYvUgxNSFnYK5bc9uVPsaGKoDOwvbYtHXO0/s1600/gedmatch+headings.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDmatch headings" border="0" data-original-height="105" data-original-width="1345" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOzr30oWo4G2ZutL6aR0oU_bl7U8lZvxe5c50I_DqwkYd_YotIjHUQ_WlHNumdVdrHgy5m70lb8GC9z6FNonhWAlFOfgYjqmoX7t3VU3lwdYvUgxNSFnYK5bc9uVPsaGKoDOwvbYtHXO0/s640/gedmatch+headings.jpg" title="GEDmatch headings" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Kit number is the number assigned by GEDmatch. Each kit begins with a letter that indicates the testing company. For example: A is for Ancestry DNA; H is for MyHeritage; M is for 23andMe; T is for Family Tree DNA's Family Finder.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Type is the type of testing chip used by the DNA testing company.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Use the List column to display a list of people who share DNA with one of your matches.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Use the Select column to compare two or more kits.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Sex is for the sex of the person taking the test.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">GED/WikiTree contains a link to your match's family tree. GED indicates that it was uploaded from a GEDCOM file. Wiki is a link to WikiTree.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">The haplogroup columns are not very useful since they are for Mitochondrial DNA and Y-DNA. GEDmatch only compares autosomal DNA. However, if you are searching for your direct paternal or maternal line, this column can indicate if your match is within the same ancestral haplogroup.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">The Autosomal Details column is a column you will use frequently. You will click a blue A link to see a comparison of your DNA to your match's DNA.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">The Autosomal Total cM indicates the total amount of shared DNA between you and your match. It is measured in centiMorgans. Largest cM is the amount of DNA in your largest shared DNA segment.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Gen is the estimated number of generations to your shared ancestor. This is only an estimate and will often not be accurate.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">The X-DNA columns are similar to the autosomal DNA columns. Click the X in the Details column if you want to compare shared DNA on your X chromosome. Please note that X-DNA is not the same as mitochondrial DNA. They have very different inheritance patterns. The difference will be shown later in this article.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">The last two columns are very important. They contain the name or alias of your match and the email address. This is especially useful when your DNA company does not provide email addresses.</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">You can sort your matches by any of these columns. For example, if you want to sort your matches by the size of the largest X-chromosome segment, click one of the blue arrows in the X-DNA largest cM column. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">If you are sending an email to someone and you want to see multiple kits managed by this person, click the blue arrow under the Email column.</span></div>
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</div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Find the common ancestor</b></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Here is a partial list of matches from the One-to-many comparison. The columns for Kit number, name, and email have been removed. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">You want to see if you can find a common ancestor between you and your match. Often you will find a common ancestral couple from whom you both descend. See if your match has a family tree. Click the link in the GED/WikiTree column.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn_b6lO8aifs86DHGzfxVmo_dKHAp_va_0KlJcJvsb1SCVjYIUciJDZpZh-2bs8Neq4-QyWWW4ZslkzK9N03jJady27XpDh-2XCvzWGvHlej5iFg8FT0jKSuRojpEXPWAz9-LRC9nRiJQ/s1600/GEdmatch+headings+middle.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="99" data-original-width="806" height="78" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn_b6lO8aifs86DHGzfxVmo_dKHAp_va_0KlJcJvsb1SCVjYIUciJDZpZh-2bs8Neq4-QyWWW4ZslkzK9N03jJady27XpDh-2XCvzWGvHlej5iFg8FT0jKSuRojpEXPWAz9-LRC9nRiJQ/s640/GEdmatch+headings+middle.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHLsACeQ3ZjcPkjqJontMOEe-4a5NsW6IPoBq8JBPaCMX3HIb3lSfZhAFE_ISm2WrpNMQf4UiMpE6ZyMBBUHWdRhLIHYm5DiI36cotGAis9TUCVfrbJ7E-FeToK2NAijMC9Mp7sT6hJYA/s1600/GEDmatch+matches.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDmatch family tree" border="0" data-original-height="396" data-original-width="803" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHLsACeQ3ZjcPkjqJontMOEe-4a5NsW6IPoBq8JBPaCMX3HIb3lSfZhAFE_ISm2WrpNMQf4UiMpE6ZyMBBUHWdRhLIHYm5DiI36cotGAis9TUCVfrbJ7E-FeToK2NAijMC9Mp7sT6hJYA/s640/GEDmatch+matches.jpg" title="Family tree link" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">If there is no link to a family tree, you may wish to contact your match to see if he/she has an online family tree. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">There will not be a GED or Wiki link next to your own kit unless you loaded a family tree. If you haven't, please fix it! See <a href="http://bit.ly/2mVqrZb" target="_blank">Getting started with GEDmatch</a>.</span><br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Comparing family trees</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">I have contacted one of my matches who did not yet load a family tree to her GEDmatch account. Her name is Debra, and we compared family trees at Ancestry.com. Below is my family tree. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheyTTPsHJRiN3c2Als-DMwJiX_MQycIWJTfk9YtWzARqCiFXfvAyMSUZyBCdWLSqpdSahLXUeTVkVPI_qtVLcmfiJ82OtKkM_lkqDYldKUJkaewPjSpaHS5EfyOysXjy6tQhEQHgi31UU/s1600/family+tree.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="pedigree chart" border="0" data-original-height="509" data-original-width="1182" height="274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheyTTPsHJRiN3c2Als-DMwJiX_MQycIWJTfk9YtWzARqCiFXfvAyMSUZyBCdWLSqpdSahLXUeTVkVPI_qtVLcmfiJ82OtKkM_lkqDYldKUJkaewPjSpaHS5EfyOysXjy6tQhEQHgi31UU/s640/family+tree.jpg" title="Linda's family tree" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Here is Debra's family tree.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvyZa_4wwS_hdiqKQcHlZEjbGHx9EPxW5KOS1mTorjM5eMctea_1tMN-mkXRZL-et018-pgRM-rNpqken8rQbuGNkSwfMovZTEkXtezdSMTB2NNL1k_ndA864lFsGcyQMBHxhQjrP0LCw/s1600/familytree2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="family tree" border="0" data-original-height="407" data-original-width="914" height="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvyZa_4wwS_hdiqKQcHlZEjbGHx9EPxW5KOS1mTorjM5eMctea_1tMN-mkXRZL-et018-pgRM-rNpqken8rQbuGNkSwfMovZTEkXtezdSMTB2NNL1k_ndA864lFsGcyQMBHxhQjrP0LCw/s640/familytree2.jpg" title="Debra's family tree" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Our common ancestors are Willis Collinsworth and Laura Burleson. Debra probably inherited a lot more DNA than I did from </span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Willis and Laura because t</span>hey are her great-grandparents, and they are my 3rd-great grandparents.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Comparing DNA </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Now we get to the best part of GEDmatch--viewing the DNA you have in common. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Click the A in the Autosomal Details column to compare DNA.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjtFjQ43vX4QJxK-fF0_JyV4oWYz4FfuDBx7oZ20Cm94cd_GunrpjV1iu1RCNc_shyvF6rO1u4wixajKv42iACCV2-0FBfi_ZrVvISK2fFGzXQvOEWZigal1w99RO1zped963qqWX3IWY/s1600/GEdmatch+headings+middle.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="autosomal DNA match" border="0" data-original-height="99" data-original-width="806" height="78" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjtFjQ43vX4QJxK-fF0_JyV4oWYz4FfuDBx7oZ20Cm94cd_GunrpjV1iu1RCNc_shyvF6rO1u4wixajKv42iACCV2-0FBfi_ZrVvISK2fFGzXQvOEWZigal1w99RO1zped963qqWX3IWY/s640/GEdmatch+headings+middle.jpg" title="Autosomal DNA match" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjflP0ZiGPosuBhC9-NQbbdeTC-qBdu9b_w2DbFWGa722xXiz_yNbIZPHurw7sk3PnfX3y7r5SwhXwsdgQHunIZAHzqBZ-Z_yG6MlJvNLVxCf4b3aH7DvewM3ZqdE6TXiYkkOgYT1T0dAE/s1600/GEDmatch+autosomal+details.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="124" data-original-width="805" height="98" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjflP0ZiGPosuBhC9-NQbbdeTC-qBdu9b_w2DbFWGa722xXiz_yNbIZPHurw7sk3PnfX3y7r5SwhXwsdgQHunIZAHzqBZ-Z_yG6MlJvNLVxCf4b3aH7DvewM3ZqdE6TXiYkkOgYT1T0dAE/s640/GEDmatch+autosomal+details.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">When you click the blue A you will be doing a one-to-one comparison. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The two kit numbers (yours and your match's) will be automatically entered into the entry form. Click Graphics and Positions to view a complete match. Click Submit at the bottom of the form.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7YiGBlb4xDnLVbvZwLKxWkA2BBGhoiTCwd1kcbhqXxeMgnLdAOitTgK5tIFOWvtGExlK3ZSIj4F10bbjp18c6Cq1XYQUyVjTphGvM83swvhvpJbYrzK9be1fS-TQ11Wl1Li9IAUrqwr0/s1600/GEDmatch+one+comparsion+entry.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="one-to-one comparison" border="0" data-original-height="655" data-original-width="646" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7YiGBlb4xDnLVbvZwLKxWkA2BBGhoiTCwd1kcbhqXxeMgnLdAOitTgK5tIFOWvtGExlK3ZSIj4F10bbjp18c6Cq1XYQUyVjTphGvM83swvhvpJbYrzK9be1fS-TQ11Wl1Li9IAUrqwr0/s640/GEDmatch+one+comparsion+entry.jpg" title="One-to-one comparison" width="630" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">You will see the chromosome browser on the next page. When you click "Graphics and Positions" you see a graphical representation of your chromosomes. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">If there are any matches they will be highlighted with the following colors. The blue Matching segment size will change based on the settings you set in the Comparison Entry Form; 7 centiMorgans is the default size.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEju7d7hcNWZ6k5n4ocATnhYepXKEg0xZiOuSsvN8DsYxwbLEpjKKkC-i2GBvodHxYDLT9mfOoJ-99Uq5PrKtvLAi_Zt4j0QGL8bgXY_aRHra__11dkKCv7NTfOS14l9DupPnd2q0csCxMY/s1600/GEDmatch+default+key.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDmatch color key" border="0" data-original-height="176" data-original-width="365" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEju7d7hcNWZ6k5n4ocATnhYepXKEg0xZiOuSsvN8DsYxwbLEpjKKkC-i2GBvodHxYDLT9mfOoJ-99Uq5PrKtvLAi_Zt4j0QGL8bgXY_aRHra__11dkKCv7NTfOS14l9DupPnd2q0csCxMY/s400/GEDmatch+default+key.jpg" title="GEDmatch color key" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">You can change the segment sizes in the chromosome browser by entering a different value in these sections:</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK7tsDMGIA1umApJiTZBLcs38rdvHPqqumm8Qm_boI_wx3_qkeSlsune5KHLTr7Aa7gISo0K5ceUqAsDRX3wCm3nmAlnl8GraBcq4CREwxgYTsuiAknXiJ9t5_Alz-DjqOW9ehlakomMc/s1600/GEDmatch+segment+settings.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDmatch segment defualts" border="0" data-original-height="119" data-original-width="521" height="146" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK7tsDMGIA1umApJiTZBLcs38rdvHPqqumm8Qm_boI_wx3_qkeSlsune5KHLTr7Aa7gISo0K5ceUqAsDRX3wCm3nmAlnl8GraBcq4CREwxgYTsuiAknXiJ9t5_Alz-DjqOW9ehlakomMc/s640/GEDmatch+segment+settings.jpg" title="GEDmatch segment defaults" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">For example, if you change the Minimum segment cM size from 7 to 10, your key will appear as follows.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidp2l3FQ3FITazxUPBOmwXt9lwqS8U49dr5cOspGwQejBR1DZQS6wBXupxwmZts8V_qvYl9HQWmyV0UJCQjX3zYp_nREdAumgtQ1GjGc2bstLgMbhl8itijmXBcke686T2GoWPD_nALEE/s1600/gedmatch.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDmatch color key" border="0" data-original-height="140" data-original-width="278" height="201" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidp2l3FQ3FITazxUPBOmwXt9lwqS8U49dr5cOspGwQejBR1DZQS6wBXupxwmZts8V_qvYl9HQWmyV0UJCQjX3zYp_nREdAumgtQ1GjGc2bstLgMbhl8itijmXBcke686T2GoWPD_nALEE/s400/gedmatch.jpg" title="GEDmatch color key" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Comparing my DNA to Laura's, we see in the chromosome browser that our only common DNA was found on Chromosome 5. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">The blue bar indicates that the segment size is greater than 7 centiMorgans. The yellow tells me that this is a "Half Match" meaning that it came from only one of my parents. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Position table above Chromosome 5 tells the exact chromosome position and size of the match.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVAsWLG4Hqhbm94d8k8yTkpqxpSrJYJUQ6GHSutl1AM148RjBdb8g2kVUvK5ouK4gEIyQeIOJE2UUjlIBvF9H263KYpPbPTKEtMt57DwBzujjSJ3obFiQdF7MyOY7R1EUBAWY2TbhjQTQ/s1600/GEDmatch+Chr+5.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDmatch chromosome browser" border="0" data-original-height="277" data-original-width="806" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVAsWLG4Hqhbm94d8k8yTkpqxpSrJYJUQ6GHSutl1AM148RjBdb8g2kVUvK5ouK4gEIyQeIOJE2UUjlIBvF9H263KYpPbPTKEtMt57DwBzujjSJ3obFiQdF7MyOY7R1EUBAWY2TbhjQTQ/s640/GEDmatch+Chr+5.jpg" title="Match on chromosome 5" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Since I know the common ancestral couple, I can begin to prove that the segment on chromosome 5 was inherited from either Willis or Laura. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">A DNA match to one person is not enough to prove that this DNA segment was inherited from Willis or Laura. It could have come from another common ancestor that we have not yet identified. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">I need to find other descendants of Willis and Laura who share the same DNA segment. There are many tools to do this. One great tool is DNA Painter. See the link at the bottom of this article.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">We will examine some of the other tools in future articles.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and X-chromosome DNA (X-DNA)</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">As mentioned earlier, the inheritance patterns of mitochondrial DNA and X-DNA are different. Mitochondrial DNA is found outside the nucleus of the cell. The X-chromosome is found inside the nucleus of the cell.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Mitochondrial DNA inheritance</b> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from your strictly maternal line (your mother's mother's mother . . .). Both males and females inherit their mother's mitochondrial DNA, but only females can pass it to their children. </span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Mitochondrial inheritance is shown below in red. </span></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7NvlMQSNff8crJTAS5SuiYfRMhngb7N5GvhPl5seY2ZuVUth3Cq59q8tqKk9v5Xlv2mUGG3r4e3kQpqOjL5yQo8aAOfYs2zhZk-47CBDLsHg1aalFQWrTre1cXs-hZqZO7XNe6nNNM_s/s1600/yandmt.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Y-DNA and mtDNA inheritance" border="0" data-original-height="309" data-original-width="698" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7NvlMQSNff8crJTAS5SuiYfRMhngb7N5GvhPl5seY2ZuVUth3Cq59q8tqKk9v5Xlv2mUGG3r4e3kQpqOjL5yQo8aAOfYs2zhZk-47CBDLsHg1aalFQWrTre1cXs-hZqZO7XNe6nNNM_s/s640/yandmt.jpg" title="Mitochondrial DNA inheritance" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Inheritance of Y-DNA [blue] and Mitochondrial DNA [red] </td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>X-DNA inheritance for males</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Below is a fan chart [a version of a family tree] for a male. The man's name would go in the circle at the bottom of this family tree. His father's name would go in the first space on the left directly above the circle. His mother is the first space on the right directly above the circle. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">A man cannot inherit X-DNA from any ancestors on his father's side of the family. The male and female ancestors from whom he could have inherited X-chromosome DNA are highlighted in blue for males and pink for females. Here is the pattern of X chromosome inheritance for a male. </span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHJonSG2PNkCYDDaXKeSmMbBH1RZRzkeSqSTZnuAm-6YNeJy1zjf2xZPtOuE3P6W654ktnrDzyHfQA5j3krGrPrGXxRjjuJQEVC36nwDzB2LoLYhA_KxUc_giz5vbU4gsXuygnQNBfHik/s1600/X_male_inheritance.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="X-DNA inheritance" border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="588" height="522" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHJonSG2PNkCYDDaXKeSmMbBH1RZRzkeSqSTZnuAm-6YNeJy1zjf2xZPtOuE3P6W654ktnrDzyHfQA5j3krGrPrGXxRjjuJQEVC36nwDzB2LoLYhA_KxUc_giz5vbU4gsXuygnQNBfHik/s640/X_male_inheritance.jpg" title="X-DNA inheritance for males" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">X-DNA inheritance for males</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> <b>X-DNA inheritance for females</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">A female inherits two X chromosomes--one from the mother and one from the father. In the pedigree chart below, the female's name goes in the pink circle at the bottom. Her ancestors are displayed above. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Here are the possible ancestors from whom a female could have inherited X-chromosome DNA.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3NIIvSBayNX0HhNAu-JnpT9fhjzliiZK13etDCU5jM_9P0QrJz70gIJWHInMHaQrVLMgK6lnM7VrECHp6Yeh06ilGrKdfSB_iadWbVw3xrX9cvoKHnFc8Tbm_8baR7Fe_Ns-DO191f0A/s1600/X_female_inheritance.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="X-DNA inheritance" border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="588" height="522" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3NIIvSBayNX0HhNAu-JnpT9fhjzliiZK13etDCU5jM_9P0QrJz70gIJWHInMHaQrVLMgK6lnM7VrECHp6Yeh06ilGrKdfSB_iadWbVw3xrX9cvoKHnFc8Tbm_8baR7Fe_Ns-DO191f0A/s640/X_female_inheritance.jpg" title="X-DNA inheritance for females" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">X-DNA inheritance for females</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> </b> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">My match and I share the common ancestors Willis Collinsworth and Laura Burleson. Here is a fan chart of my ancestors pointing the common ancestral couple. I could have inherited X-DNA from either of them.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMR2RgyziZq0C7C36IpGAWK9qkQ437iAOxe_gjmdFmHtNmfmg8yLuv9rt3O6xc0klpBKAt17guHC6ifbaYHIsSDhGxbdV4VgcLMKjPt2pZox6S2tgTClxQHpXZSHHWJhDGED6f-6rQsow/s1600/fan_chart.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Fan chart" border="0" data-original-height="554" data-original-width="879" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMR2RgyziZq0C7C36IpGAWK9qkQ437iAOxe_gjmdFmHtNmfmg8yLuv9rt3O6xc0klpBKAt17guHC6ifbaYHIsSDhGxbdV4VgcLMKjPt2pZox6S2tgTClxQHpXZSHHWJhDGED6f-6rQsow/s640/fan_chart.jpg" title="Fan chart" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Again, we see the same family tree shown in pedigree view.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3dyCt6-Es_A9rh2eVLyqWrCbd66TGjW1ya_WBH2Gic0DrZVJ-RRig3Lc3p_EZyCktOrQOhqm_vWPsKahXbV9gXY7EBW7s_ekZRDdyD4Rh7IitFyxBEI9TvkEzvtpI_gCVgAGbaMoWfwE/s1600/family+tree.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Family Tree at Ancestry.com" border="0" data-original-height="509" data-original-width="1182" height="274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3dyCt6-Es_A9rh2eVLyqWrCbd66TGjW1ya_WBH2Gic0DrZVJ-RRig3Lc3p_EZyCktOrQOhqm_vWPsKahXbV9gXY7EBW7s_ekZRDdyD4Rh7IitFyxBEI9TvkEzvtpI_gCVgAGbaMoWfwE/s640/family+tree.jpg" title="Linda's family tree" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Here is the family tree for my match, Debra. </span><span style="font-size: large;">Compare these ancestors to the above fan chart for X-DNA inheritance for females. Debra also could have inherited X-chromosome DNA from either Willis or Laura. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQkkNIw4AmVwbpC3M9ek2ggTAmY0iXGIm0cKIW7Mj2rMDLHzUWIH9reMDJbEyRqxXNtl_3ZYwyaql07NKdGlZm24zlUieffPWaDzBIUN6jaulhzF-XW66S4H9iWoEQ3bk5e_0JHPDnT0c/s1600/familytree2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Ancestry family tree" border="0" data-original-height="407" data-original-width="914" height="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQkkNIw4AmVwbpC3M9ek2ggTAmY0iXGIm0cKIW7Mj2rMDLHzUWIH9reMDJbEyRqxXNtl_3ZYwyaql07NKdGlZm24zlUieffPWaDzBIUN6jaulhzF-XW66S4H9iWoEQ3bk5e_0JHPDnT0c/s640/familytree2.jpg" title="Debra's family tree" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Comparing X-DNA segments in GEDmatch</b></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">In addition to the match on chromosome 5, Debra and I have a match on the X chromosome. Debra's kit is the third kit in the image below. Click the blue X link to see the X-DNA match.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjtFjQ43vX4QJxK-fF0_JyV4oWYz4FfuDBx7oZ20Cm94cd_GunrpjV1iu1RCNc_shyvF6rO1u4wixajKv42iACCV2-0FBfi_ZrVvISK2fFGzXQvOEWZigal1w99RO1zped963qqWX3IWY/s1600/GEdmatch+headings+middle.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDmatch headings" border="0" data-original-height="99" data-original-width="806" height="78" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjtFjQ43vX4QJxK-fF0_JyV4oWYz4FfuDBx7oZ20Cm94cd_GunrpjV1iu1RCNc_shyvF6rO1u4wixajKv42iACCV2-0FBfi_ZrVvISK2fFGzXQvOEWZigal1w99RO1zped963qqWX3IWY/s640/GEdmatch+headings+middle.jpg" title="GEDmatch headings" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKuQ3G27BPW2reSOL6whdHDFl85SqPukq_Y5EZjg0Dk4RiAMipTnIKSXEA_57zTWZeI76bik77T4vHUyXFFmPvJzi61MXlJjA9XK0tPZe2l9ETqPXGa-Joq8jg-1DSB5ThTTVl-2IM9N0/s1600/GEDmatch+X-DNA.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDmatch X-DNA" border="0" data-original-height="111" data-original-width="764" height="92" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKuQ3G27BPW2reSOL6whdHDFl85SqPukq_Y5EZjg0Dk4RiAMipTnIKSXEA_57zTWZeI76bik77T4vHUyXFFmPvJzi61MXlJjA9XK0tPZe2l9ETqPXGa-Joq8jg-1DSB5ThTTVl-2IM9N0/s640/GEDmatch+X-DNA.jpg" title="X-DNA match" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">In the X-DNA Comparison Entry Form, click on Graphics and Positions, then click Submit.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzFUZnFEZ0_bQsQgkmR80IQ8EzG_svaIMB1jI1YPHKABGWM9_X1uKKcwsO3CC2MC2_SRZKc9Q13quKFDWzCSUAwBXU941y16vNsmPrKVS3y4HQGhYlATRg_DFNPJ3oLqhzxx53nG_PjDM/s1600/GEDmatch+X-entry.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDmatch X-DNA comparison" border="0" data-original-height="661" data-original-width="706" height="598" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzFUZnFEZ0_bQsQgkmR80IQ8EzG_svaIMB1jI1YPHKABGWM9_X1uKKcwsO3CC2MC2_SRZKc9Q13quKFDWzCSUAwBXU941y16vNsmPrKVS3y4HQGhYlATRg_DFNPJ3oLqhzxx53nG_PjDM/s640/GEDmatch+X-entry.jpg" title="X-DNA comparison form" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Using the default settings I see the following:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVnsoGN0Z6TTJt1wt3gMb4pWoFsWm5Pi_MBElSU9pz_77FxFwnKBbaLd1MDMrL4sfKFtt-LRn4BtDGVbdPWNWAW16-FDPthTUTZn2G62tDLdwo5uQWtYzhPVEkTMvp5WBJBJRqHDc0O0Q/s1600/GEDmatch+X-browser.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="X-DNA chromosome browser" border="0" data-original-height="622" data-original-width="964" height="412" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVnsoGN0Z6TTJt1wt3gMb4pWoFsWm5Pi_MBElSU9pz_77FxFwnKBbaLd1MDMrL4sfKFtt-LRn4BtDGVbdPWNWAW16-FDPthTUTZn2G62tDLdwo5uQWtYzhPVEkTMvp5WBJBJRqHDc0O0Q/s640/GEDmatch+X-browser.jpg" title="X-DNA chromosome browser" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">In the One-to-many match results, it showed that Debra and I share a total of 72 centiMorgans on the X chromosome. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHJhU2CkdEVd5GXlFRL3rhVAS9CaW_Vot9gTCaUBRqr-QnCz8N6gdxKyN6MxM6E0BAHXcsspuyN2Gy2BOHGPeixqtiEGAeAj1QaQGr90ZuAMoUwCHXULwm-gCrlYYlDQZn90auOY9Czik/s1600/GEdmatch+x-segments.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="X-DNA segment size" border="0" data-original-height="20" data-original-width="167" height="37" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHJhU2CkdEVd5GXlFRL3rhVAS9CaW_Vot9gTCaUBRqr-QnCz8N6gdxKyN6MxM6E0BAHXcsspuyN2Gy2BOHGPeixqtiEGAeAj1QaQGr90ZuAMoUwCHXULwm-gCrlYYlDQZn90auOY9Czik/s320/GEdmatch+x-segments.jpg" title="X-DNA segment size" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Because I
used the default settings for the one-to-one comparison, the X
chromosome browser is showing the largest segment, but no other
segments.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Although the X-DNA Comparison Entry Form allows me to change the default values, it does not state what the default values are. However, they are the same as the defaults for the autosomal DNA comparison.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The default value for SNP count minimum threshold is 500, and the default for Minimum segment cM size is 7. I will see a difference in the results in the chromosome browser if I experiment with the settings:</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKRI-Cnw4SiGTfWkiV3kGiq0O41-xunWmnmRolIVEETdHb_jmECQugrzvZIaj2ix1h_1tpE1sgn8fOxPEZvFyfiSq3CsmjPi3Cybd403VJuwlltgZft3KcWkrYMxsWPyu4qkxk96UiY1w/s1600/GEDmatch+change+defaults.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDmatch default settings" border="0" data-original-height="122" data-original-width="546" height="140" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKRI-Cnw4SiGTfWkiV3kGiq0O41-xunWmnmRolIVEETdHb_jmECQugrzvZIaj2ix1h_1tpE1sgn8fOxPEZvFyfiSq3CsmjPi3Cybd403VJuwlltgZft3KcWkrYMxsWPyu4qkxk96UiY1w/s640/GEDmatch+change+defaults.jpg" title="Change default settings" width="640" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Here are the new X-DNA chromosome browser results: </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7w5_cnAZ-32jlDR7pyFv6b9cMbJtC__lGa_c3gPl72ExbgO3RfMf_E_D0bNIrIuAbaR6GIOUMIrV6RXEF51nJprVq_cOXssv1dOOOk73DCvDLcuzQaa3hPcZ1reum7r4k6EZhlx4oZQw/s1600/GEDmatch+x-defaultchange.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDmatch X-DNA comparison" border="0" data-original-height="638" data-original-width="867" height="470" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7w5_cnAZ-32jlDR7pyFv6b9cMbJtC__lGa_c3gPl72ExbgO3RfMf_E_D0bNIrIuAbaR6GIOUMIrV6RXEF51nJprVq_cOXssv1dOOOk73DCvDLcuzQaa3hPcZ1reum7r4k6EZhlx4oZQw/s640/GEDmatch+x-defaultchange.jpg" title="GEDmatch X-DNA comparison" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Knowing that Debra and I share segments on the X-chromosome is more evidence that we share Willis Collinsworth and Laura Burleson as our common ancestors.</span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>What's next?</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Experiment with your GEDmatch account. </span></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">See your list of DNA matches by clicking the One-to-many matches link. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Use the GED/Wiki column to see family trees and find common ancestors. If you don't see a family tree link, contact your match using the email address in the Email column of your match list. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Try the One-to-one autosomal comparison by using the blue A link.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Try the One-to-one X-DNA comparison by clicking the blue X link.<b><br /></b></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">After that, see the following:</span></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2018/01/how-to-use-gedmatch-part-2.html" target="_blank">How to use GEDmatch - Part 2</a>. </span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">See how to use your GEDmatch results to create a personal DNA map. You can also create a DNA map for your ancestors. See <a href="http://bit.ly/2G1G6yJ" target="_blank">Using DNA Painter to Reconstruct Ancestral DNA</a></span>.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><b><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b></div>
</div>Linda Jonashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00245944818580411111noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7064587737424586464.post-26937333384622198812018-01-15T22:50:00.001-05:002021-08-21T05:23:04.485-04:00My Heritage now has the essential DNA tools.<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">I began my post <a href="https://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2018/01/getting-started-with-gedmatch.html" target="_blank">Getting started with GEDmatch</a> with the following discussion: </span><br />
<br />
_________________________________________________________________<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">There are two very important items for using DNA testing for family history. </span><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Documented family tree.</b>
A documented family tree contains proof of family relationships
including copies of birth and marriage records, census records, etc. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Documented DNA.</b>
Documented DNA includes a chromosome browser to prove family DNA
relationships. To learn more about the importance of chromosome browsers
and how to use them, please see <a href="https://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2018/01/what-is-big-deal-about-chromosome.html" target="_blank">What is the big deal about a Chromosome Browser?</a></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">You
may have heard the saying, "Genealogy without documentation is
mythology." I'd like to also say, "DNA without a chromosome browser is
mythology." </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">It
would be wonderful if the documented family tree and the chromosome
browser were together in one location. </span><br />
__________________________________________________________________<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">A documented family tree and documented DNA has not been available at any
of the major DNA testing companies. Until now.</span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">MyHeritage tools</span></b></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">MyHeritage has had documented family trees for years. For the past few years, it has been offering autosomal DNA tests. But it was on January 11, 2018 that MyHeritage finally offered the essential chromosome browser. See <a href="https://blog.myheritage.com/2018/01/major-updates-and-improvements-to-myheritage-dna-matching/" target="_blank">Major Updates and Improvements to MyHeritage DNA Matching</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Let's examine the new MyHeritage system.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Your DNA matches</b> </span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Log into your MyHeritage account. Click the DNA tab, then select DNA matches from the menu.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4B3jYMnzFr5hlrXO-0HxxQPt_7r7Nu6Qkck41YYgVxHMe2MU5VoyEVBhZMsItewp5sELnkKx5ZKugGkH3h-9NGoyEe2m55vgbg5olIK5mYDrMCVFutX97bcfKbk_CTsgAUHIR00GC8Ag/s1600/MH+DNA1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="MyHeritage DNA matches" border="0" data-original-height="292" data-original-width="923" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4B3jYMnzFr5hlrXO-0HxxQPt_7r7Nu6Qkck41YYgVxHMe2MU5VoyEVBhZMsItewp5sELnkKx5ZKugGkH3h-9NGoyEe2m55vgbg5olIK5mYDrMCVFutX97bcfKbk_CTsgAUHIR00GC8Ag/s640/MH+DNA1.jpg" title="MyHeritage DNA matches" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">You will see a list of people who share common DNA segments with you. Here is one of my matches.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkGU0mCk6Ewb9dtGD44M02OT3EXaYZWq4zzXRiFi3VpA0BZI86C5ScO-heytUxNjx9KOAfrzEptoPsVOl9_noz4BQjZScxfpjVYpm70ADww0DDj_mFnny1q_nldHJOdPNy0zDoGwWX-Ss/s1600/MH+match1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="MyHeritage DNA match" border="0" data-original-height="296" data-original-width="910" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkGU0mCk6Ewb9dtGD44M02OT3EXaYZWq4zzXRiFi3VpA0BZI86C5ScO-heytUxNjx9KOAfrzEptoPsVOl9_noz4BQjZScxfpjVYpm70ADww0DDj_mFnny1q_nldHJOdPNy0zDoGwWX-Ss/s640/MH+match1.jpg" title="DNA match" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Even though there is a link to "View Tree", it is best
to click Review DNA Match. We want to see what information is shared
between my match Thomas ("Tom") and me.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">I contacted this person, and I know that both Tom's and my kit were transferred from Ancestry DNA. So we will be comparing two Ancestry DNA kits with MyHeritage tools.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Click "Review DNA match." You will see everything on one page.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Common surnames</b></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">If you and your match have any common surnames in your trees, they will be shown. My ancestors appear on the left, and my match's ancestors appear on the right. This is one of the common surnames:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBpXoZsa7U8Gk3jMMA73f4bqVUJX4OFNW5FJKProLZGRAqZpGdlY3M7ZLBYqmpsQIEnkLvvqx-hjeoux1nmBCKE90FoWwGwiynHNxNJQcmUYHp584Y2O1NAaWwwHkGxWk-HH77Yjac-lw/s1600/surnames.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="MyHeritage matching surnames" border="0" data-original-height="295" data-original-width="914" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBpXoZsa7U8Gk3jMMA73f4bqVUJX4OFNW5FJKProLZGRAqZpGdlY3M7ZLBYqmpsQIEnkLvvqx-hjeoux1nmBCKE90FoWwGwiynHNxNJQcmUYHp584Y2O1NAaWwwHkGxWk-HH77Yjac-lw/s640/surnames.jpg" title="Matching surnames" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Common DNA matches</b></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">In the next section you will see a list of common DNA matches. These are some of the people who appear on Tom's match list and on my match list.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk7UhsZkn3aKZDAbJ9MIEq79WM3hCJdP_LWqXc3Lmy00h0ZoiwRVn_2oTKnr1jyUlHdQZ5zKCUjYWqMNzMSBn7i0c2IV5i6luul4qwvuvT3Ip0NHba1RXYEzAOiNJqJ7BLK63AsHS91Nk/s1600/common+dna+matches.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="MyHeritage DNA matches" border="0" data-original-height="226" data-original-width="778" height="184" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk7UhsZkn3aKZDAbJ9MIEq79WM3hCJdP_LWqXc3Lmy00h0ZoiwRVn_2oTKnr1jyUlHdQZ5zKCUjYWqMNzMSBn7i0c2IV5i6luul4qwvuvT3Ip0NHba1RXYEzAOiNJqJ7BLK63AsHS91Nk/s640/common+dna+matches.jpg" title="Common DNA matches" width="640" /></a></div>
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<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Family Trees</span></b></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">You can see both your own and your match's family tree so that you can easily compare the two. Click on the "You" tab to see your tree.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQgmLRl8pqvVwUd7LK94Ivd7E3x5T0r2usZi61UinF_CY2nGkwf0q2QfdWbaI1l86cVU68tsjfhW6gfyW-apZsNN3QcTyCnk02few2R_2N7y9JNuNRY7g__B_saXYTXRtsqcBnP9m8ysw/s1600/MH+pedigree+charts.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="356" data-original-width="1028" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQgmLRl8pqvVwUd7LK94Ivd7E3x5T0r2usZi61UinF_CY2nGkwf0q2QfdWbaI1l86cVU68tsjfhW6gfyW-apZsNN3QcTyCnk02few2R_2N7y9JNuNRY7g__B_saXYTXRtsqcBnP9m8ysw/s640/MH+pedigree+charts.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">This is a portion of Tom's family tree.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHaaUvQDvkL-9w7P3XdaYguOC8W2G4AVfQ76UrzORPj6ZcbnYfEaMh6_-eH8R3FphQvRn2_-jZ01QxUu5Y6gA4APA1vKLaDP37LTTibi2SvKUfSQXp5WLaBagcQYxFPO18jFCW3tPZWEU/s1600/MyHeritage+family+tree.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="MyHeritage family tree" border="0" data-original-height="164" data-original-width="823" height="126" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHaaUvQDvkL-9w7P3XdaYguOC8W2G4AVfQ76UrzORPj6ZcbnYfEaMh6_-eH8R3FphQvRn2_-jZ01QxUu5Y6gA4APA1vKLaDP37LTTibi2SvKUfSQXp5WLaBagcQYxFPO18jFCW3tPZWEU/s640/MyHeritage+family+tree.jpg" title="Family tree" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">In our match's family tree, we are looking to find ancestors who are also in our family tree. The common ancestors that Tom and I share are Jonathan Gragg and Mary Mullins. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">By comparing the two family trees, we accomplish two things:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">We can find our common ancestors, and use the chromosome browser to find DNA segments that we may have inherited from those ancestors.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">We can enhance our family tree if we find ancestors that are missing from one of the trees. For example, in the second family tree there are no parents for Jonathan Gragg. We can click on Jonathan Gragg to begin exploring records that could verify that his parents are Henry Gragg and Elizabeth Jones.</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie6HbMN0JtfHvbhMge5n20jAX4xsNc6qgF9mGwCIKGUDowYvKGhXGCfNGONuWzu840gSwl3qYPa-qfypTsV6PrGyT0cKflM42NK0e8zrweFBHKcw7YEUVEJ_F1lKf480ipsMSL77PfFcM/s1600/MH+Family+Tree.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="MyHeritage family tree" border="0" data-original-height="333" data-original-width="810" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie6HbMN0JtfHvbhMge5n20jAX4xsNc6qgF9mGwCIKGUDowYvKGhXGCfNGONuWzu840gSwl3qYPa-qfypTsV6PrGyT0cKflM42NK0e8zrweFBHKcw7YEUVEJ_F1lKf480ipsMSL77PfFcM/s640/MH+Family+Tree.jpg" title="Search records for ancestor" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Below the family trees, you will find a section for common ethnicities [not shown], then we get to the chromosome browser. </span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>MyHeritage chromosome browser</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The chromosome browser shows DNA segments that<b> </b>are shared between you and your match. </span><br />
<br /></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxI_AWpYpdiUkyhk-qCkAOJGt62GE72p8BYhx3zhTSuFCmqHCtVAPOBnhK1bCKujNYkKAK0j7oTxqd6J9kew9gG4OwL4X3GYMQx4wAbGUl4OabR189dRUarLDjUvGgo3lTatFApiHhw1I/s1600/MHchromsomebrowser.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="MyHeritage chromosome browser" border="0" data-original-height="514" data-original-width="576" height="570" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxI_AWpYpdiUkyhk-qCkAOJGt62GE72p8BYhx3zhTSuFCmqHCtVAPOBnhK1bCKujNYkKAK0j7oTxqd6J9kew9gG4OwL4X3GYMQx4wAbGUl4OabR189dRUarLDjUvGgo3lTatFApiHhw1I/s640/MHchromsomebrowser.jpg" title="Chromosome browser" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">By
comparing family trees, I have determined that the only common ancestors
shared by Tom and me are Jonathan Gragg and Mary Mullins. So I assume that
we inherited the above two segments from either Jonathan or Mary, or we inherited one
segment from each of them. I cannot be sure of any of this yet.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">When you click on a segment in the chromosome browser, you will see segment details including the exact position on the chromosome and the size of the shared segment stated in centiMorgans (cM).</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAovG3W-a3spG3zHngtI0xL57GLxMxMdu8G3J5QOF3XyHjXiYbODhUsPWCN3Rdd16-d8RTxiJT0273h77Zm_mu5_OhbsuDSZ1Uw1mE-OyQy0MTcg2Y2wuvRNjRlLBDKXJG3bAVvkvCDYQ/s1600/MH+segment+detail.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="DNA segment details" border="0" data-original-height="514" data-original-width="599" height="548" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAovG3W-a3spG3zHngtI0xL57GLxMxMdu8G3J5QOF3XyHjXiYbODhUsPWCN3Rdd16-d8RTxiJT0273h77Zm_mu5_OhbsuDSZ1Uw1mE-OyQy0MTcg2Y2wuvRNjRlLBDKXJG3bAVvkvCDYQ/s640/MH+segment+detail.jpg" title="DNA segment details" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>How valid are these DNA segments?</b></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">I cannot be certain that we inherited these common segments from
Jonathan or Mary, or if there is another common ancestor that we have not yet found. </span><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">I can get more evidence by comparing DNA with
other descendants of this couple to see if they also share the same
segments.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>GEDmatch chromosome browser</b></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">MyHeritage does not yet allow us to compare more than one person in the chromosome browser. [Update: You can now compare multiple people in the MyHeritage chromosome browser. It's fantastic!] Several descendants of Jonathan and Mary have been DNA tested. We can see their results in the GEDmatch.com chromosome browser to compare it to Tom's results in the MyHeritage chromosome browser.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">First, I can compare my DNA results with Tom's DNA results and display them in the GEDmatch chromosome browser. The shared segment on Chromosome 1 is shown in the GEDmatch and MyHeritage chromosome browsers. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">However, notice that there is a small shared segment on Chromosome 4 that is not reported by MyHeritage.</span><br />
<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjapBOA0HQFera3aV77-Sswirh9BfKhvstimwQVye6TXwbf-lu3WFEFGSHk9nEUlI1svlvhr7LBT0xVIgG21Czyx4AcDAXWP9RUnOEn4vYC8WES_b3j7EIgxt1Hsr3jZJCv-OlX4W5OX4/s1600/GEDmatch+chromosome+browser.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDmatch chromosome browser" border="0" data-original-height="486" data-original-width="813" height="382" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjapBOA0HQFera3aV77-Sswirh9BfKhvstimwQVye6TXwbf-lu3WFEFGSHk9nEUlI1svlvhr7LBT0xVIgG21Czyx4AcDAXWP9RUnOEn4vYC8WES_b3j7EIgxt1Hsr3jZJCv-OlX4W5OX4/s640/GEDmatch+chromosome+browser.jpg" title="GEDmatch chromosome browser" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Below are chromosomes 9-22. The matching segment on Chromosome 18 is also shown at MyHeritage.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV5K69ypCyWs2kyLZzIKu_NNlvirkSShMTa7AB7H_itIwhNAAilPmlsfLJ8NOADA2z8Q287EArPyZqt4nyepQXCqGRKiEYGdkk94-FQiYc0cwJhD4l_7nCoI8HyBAOseUyA1U-YMHZLbo/s1600/GEDmatch+chromosome+browser2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="matching DNA segment" border="0" data-original-height="645" data-original-width="505" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV5K69ypCyWs2kyLZzIKu_NNlvirkSShMTa7AB7H_itIwhNAAilPmlsfLJ8NOADA2z8Q287EArPyZqt4nyepQXCqGRKiEYGdkk94-FQiYc0cwJhD4l_7nCoI8HyBAOseUyA1U-YMHZLbo/s640/GEDmatch+chromosome+browser2.jpg" title="GEDmatch matching DNA segment" width="500" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Now let's compare two other descendants of Jonathan and Mary, and put them in the chromosome browser with Tom. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">All three descendants share a segment with me on Chromosome 1 and Chromosome 18. Chromosome 18 is shown here:</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRMJ_OXt4xUgOy_zjA1_xBugFov-6qHT_S1xiJBnGPrHCVKu1TKkahcVRkfcVTDwmXcICq0ko-FTxvLbfNW04ktfNHSkDyhm1us1GYh-0iRR5b5ECF7lGKZRU7vUbFNW6Z2FMSuzAUeJA/s1600/chr18.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="multiple matches on chromosome" border="0" data-original-height="268" data-original-width="779" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRMJ_OXt4xUgOy_zjA1_xBugFov-6qHT_S1xiJBnGPrHCVKu1TKkahcVRkfcVTDwmXcICq0ko-FTxvLbfNW04ktfNHSkDyhm1us1GYh-0iRR5b5ECF7lGKZRU7vUbFNW6Z2FMSuzAUeJA/s640/chr18.jpg" title="Multiple matches on Chromosome 18" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">What about Chromosome 4? Tom and one cousin share matching segments with me on chromosome 4, but they are different segments. Only Tom has the small segment on line 2 of Chromosome 4. Although this segment is slightly larger than 8cM, it is not shown by MyHeritage. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6LrZzgFojmhX5ulXDjc-qqtMbG3suenE-rc4a1YQitGWhCHc8IX0dSG_c4dVeyE_fbc5qtFnd2wqmy2xo6c8xA2OVSy1BuLuoyXEyaoRpaIjCJDg2UdkyZ0RzODiWbalKpZIXChcFP50/s1600/chr4.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="small DNA segments" border="0" data-original-height="218" data-original-width="777" height="178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6LrZzgFojmhX5ulXDjc-qqtMbG3suenE-rc4a1YQitGWhCHc8IX0dSG_c4dVeyE_fbc5qtFnd2wqmy2xo6c8xA2OVSy1BuLuoyXEyaoRpaIjCJDg2UdkyZ0RzODiWbalKpZIXChcFP50/s640/chr4.jpg" title="Only one match on Chromosome 4" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Because
only Tom has this segment, it could a coincidental match [called IBS
or Identical By State] instead of a segment inherited from the common
ancestor [called IBD or Identical By Descent]. It may have been correctly rejected by MyHeritage.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">How about this match on Chromosome 6? All three cousins share this segment with me on Chromosome 6, but this segment is too small to be considered a shared segment by MyHeritage.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLzqzs0MnD8zOxDwmE5kOCF5tXZ1YY6lhHF_axSD1uRhpgqmOy8MWBtdxdikZ2oAFna5kN_koFHAsTyHx5bv05olirutW2VYVVGUYET1ViOXduKKIR87yaOQAJB16JoBRR9R4C7LKxn6k/s1600/chr6.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="small DNA segments" border="0" data-original-height="267" data-original-width="779" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLzqzs0MnD8zOxDwmE5kOCF5tXZ1YY6lhHF_axSD1uRhpgqmOy8MWBtdxdikZ2oAFna5kN_koFHAsTyHx5bv05olirutW2VYVVGUYET1ViOXduKKIR87yaOQAJB16JoBRR9R4C7LKxn6k/s640/chr6.jpg" title="Small DNA segments" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">It appears that MyHeritage is showing only segments in its chromosome browser that seem to be high-confidence shared DNA segments. </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Add notes </b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">When you have found shared DNA from common ancestors, you can include this information in the notes on your DNA match list. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAaVynt7B9TT5eP471Xu2qb1goBD66FI8EwrXinQwj2b253x5C_R_F1BFX7IsScO0ohUv5yFsdT7vycMspXlC5lIwrkK3b7W9IRQX1SpI8hP_FcJz-JHdGU77GEEs0zYGIndlM7W5hyHY/s1600/add+notes.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="MyHeritage notes" border="0" data-original-height="276" data-original-width="916" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAaVynt7B9TT5eP471Xu2qb1goBD66FI8EwrXinQwj2b253x5C_R_F1BFX7IsScO0ohUv5yFsdT7vycMspXlC5lIwrkK3b7W9IRQX1SpI8hP_FcJz-JHdGU77GEEs0zYGIndlM7W5hyHY/s640/add+notes.jpg" title="add notes" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Using the chromosome browser with transferred kits</span></b></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">MyHeritage allows you to transfer your raw DNA data file from other DNA companies. You can do this for free. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">However, you might want to be cautious about using the chromosome browser with transferred DNA<b> </b>because the major DNA companies do not all test the same locations on your chromosomes. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">To make </span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">these other DNA results compatible with MyHeritage DNA results, </span>MyHeritage uses something called "imputation." See <a href="https://blog.myheritage.com/2018/01/major-updates-and-improvements-to-myheritage-dna-matching/" target="_blank">Major Updates and Improvements to MyHeritage DNA matching</a>. For another opinion on imputation, see <a href="https://dna-explained.com/2017/09/05/concepts-imputation/" target="_blank">Concepts - Imputation.</a></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">When MyHeritage fills in your DNA gaps by imputing your results, it is not necessarily reflecting your DNA. It is reflecting what your DNA probably should be. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">However, by comparing DNA segments of multiple matches in the chromosome browsers where imputation is not used, MyHeritage appears to be fairly accurate.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Upcoming enhancement</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="font-size: large;">MyHeritage has already announced the plan to allow us to compare two or more people in the chromosome browser. This will allow us to see the shared DNA segments inherited by multiple descendants of a common ancestor. <b> </b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>What is the next step?</b> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="font-size: large;">If you have tested with another DNA testing company, you can download your Raw DNA Data and upload it to MyHeritage. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">This is especially important if you tested with Ancestry DNA, because Ancestry is the only major DNA testing company that does not provide a chromosome browser. There is currently no charge for uploading your DNA results to MyHeritage.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">You can also download your family tree from other sites and upload it to MyHeritage. Again, this is free! </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">For step-by-step instructions on downloading your DNA and your family tree, see <a href="https://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2018/01/getting-started-with-gedmatch.html" target="_blank">Getting started with GEDmatch</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">If you have compared your ancestry in the new MyHeritage chromosome browser, you can reconstruct your ancestor's DNA.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">See <a href="https://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2018/01/using-dna-painter-to-reconstruct.html" target="_blank">Using DNA Painter to reconstruct ancestral DNA</a></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">If you tested with MyHeritage, you will also want to submit your MyHeritage results to GEDmatch, See <a href="https://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2018/01/how-to-use-gedmatch-part-1.html" target="_blank">How to use GEDmatch - Part 1</a> and <a href="http://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2018/01/how-to-use-gedmatch-part-2.html" target="_blank">How to use GEDmatch - Part 2</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">MyHeritage now has the essential DNA tools. </span></b></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The new MyHeritage DNA system is pretty great. With a few enhancements, it will be incredible. Here's my response to the new chromosome browser--I immediately ordered a MyHeritage DNA kit for my mother.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5uJoCcOn_ajB59ICSAz6GxO0Wb26leadrabtEreoA8n2uHIPWHRCZxkwppLpJolSaxMMN6xyt3hT8LpnpPkc7pTN-ZEi9rhywkM4FpTZc0na6n7S1hei4CpLT2pHfOp_uohCbCxqZejA/s1600/MyHeritage+DNA+Kit.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="MyHeritage DNA kit" border="0" data-original-height="1072" data-original-width="1600" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5uJoCcOn_ajB59ICSAz6GxO0Wb26leadrabtEreoA8n2uHIPWHRCZxkwppLpJolSaxMMN6xyt3hT8LpnpPkc7pTN-ZEi9rhywkM4FpTZc0na6n7S1hei4CpLT2pHfOp_uohCbCxqZejA/s320/MyHeritage+DNA+Kit.JPG" title="MyHeritage DNA kit" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">MyHeritage DNA kit</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRgurbVawxoVxZwqmON0YSZsZrbXlyOrE5F2fKKqAcsdH2Q6jNKUYwvHFdHMTeP5H1zFdqvCTX4yH0Hv_jweUboDo58vX778DYk478nzRnk3PzUddFCKnv4lq1r3_26Dkr-61QXVI18L0/s1600/Swabbing.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="swabbing for DNA" border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1228" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRgurbVawxoVxZwqmON0YSZsZrbXlyOrE5F2fKKqAcsdH2Q6jNKUYwvHFdHMTeP5H1zFdqvCTX4yH0Hv_jweUboDo58vX778DYk478nzRnk3PzUddFCKnv4lq1r3_26Dkr-61QXVI18L0/s320/Swabbing.jpg" title="Swabbing for DNA" width="245" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mom swabbing her cheek while reading a book</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>Linda Jonashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00245944818580411111noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7064587737424586464.post-9231040869819656042018-01-14T06:27:00.003-05:002021-06-02T06:39:19.443-04:00You can now submit your Big Y results to YFull!<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The Big Y from Family Tree DNA is a fantastic Y-DNA test for finding out more about your direct paternal line. If you want to know what's so great about the Big Y, please see the following posts:</span><br />
<br />
<a href="https://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2017/10/the-bigy-test-from-family-tree-dna-can.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;">The Big Y test from Family Tree DNA can knock your socks off! </span></a><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">and</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2017/12/the-big-y-could-be-best-dna-test-ever.html" target="_blank">The Big Y could be the best DNA test ever!</a></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Although the Big Y test has new and improved tools, many people also submit their results to a service called YFull for further interpretation, a great matching database, the ability to view the results on a giant family tree to see how you're related to everyone else, and much more. I love this service, and highly recommend it.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">For more about YFull, see</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2017/10/what-are-benefits-of-yfull.html" target="_blank">What are the benefits of YFull?</a></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">and </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2017/12/great-updates-to-yfull_15.html" target="_blank">Great updates to YFull</a> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Two files are used for evaluating Big Y results</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">There are two types of files that are commonly used for evaluating Big Y results: the VCF file and the BAM file. We don't need to understand anything about these files to submit them for evaluation.<b> </b></span></div>
</div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Recently, many people have been prevented from submitting their results to YFull because YFull needs the BAM file to analyze your results, and the BAM files have not been available from Family Tree DNA. </span><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Family Tree DNA has recently been converting all Big Y results, and the BAM files will not be released until the conversion is complete.</span><span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span><div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Although the BAM file is not available, the VCF file is available from Family Tree DNA.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>News from YFull </b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">So here's the great news! YFull will now analyze your VCF file, and when the more complete BAM file is available you will be able to get a free upgrade<b>.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Here's the announcement from the YFull Facebook page:</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicdkITtBdZtIVPUfDixMcO8nQsbD0aabnpxAUw0FCejHyZZTPHPKFBCv2TXcL0XYoYljAh7ZbFBkU9A92r-6OEDmX1cmycbuRn2sUYxGcx2zxNc_7P_UIEadt5Pz7YosdfjKMkFiMemuw/s1600/Yfull.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="313" data-original-width="495" height="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicdkITtBdZtIVPUfDixMcO8nQsbD0aabnpxAUw0FCejHyZZTPHPKFBCv2TXcL0XYoYljAh7ZbFBkU9A92r-6OEDmX1cmycbuRn2sUYxGcx2zxNc_7P_UIEadt5Pz7YosdfjKMkFiMemuw/s640/Yfull.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">So let's download the VCF file and submit it to YFull.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Download your VCF file from Family Tree DNA</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Log into your FTDNA account. Go to the Big Y section of your page. Click Big Y Results.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUZe-91U89WyeZEecIterbKNJHiR1USyMsw65Az1NY092kdUjzMnuiAZUR8zGXeSKo7jQenrMszIM8ptG7Zuha9msMSXC69O_TgIpkDbS3mFYdWzieUKqubF4vK9d6GlA5OoPtr-hrmMo/s1600/Big+Y+results+link.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Big Y results" border="0" data-original-height="118" data-original-width="409" height="184" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUZe-91U89WyeZEecIterbKNJHiR1USyMsw65Az1NY092kdUjzMnuiAZUR8zGXeSKo7jQenrMszIM8ptG7Zuha9msMSXC69O_TgIpkDbS3mFYdWzieUKqubF4vK9d6GlA5OoPtr-hrmMo/s640/Big+Y+results+link.jpg" title="Big Y results" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">On the next page, click Download Raw Data. </span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinB-T-Qw4axF9KvFo7kjpsJukaqTKOl8-hJcGCqvk3qULzsgbtjVcttJbiPhBDooLS4WUUI_emLiIjwbFc38ySHF0Amjgp6nPzMKP9LAMwkg6NBgg3NWEk7P343Bu5_S4G-l3Yl03u_JM/s1600/download+raw.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="download Rig Y raw data" border="0" data-original-height="211" data-original-width="1190" height="112" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinB-T-Qw4axF9KvFo7kjpsJukaqTKOl8-hJcGCqvk3qULzsgbtjVcttJbiPhBDooLS4WUUI_emLiIjwbFc38ySHF0Amjgp6nPzMKP9LAMwkg6NBgg3NWEk7P343Bu5_S4G-l3Yl03u_JM/s640/download+raw.jpg" title="Download Raw Data" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">You will be taken to the following screen. Notice that there are three green links at the bottom: Download VCF, Download BAM, and Share BAM. </span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAQfJaLrZcXMkCBrNWv3cU13gW_osIQVIz1FKX08FsYChmT3ec_xPj838Owb2GjpYeWyaafYwpQdJoU6h9gf-1_GqMXoS0BOZLqxEa41P11B_g8XcnnTF08aydInwjm9U7xo6SAks5-g0/s1600/raw+data.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="download Big Y results" border="0" data-original-height="522" data-original-width="298" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAQfJaLrZcXMkCBrNWv3cU13gW_osIQVIz1FKX08FsYChmT3ec_xPj838Owb2GjpYeWyaafYwpQdJoU6h9gf-1_GqMXoS0BOZLqxEa41P11B_g8XcnnTF08aydInwjm9U7xo6SAks5-g0/s640/raw+data.jpg" title="Downlaod Big Y results" width="364" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Although the links for Download BAM and Share BAM are shown, the BAM files are not yet available. I will update this page when the BAM files are released. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">In the meantime, click Download VCF. This is the file you will submit to YFull. This file is very large, so you won't be able to email it. Right click on Download VCF, and copy the link location. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">If that does not work, download the file and save it to an online data storage service such as Google Drive, Dropbox, OneDrive, etc. Then go to the website for your online service, and log in. Get a link to the file so you can share it. Here is an example from OneDrive:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgNRdurxRSvFTzJ7wzd2tk01nlgrOsFr3aqXRL_Ro4mndw50vAxP8XFWyMapD2nEEJfpGU9HFxQyM1hssVO1ILBOjhX893Syk5sEjpnRjaYKVWKUOIQ2QSaB98Eg9OUb24sOoggvb8-48/s1600/share+link.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="One Drive sharing link" border="0" data-original-height="353" data-original-width="478" height="472" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgNRdurxRSvFTzJ7wzd2tk01nlgrOsFr3aqXRL_Ro4mndw50vAxP8XFWyMapD2nEEJfpGU9HFxQyM1hssVO1ILBOjhX893Syk5sEjpnRjaYKVWKUOIQ2QSaB98Eg9OUb24sOoggvb8-48/s640/share+link.jpg" title="Get a link" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Submitting to YFull</span></b></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Go to <a href="https://www.yfull.com/" target="_blank">YFull</a> at https://www.yfull.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Click the red "Order Now!" You do not have to pay now; you will receive an invoice when your analysis is complete.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFTHd0fk5jvZ5P6lxRe4L5RpTekuN-yjDuekrz86sjtg9_rWr8I20OmacgCMY50oZKFEaNbTgHa-CEn7HINv_U5v8953n1zGa-a_FjI89gF9hmyCcp5In60p9vzfxWTvgeGCyv5FxMzjs/s1600/Yfull+order.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="YFull order" border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="1188" height="322" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFTHd0fk5jvZ5P6lxRe4L5RpTekuN-yjDuekrz86sjtg9_rWr8I20OmacgCMY50oZKFEaNbTgHa-CEn7HINv_U5v8953n1zGa-a_FjI89gF9hmyCcp5In60p9vzfxWTvgeGCyv5FxMzjs/s640/Yfull+order.jpg" title="YFull order" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-size: large;">On the next page enter your email and name. Then click VCF, FTDNA Big Y, and Link to a sharing file. Paste your online file link.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP_OXUtfmY4SRS82fNeSLtEA33nLjXEzsJHsVuT3AsJdN-L4tf7zm977eXdrZT0PVSwBtGsc7CfjxItHaD2rWvcQbrZJYa0v0tDqupBWc4LOnGaOvouVPyghwHrFTwNYPmm5YgbSE_AKI/s1600/YFull+submit.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="register at YFull" border="0" data-original-height="655" data-original-width="823" height="508" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP_OXUtfmY4SRS82fNeSLtEA33nLjXEzsJHsVuT3AsJdN-L4tf7zm977eXdrZT0PVSwBtGsc7CfjxItHaD2rWvcQbrZJYa0v0tDqupBWc4LOnGaOvouVPyghwHrFTwNYPmm5YgbSE_AKI/s640/YFull+submit.jpg" title="Register at YFull" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">That's it! Now get ready to see what new information you will find. The YFull analysis is being returned very quickly.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> </span> </div></div>Linda Jonashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00245944818580411111noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7064587737424586464.post-88929922079506111152018-01-11T17:25:00.002-05:002021-04-26T02:14:54.444-04:00Using DNA Painter to reconstruct ancestral DNA<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Once you've taken an autosomal DNA test (Ancestry DNA, 23andMe, Family Tree DNA Family Finder, MyHeritage, etc.) and learned how to use a chromosome browser [See <a href="https://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2018/01/what-is-big-deal-about-chromosome.html" target="_blank">What is the big deal about a chromosome browser?</a>], it's time to put it all together and reconstruct the DNA of your ancestors. We will be using a free program called <a href="https://dnapainter.com/" target="_blank">DNA Painter</a>.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> <b>What is DNA Painter?</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">It is best to describe it in their own words:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">"DNA Painter is a simple web-based tool allowing you to 'paint'
segments of your DNA according to the ancestors you inherited them from,
and to track your DNA matches visually."</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">DNA Painter is FREE! </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">To use DNA Painter effectively you will look at your list of DNA matches and use the following two tools:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">A family tree</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">A chromosome browser</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">You will want to find common ancestors in the family trees of your DNA matches. Then you will find common DNA segments and map these to the common ancestors. </span><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">You are going to create a chromosome map that shows from which ancestors you inherited your DNA. </span><br />
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<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Getting started with DNA Painter</span></b></div>
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<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Go to <a href="https://dnapainter.com/" target="_blank">DNA Painter</a> at https://dnapainter.com and register for a free account.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimgC2-971wUTuNHkcIuz8wz71wQRUT-rzfILllpGb5Y9ccWnh0bstvc3mllLfp6vlOHUHi_-GvfCeU-NnAZpjXHz289y7hQQ8ZG9I8r1P4gh9UTYE8zy_m2GQA6-WokqB_x34XKw1yLaw/s1600/DNA+Painter+register.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="405" data-original-width="790" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimgC2-971wUTuNHkcIuz8wz71wQRUT-rzfILllpGb5Y9ccWnh0bstvc3mllLfp6vlOHUHi_-GvfCeU-NnAZpjXHz289y7hQQ8ZG9I8r1P4gh9UTYE8zy_m2GQA6-WokqB_x34XKw1yLaw/s640/DNA+Painter+register.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">You can create many profiles. Here are some of the profiles I have created. </span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLGoC-3wNyMrIPrx9_yPs0dpES9ZX9miE_hEs1j741gZG7QkGE5N_eTuBmkQ8YL4OpM0p8E8zv-Yaj6yt7Z21RQkSm0qyL5UROZZDbXBPGAq4ImP3JoVQwteTGdXjYh3o0_XcZSLJbz3Y/s1600/dna+painter+profiles.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="749" height="454" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLGoC-3wNyMrIPrx9_yPs0dpES9ZX9miE_hEs1j741gZG7QkGE5N_eTuBmkQ8YL4OpM0p8E8zv-Yaj6yt7Z21RQkSm0qyL5UROZZDbXBPGAq4ImP3JoVQwteTGdXjYh3o0_XcZSLJbz3Y/s640/dna+painter+profiles.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Let's see what to do with them!</span>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Finding a match with Family Tree DNA's Family Finder</b></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Family Finder is one of the few places that has both a family tree and a chromosome browser, so we will first see how to use the tools in Family Finder to transfer the information we found into DNA Painter. You may want to review <a href="http://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2017/12/getting-more-from-family-tree-dna.html" target="_blank">Getting more from Family Tree DNA Family Finder</a>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Log into your Family Tree DNA account, and click Family Finder matches.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHzIGZT8RSft4ilGtnwREydPIMBwraKIXD2C1V0zGOxrsFuywvmtitJCa95-LfIb6_vmPxmLHs_Vk8Jpwuxax3S6Z4PBc8X4_owhUSz9MFfOa3GTlcdgN5207G4lAFo43jY8pN0UySg94/s1600/Family+Finder+matches.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="168" data-original-width="730" height="146" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHzIGZT8RSft4ilGtnwREydPIMBwraKIXD2C1V0zGOxrsFuywvmtitJCa95-LfIb6_vmPxmLHs_Vk8Jpwuxax3S6Z4PBc8X4_owhUSz9MFfOa3GTlcdgN5207G4lAFo43jY8pN0UySg94/s640/Family+Finder+matches.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">You will see a list of people who share common DNA segments with you. Below is one of the people on a list of matches. The amount of shared DNA indicates that this man is a 2nd to 4th cousin, but we don't know precisely how he is related. Click the blue tree symbol to view this man's family tree.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4kV1OijV1UFeEOrNyAtKV0brWsrtGabDGR8BHqWjGMulIsXdKQQQON6UGyrDSPXb6G_LGIBRmj7dv4qzabsYciPHd-xhKvdGoz2tJ6DcCsa9gRpfoyURD1KXlTB8LQpTLAIsvb-RxzPk/s1600/view+tree.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="69" data-original-width="411" height="106" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4kV1OijV1UFeEOrNyAtKV0brWsrtGabDGR8BHqWjGMulIsXdKQQQON6UGyrDSPXb6G_LGIBRmj7dv4qzabsYciPHd-xhKvdGoz2tJ6DcCsa9gRpfoyURD1KXlTB8LQpTLAIsvb-RxzPk/s640/view+tree.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Viewing the family tree in Family Finder</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">It is usually easiest to find a common ancestor when the tree is set to Pedigree View. </span><span style="font-size: large;">In the tree below, we find that our common ancestors are Willis Collinsworth and his wife Laura Burleson. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikzye0vbmJ08yCWomJeRXFGGScfLY6Vi0KMD9hu-xAotQfJzGrTHpDOAal5FwZb0WHMRkHZ3qokyRXWDiYQ95pcs6UgsC5mpjpvevz5uTtGkHU1QmyAsz6fxhHcqQMYslIsyADpAu4bmE/s1600/Common+ancestors.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Family Finder family tree" border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="757" height="505" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikzye0vbmJ08yCWomJeRXFGGScfLY6Vi0KMD9hu-xAotQfJzGrTHpDOAal5FwZb0WHMRkHZ3qokyRXWDiYQ95pcs6UgsC5mpjpvevz5uTtGkHU1QmyAsz6fxhHcqQMYslIsyADpAu4bmE/s640/Common+ancestors.jpg" title="Family Finder family tree" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">We know that the common ancestors are Willis Collinsworth and Laura Burleson, but we don't know for sure that we inherited our common DNA segments from these ancestors. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">We also don't know whether we inherited the common DNA segments from Willis, Laura, or both. But we can assign these DNA segments to this couple, and we can change it later when we get more evidence.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Now we want to see what common DNA segments we inherited. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Viewing the chromosome browser in Family Finder </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Click next to the name of your match to view matching DNA segments in the Family Finder chromosome browser.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMlYBbj4nK3fWO3bNMl87BuzaGwTqvxzvdFdQBOxC7j0DU-Yh2htZHYoOfzrT38AWc2WAUfgAv5bHdzIACFdrGBcoxPS_nhEVSs3iuTGTLFZqQuQLA_6kAsySa-C3yyX98KRdPLJmsFlU/s1600/click+match.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="select family finder match" border="0" data-original-height="61" data-original-width="418" height="92" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMlYBbj4nK3fWO3bNMl87BuzaGwTqvxzvdFdQBOxC7j0DU-Yh2htZHYoOfzrT38AWc2WAUfgAv5bHdzIACFdrGBcoxPS_nhEVSs3iuTGTLFZqQuQLA_6kAsySa-C3yyX98KRdPLJmsFlU/s640/click+match.jpg" title="Select Family Finder match" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Then go to the top of the page and click Chromosome Browser.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuqgP04YqDk38FDQI6EKdpFiZicgFehPzqx5a0-xOL9u4DtdHxvz9OfqeG6yM_9nklk1HU776kWzGVO2sG6ZRBshqMUtg5UP7LoBiZvU44eocDjQYbxR6vgAAd8Qxcely1e6yUHexFJDk/s1600/chromosome+browser.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="compare in chromosome browser" border="0" data-original-height="170" data-original-width="459" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuqgP04YqDk38FDQI6EKdpFiZicgFehPzqx5a0-xOL9u4DtdHxvz9OfqeG6yM_9nklk1HU776kWzGVO2sG6ZRBshqMUtg5UP7LoBiZvU44eocDjQYbxR6vgAAd8Qxcely1e6yUHexFJDk/s640/chromosome+browser.jpg" title="Compare in chromosome browser" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">There were several matching segments in the chromosome browser. Only the first three chromosomes are shown.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgozenQv8ThJrUElMIx4_IO-BUwyW1CBFlQm6TtASv_34Id-TbjZiMxjuwW_4cxRKys0nqOWRZGuGb95Wv_2ORIGIzmmQYCwnk6iNK5lkBZnbjCH3MRJFDIBUJ3gCaELIgUSbfDIfh2wB0/s1600/dnap3.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Family Finder chromosome browser" border="0" data-original-height="171" data-original-width="765" height="142" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgozenQv8ThJrUElMIx4_IO-BUwyW1CBFlQm6TtASv_34Id-TbjZiMxjuwW_4cxRKys0nqOWRZGuGb95Wv_2ORIGIzmmQYCwnk6iNK5lkBZnbjCH3MRJFDIBUJ3gCaELIgUSbfDIfh2wB0/s640/dnap3.jpg" title="Family Finder chromosome browser" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">We need to get the data in a tabular format so that we can add it to DNA Painter. Click View this data in a table.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIa2gyg-kqbjhVE2AvV3kcqZK9ZnQ0mZUF-H68mL1y61lZjZ0gYAtCg-N_I5x3-IwTjQgtH8-UZQevHrs1XeCpb1piZT_WOUnoInMvSUKyuv04w0wfZnncKmYpT7Kvz7VBPw80t4CilA8/s1600/dnap4.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="view chromosome browser in table" border="0" data-original-height="142" data-original-width="762" height="118" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIa2gyg-kqbjhVE2AvV3kcqZK9ZnQ0mZUF-H68mL1y61lZjZ0gYAtCg-N_I5x3-IwTjQgtH8-UZQevHrs1XeCpb1piZT_WOUnoInMvSUKyuv04w0wfZnncKmYpT7Kvz7VBPw80t4CilA8/s640/dnap4.jpg" title="View chromsome brower in table" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The table view will appear, then we can copy it. Family Tree DNA is showing all matching segments, no matter how small. We won't map those small segments, but we can copy the entire table, even the headings. DNA Painter can automatically removed the headers and any segments that we don't want to include.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj59Cw0DG731tJx7qtbj0YmHNHvrgQrwuJFCLpV6D6xv9uMOZhQ7NhVcsz0zfK_rD9fns0Y7HfWoKJlp-MqvRXmW22dZ9InQVn5he_1BtvFuABuHqhdpIvopDMcignyW4L1YbRj36PJYY/s1600/dnap5.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="copy DNA segments" border="0" data-original-height="361" data-original-width="707" height="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj59Cw0DG731tJx7qtbj0YmHNHvrgQrwuJFCLpV6D6xv9uMOZhQ7NhVcsz0zfK_rD9fns0Y7HfWoKJlp-MqvRXmW22dZ9InQVn5he_1BtvFuABuHqhdpIvopDMcignyW4L1YbRj36PJYY/s640/dnap5.jpg" title="Copy DNA segments" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Chromosome mapping with DNA Painter</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Go to your profile in DNA Painter, and click Paint a New Match.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwS9HsPJ6EFI4mAcxXR52xek3lAkGjyKpp7D7ostU630LIG7oywq3vnZ5HlZutmAMVmcTKCIhT9AR588khQWDPyYulao2YeCHoQN5mo2Rmc_XUne7YlaytM-B_VQ5LHlGjGnXU-GuaIyM/s1600/dnap6.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Paint a match" border="0" data-original-height="186" data-original-width="687" height="172" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwS9HsPJ6EFI4mAcxXR52xek3lAkGjyKpp7D7ostU630LIG7oywq3vnZ5HlZutmAMVmcTKCIhT9AR588khQWDPyYulao2YeCHoQN5mo2Rmc_XUne7YlaytM-B_VQ5LHlGjGnXU-GuaIyM/s640/dnap6.jpg" title="Paint a match" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Paste the data you obtained from the Family Tree DNA data table.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4WyAvSX8YHosPZYA05ChFUzqGqP3evQoQy9oCZsC020IuYZUvDyziNN6uzvqi7TL9mli6AyxfgjX4eZnDMyAi_5verHYgYNFhqYF9WNW6hlpaUwH0nuehlqMldbDr2XA2Pd95ac8Z4o0/s1600/dnap7.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Paste data in DNA Painter" border="0" data-original-height="391" data-original-width="999" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4WyAvSX8YHosPZYA05ChFUzqGqP3evQoQy9oCZsC020IuYZUvDyziNN6uzvqi7TL9mli6AyxfgjX4eZnDMyAi_5verHYgYNFhqYF9WNW6hlpaUwH0nuehlqMldbDr2XA2Pd95ac8Z4o0/s640/dnap7.jpg" title="Paste data in DNA Painter" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">In general, you will not want to include small segments. See <a href="https://thegeneticgenealogist.com/2017/12/29/a-small-segment-round-up/" target="_blank">A Small Segment Roundup</a>. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">At the bottom of the next image, notice that it says "Exclude segments under 7 cM." The Centimorgans are in the 4th column. Among the segments below, only the 19.16 cM segment will be painted. The others will be removed because 2.06, 2.39, etc. are all smaller than 7.0.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Click Save Match Now. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgorNyu9uVIjXfXXrLIXWs0Pq9WuZlzk8PWYl3PAZkqqj-18QloedLJXyK6yjmLiu3cCsJry_-DDeBdAZ8TcSGP9VVGS1re6j1d3qTE4tZhAIMuoOyP_7h_b7aJsUUuJnY4yJVob0thvUg/s1600/dnap8.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="save DNA Painter match" border="0" data-original-height="390" data-original-width="1000" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgorNyu9uVIjXfXXrLIXWs0Pq9WuZlzk8PWYl3PAZkqqj-18QloedLJXyK6yjmLiu3cCsJry_-DDeBdAZ8TcSGP9VVGS1re6j1d3qTE4tZhAIMuoOyP_7h_b7aJsUUuJnY4yJVob0thvUg/s640/dnap8.jpg" title="Save match" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Name the segment, and attach it to your ancestor's name. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO9eRR8bH_1-s3vax5ZvvsGQSH14iykzXIPaLqQVzfH9oTRMDpGWWBuGho0irell3NqMWtHAquzbRzihmSm2z9GfALm2OZI4wZGzEzrbFY6Tqte-9WNMzRp8j1dwqZ8sbAdE3Pm_P4yTk/s1600/dnap9.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="DNA Painter" border="0" data-original-height="664" data-original-width="751" height="564" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO9eRR8bH_1-s3vax5ZvvsGQSH14iykzXIPaLqQVzfH9oTRMDpGWWBuGho0irell3NqMWtHAquzbRzihmSm2z9GfALm2OZI4wZGzEzrbFY6Tqte-9WNMzRp8j1dwqZ8sbAdE3Pm_P4yTk/s640/dnap9.jpg" title="Save match to DNA Painter" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Click "I know how I'm connected to this match."</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Enter
the name of your DNA match. You might enter the person's name followed by FTDNA
so that you know that this match came from your Family Finder matches.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">If
you have already entered some matches, DNA Painter may tell you that
"Your match includes segments that overlap with the following groups." Above, it is showing that this match overlaps with segments that have
previously been entered for Willis Collinsworth and Laura Burleson.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Click next to "Enter your ancestor's name." If you have previously entered this ancestor click next to "Or link these segments to an ancestor I've added before." Enter the name of your ancestor. In this case, we don't know if the shared segments came from Willis, Laura, or both, so we entered the name of the couple.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Click Save.</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Here is how your DNA Painter will look after you've added several DNA matches.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaH4H2XlP5OLK9Yr9TzVpSjSkB-zH_9tSXD6wDK3Pa-HrG_kXkh8uCTBq3-ChUrHubGD2PHx_fKLeoUoBhOAK9RiKcefKAc1SOTTGKz6kFXKluDoSKsoImVMOeXdWcHpUFR0TSzm1CmAQ/s1600/dna+painter.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="DNA Painter chromosome map" border="0" data-original-height="636" data-original-width="643" height="632" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaH4H2XlP5OLK9Yr9TzVpSjSkB-zH_9tSXD6wDK3Pa-HrG_kXkh8uCTBq3-ChUrHubGD2PHx_fKLeoUoBhOAK9RiKcefKAc1SOTTGKz6kFXKluDoSKsoImVMOeXdWcHpUFR0TSzm1CmAQ/s640/dna+painter.jpg" title="DNA Painter chromosome map" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Reconstructing your ancestor's DNA</b></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">This is the coolest resource of all. I can create a DNA profile for my father. He is deceased, so I can't do a DNA test for him. But I can reconstruct much of his DNA by testing descendants. If I test myself and my siblings, I can create profiles for them all in DNA Painter, then create a profile for my father. This process works for lots of ancestors--you just need descendants who have tested their DNA.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">I've matched several DNA segments for one of my brothers, and I want to use these segments to create a DNA Profile for my father. I can create a duplicate profile for my brother, then transform it into a profile for my father.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Under the group names, see "Duplicate". This will create a second copy of my brother's profile. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh98J_I3p1Lw57l-l6lN4puoseUrzh0WGFrGUERspKgv5hax-oAEFiSNZhSlLcBjiFvuALT6Afs3fun4DcbREEyQrJVVlWJvdwiZk5YEZ_wK9v9TLoF7fQFzOaCIEOKH9M6kKAteDngD4/s1600/duplicate.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="duplicate DNA Painter profile" border="0" data-original-height="165" data-original-width="643" height="164" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh98J_I3p1Lw57l-l6lN4puoseUrzh0WGFrGUERspKgv5hax-oAEFiSNZhSlLcBjiFvuALT6Afs3fun4DcbREEyQrJVVlWJvdwiZk5YEZ_wK9v9TLoF7fQFzOaCIEOKH9M6kKAteDngD4/s640/duplicate.jpg" title="Duplicate DNA Painter profile" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Click Duplicate this DNA Profile.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNB9ST3Ck5iNAN9kRcMTzR2mzJbkVY94Eyvt_jG-R96Sl3ktF88qos3aVNXr53zXc8i1pRSiVDFcXT89dvKWz72trsIu-mDH44kpo6hBmL6hFE4RvpMAytQOHfYGeojjjZYs5geLw2r0k/s1600/click+to+duplicate.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Duplicate DNA profile" border="0" data-original-height="159" data-original-width="560" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNB9ST3Ck5iNAN9kRcMTzR2mzJbkVY94Eyvt_jG-R96Sl3ktF88qos3aVNXr53zXc8i1pRSiVDFcXT89dvKWz72trsIu-mDH44kpo6hBmL6hFE4RvpMAytQOHfYGeojjjZYs5geLw2r0k/s640/click+to+duplicate.jpg" title="Duplicate this DNA profile" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">This will create a copy of your DNA profile.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT28aXEKfaMxdGdHsH8Sgz-SnvmrG-ZwTNan_ynVInb6-8kGQFzlbGmbAEfTNnffxN9TB1C3QEZIkTODJN40m7AKb5Tr_meJ_V7QlzRbdywblnBabhntmjnKhlCcHp8-5GZGVU3zt_pPc/s1600/copy+of+tree.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="copy of DNA profile" border="0" data-original-height="171" data-original-width="375" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT28aXEKfaMxdGdHsH8Sgz-SnvmrG-ZwTNan_ynVInb6-8kGQFzlbGmbAEfTNnffxN9TB1C3QEZIkTODJN40m7AKb5Tr_meJ_V7QlzRbdywblnBabhntmjnKhlCcHp8-5GZGVU3zt_pPc/s640/copy+of+tree.jpg" title="Copy of DNA profile" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Because we are creating a profile for an ancestor, rename the profile.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE77rRRRB6M-Ktgm7gfu3KAdZK8ESowX1TKvzloQPHEBmg_NwpAP45avp95NtqhT1hMijmEZM0eYluVr-qV1xsbPuF20igYzqkxwo5avVGMk-ARjj1_pivRxfJMZfD7ySMLpgAh3Rve8w/s1600/dad.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="DNA Painter profile" border="0" data-original-height="58" data-original-width="238" height="95" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE77rRRRB6M-Ktgm7gfu3KAdZK8ESowX1TKvzloQPHEBmg_NwpAP45avp95NtqhT1hMijmEZM0eYluVr-qV1xsbPuF20igYzqkxwo5avVGMk-ARjj1_pivRxfJMZfD7ySMLpgAh3Rve8w/s400/dad.jpg" title="Rename profile" width="400" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">This was originally a profile for my brother. It contains some segments from his maternal side. Remove the maternal groups. Here we will click the name of the group John Franklin - Margaret George. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRf5_Y2oy6mfS-CwA3_sHzQnQ12JZlFOg1oIr0Hfo0VuODIuAMoNvJi780H09tBUI5YYRYVAwM0GVc1MWc2uRad6Fu1twiwcU6DPAFfFZn762Ljj1g8MlPQMvV28OTvX8HfYglBcymItA/s1600/click+maternal+segment.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="View group in DNA Painter" border="0" data-original-height="124" data-original-width="465" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRf5_Y2oy6mfS-CwA3_sHzQnQ12JZlFOg1oIr0Hfo0VuODIuAMoNvJi780H09tBUI5YYRYVAwM0GVc1MWc2uRad6Fu1twiwcU6DPAFfFZn762Ljj1g8MlPQMvV28OTvX8HfYglBcymItA/s640/click+maternal+segment.jpg" title="Click maternal group" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Next, click Edit Group.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlo4NUKF4B-56vq6x9C_xdcJ51xu51DyCKhloPSJLvKWqBEuGadf83jemVRLlIDXjTGN28idHxLd5NXfNsZhhyphenhyphen2KpdPVvMYIodF7MfYeAodTHcMg40_NPTlRsU1rVVXgCgF7TkH2VN-tY/s1600/edit+group.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="edit DNA Painter group" border="0" data-original-height="165" data-original-width="517" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlo4NUKF4B-56vq6x9C_xdcJ51xu51DyCKhloPSJLvKWqBEuGadf83jemVRLlIDXjTGN28idHxLd5NXfNsZhhyphenhyphen2KpdPVvMYIodF7MfYeAodTHcMg40_NPTlRsU1rVVXgCgF7TkH2VN-tY/s640/edit+group.jpg" title="Edit DNA Painter group" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Delete the group, because these are not my father's ancestors.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYCyrMycPkSKCqvspNHni-1WQDiZ6VGt_i-znRDBHN_4xwiwr0whGR7PXQQ2oHvnKqJrz_jJfwKCCYJFIWz4OnOKM5KGJyapc_SshCBq7eUlBXHHfSwCP7hrsniU0TgKz7ZtONIMzmiGE/s1600/delete+group.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="delete DNA Painter group" border="0" data-original-height="523" data-original-width="535" height="624" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYCyrMycPkSKCqvspNHni-1WQDiZ6VGt_i-znRDBHN_4xwiwr0whGR7PXQQ2oHvnKqJrz_jJfwKCCYJFIWz4OnOKM5KGJyapc_SshCBq7eUlBXHHfSwCP7hrsniU0TgKz7ZtONIMzmiGE/s640/delete+group.jpg" title="Delete DNA Painter group" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">After removing all maternal segments, the segments that remain are all designated as Paternal because they were all paternal segments for my brother. However, they are not all paternal segments for my father. Some of these segments came from my father's mother. On segments that belong to the grandmother change paternal to maternal.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicLGPUz0yw1xBaaCH_yPsTxiN-KXm-rL3bQkDonHUYkeKp-TtAelFQCutX1K3XoxslxpDDgIYKl5iLfMK0w9dZkapTs98zPMQMnRFv7ts0n-k5dkM-AKFRj4Mzm5kUNB3ph_0RfJJeww0/s1600/change+paternal+to+maternal.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="edit DNA Painter group" border="0" data-original-height="252" data-original-width="539" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicLGPUz0yw1xBaaCH_yPsTxiN-KXm-rL3bQkDonHUYkeKp-TtAelFQCutX1K3XoxslxpDDgIYKl5iLfMK0w9dZkapTs98zPMQMnRFv7ts0n-k5dkM-AKFRj4Mzm5kUNB3ph_0RfJJeww0/s640/change+paternal+to+maternal.jpg" title="Change Paternal to Maternal" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">After you have created the new profile, whenever you add a DNA segment to one of the descendants, you will also add the same segment to the ancestor. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Below is a match that was previously added to the DNA Painter profile for someone named John. Add the same information to his ancestor's profile. When you enter the name of the DNA match, you may want to enter the person's name, where you got the information [FTDNA], and that it originally came from John's profile.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD0eyMdotSLxoL8i_q17JMCY_5tqonZmqtfXdZymphGu-_EZQMp9Q3L2sI2U9MjSq3zEvJJW0mwNSpNI0patOlRMA_zrOyqFrclU6Au9A-n-iHNUCQ5jpfy-SvuPstUjLZiE0poAUXmSY/s1600/dnap10.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="DNA Painter" border="0" data-original-height="642" data-original-width="1006" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD0eyMdotSLxoL8i_q17JMCY_5tqonZmqtfXdZymphGu-_EZQMp9Q3L2sI2U9MjSq3zEvJJW0mwNSpNI0patOlRMA_zrOyqFrclU6Au9A-n-iHNUCQ5jpfy-SvuPstUjLZiE0poAUXmSY/s640/dnap10.jpg" title="Add match to ancestor" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">You can create profiles for multiple generations, and continue to add the same segments to each appropriate ancestor.</span><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Using GEDmatch with DNA Painter</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Now we will examine how to use GEDmatch, but this time we will use a match for whom we can't determine the common ancestor. If you have not yet created an account at GEDmatch, see <a href="https://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2018/01/getting-started-with-gedmatch.html" target="_blank">Getting started with GEDmatch</a>. Go to your GEDmatch account, and click 'One-to-many' matches.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg-qPUNI1N640c7ePOE8a_WtQHNpzMcZyehV5Nw3BK-Znw_fqCCHlmwyMzhueQpJYj5ROk2ZEYkEBsrMSrpXnkTiz2JPYqdt3-Xp6QPENG91RhJHvzIr524CA051gaYOL0RMfELU0UrHg/s1600/GEDmatch+one+to+many.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDmatch one-to-many" border="0" data-original-height="608" data-original-width="568" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg-qPUNI1N640c7ePOE8a_WtQHNpzMcZyehV5Nw3BK-Znw_fqCCHlmwyMzhueQpJYj5ROk2ZEYkEBsrMSrpXnkTiz2JPYqdt3-Xp6QPENG91RhJHvzIr524CA051gaYOL0RMfELU0UrHg/s640/GEDmatch+one+to+many.jpg" title="GEDmatch one-to-many" width="595" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Enter your GEDmatch kit number, and click Display Results.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfr5UbHLKhievXMgv72yEDopkScJItn4OleFGNLQk371UT_3PLT-j0MVGWjXMKmThBkbiYLdq1qCTQiSEwZhsyikueibTzuB0TRQwpRFtWzXdIDRmcDD2yjKcL5dqneay3FJyoZarVrrM/s1600/one-to-many.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDmatch one-to-many" border="0" data-original-height="571" data-original-width="884" height="412" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfr5UbHLKhievXMgv72yEDopkScJItn4OleFGNLQk371UT_3PLT-j0MVGWjXMKmThBkbiYLdq1qCTQiSEwZhsyikueibTzuB0TRQwpRFtWzXdIDRmcDD2yjKcL5dqneay3FJyoZarVrrM/s640/one-to-many.jpg" title="One-to-many DNA comparison" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">You will probably see a long list of matches. The list will have the following headings: </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8ecJsq3zTJe9E45X0x3KQ8MvkLdNHakVv73f8VoJpy9XWii42fGE7sifOIB86b0aWZPGz9wlKp38zZskf38zOPW7TturlciCpQah8BGBfiZjXCDOvncESaWp1z4a_8EBuUfVZQUhWMPM/s1600/gedmatch+headings.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDmatch headings" border="0" data-original-height="105" data-original-width="1345" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8ecJsq3zTJe9E45X0x3KQ8MvkLdNHakVv73f8VoJpy9XWii42fGE7sifOIB86b0aWZPGz9wlKp38zZskf38zOPW7TturlciCpQah8BGBfiZjXCDOvncESaWp1z4a_8EBuUfVZQUhWMPM/s640/gedmatch+headings.jpg" title="GEDmatch headings" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Leaving out the last two columns for name and email, here is a sample match:</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijJr-0atGN6SxUpnvC3_ByAnAeGoKBjxt2Hs_f73VMtkb2EMasu2VfNIOLOkdcpx__VTQj7jvnOrzV6nlO5GyTiEIqPoeP3OxTfc7ixoNO_imuZNCWfj0prQPJpIs9b4UThrSxW3U2yXI/s1600/GEDmatch+headings+no+names.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDmatch headings" border="0" data-original-height="69" data-original-width="871" height="50" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijJr-0atGN6SxUpnvC3_ByAnAeGoKBjxt2Hs_f73VMtkb2EMasu2VfNIOLOkdcpx__VTQj7jvnOrzV6nlO5GyTiEIqPoeP3OxTfc7ixoNO_imuZNCWfj0prQPJpIs9b4UThrSxW3U2yXI/s640/GEDmatch+headings+no+names.jpg" title="GEDmatch headings" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid4VXAyIjAh8l7B9IZjjAYVFL6P5c6nFO74Q8PLvsHt3CEHjKcZnAO1wbHJu8GhCdcpysmTbeKELFUX2j1lg4_U-poiYVQNdYQRr3Nsijb-97pSRhPLNqfPS3nkOghTmF3xP7VWahtK90/s1600/GEDmatch+columns.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="match at GEDmatch" border="0" data-original-height="24" data-original-width="867" height="16" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid4VXAyIjAh8l7B9IZjjAYVFL6P5c6nFO74Q8PLvsHt3CEHjKcZnAO1wbHJu8GhCdcpysmTbeKELFUX2j1lg4_U-poiYVQNdYQRr3Nsijb-97pSRhPLNqfPS3nkOghTmF3xP7VWahtK90/s640/GEDmatch+columns.jpg" title="match at GEDmatch" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">The kit number [removed] begins with a T indicating that this match tested at Family Tree DNA. The columns you will click the most are the List column containing the blue L link; the GED/WikiTree column that is shown here with a blue GED link; and the autosomal details column that is has a blue A link.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Use the List column to see this person's list of matches. Use the GED/Wiki column to view this person's family tree. Use the Autosomal Details column to use the chromosome browser. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">We want to find more about the person below. This person's kit begins with the letter A, so he was tested at Ancestry DNA.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjkvTlInYR6XSNslNdjw4PmQmsoHFocU46pFcMm31USPYUHcznxByUM1zFXoIg1ih09JaCnQ53F5Qh-2uy3xbzLG7dl98CA_asbn1C3H32nYobK-VP5K71rSWlJiHytAJSgSWa65fzwpQ/s1600/GEDmatch+headings+no+names.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDmatch headings" border="0" data-original-height="69" data-original-width="871" height="50" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjkvTlInYR6XSNslNdjw4PmQmsoHFocU46pFcMm31USPYUHcznxByUM1zFXoIg1ih09JaCnQ53F5Qh-2uy3xbzLG7dl98CA_asbn1C3H32nYobK-VP5K71rSWlJiHytAJSgSWa65fzwpQ/s640/GEDmatch+headings+no+names.jpg" title="GEDmatch headings" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAhvY557mOvyg1ZqOw7BgSxcLpf4KAGhKBuxvFP8IyCFcHXH0QViy88b3t55g-rdTfuQKts0F9zVdoFwTZv84SKa7Wuu51ve-X4qA9SE48hzw5Df9mLU6otBDbjquE_xvRmLo_Cyo3amA/s1600/GEDmatch+match.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="match at GEDmatch" border="0" data-original-height="26" data-original-width="872" height="18" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAhvY557mOvyg1ZqOw7BgSxcLpf4KAGhKBuxvFP8IyCFcHXH0QViy88b3t55g-rdTfuQKts0F9zVdoFwTZv84SKa7Wuu51ve-X4qA9SE48hzw5Df9mLU6otBDbjquE_xvRmLo_Cyo3amA/s640/GEDmatch+match.jpg" title="Match" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Viewing the family tree in GEDmatch</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">We want to view this person's family tree to find the common ancestors. Click the blue GED shown in the image above.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">You will be taken to your match's family tree. Click pedigree to see more ancestors.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHobDJde7Ltf4iyyUHKsNvGQBzvW6Bm4PonGQxgn5wTp7aaK8y2m-f_HH8NyTT5IRWoxq_Vv7vD6Nkb1nTtG06twSMssLplZjauThoB1YOgR3-9YfUYzlg1hiIJbTwHg1lVPtHC8GNgO8/s1600/GEDmatch+tree1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDmatch family tree" border="0" data-original-height="619" data-original-width="575" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHobDJde7Ltf4iyyUHKsNvGQBzvW6Bm4PonGQxgn5wTp7aaK8y2m-f_HH8NyTT5IRWoxq_Vv7vD6Nkb1nTtG06twSMssLplZjauThoB1YOgR3-9YfUYzlg1hiIJbTwHg1lVPtHC8GNgO8/s640/GEDmatch+tree1.jpg" title="GEDmatch family tree" width="594" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">In this case we find that we share multiple ancestors with this person, all on the paternal side. Even though we can't determine the common ancestors from whom we inherited the shared DNA, we still want to map the DNA segments to DNA Painter. </span><br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Viewing the chromosome browser in GEDmatch</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Click the blue A in the Autosomal Details column.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjkvTlInYR6XSNslNdjw4PmQmsoHFocU46pFcMm31USPYUHcznxByUM1zFXoIg1ih09JaCnQ53F5Qh-2uy3xbzLG7dl98CA_asbn1C3H32nYobK-VP5K71rSWlJiHytAJSgSWa65fzwpQ/s1600/GEDmatch+headings+no+names.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDmatch headings" border="0" data-original-height="69" data-original-width="871" height="50" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjkvTlInYR6XSNslNdjw4PmQmsoHFocU46pFcMm31USPYUHcznxByUM1zFXoIg1ih09JaCnQ53F5Qh-2uy3xbzLG7dl98CA_asbn1C3H32nYobK-VP5K71rSWlJiHytAJSgSWa65fzwpQ/s640/GEDmatch+headings+no+names.jpg" title="GEDmatch headings" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbh5xnaD5OcQhkCTXRNsktbLUKVU50mKdZtFrivj2a6Y-dGUYCdoTQ-b6nATt1qXU_HYXgOpWhLAeJbvEBi4DiiIxotrh64webKf3qaB1RGnIEyPMfafP1DUExgE0LunWav7OYXyVM2_Y/s1600/GEDmatch+match.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDmatch match" border="0" data-original-height="26" data-original-width="872" height="18" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbh5xnaD5OcQhkCTXRNsktbLUKVU50mKdZtFrivj2a6Y-dGUYCdoTQ-b6nATt1qXU_HYXgOpWhLAeJbvEBi4DiiIxotrh64webKf3qaB1RGnIEyPMfafP1DUExgE0LunWav7OYXyVM2_Y/s640/GEDmatch+match.jpg" title="Match" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">You will be taken to the GEDmatch one-to-one comparison form. This will compare two kit numbers. If you don't want to include the graphics, click Position Only, then Submit.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja7dYsli3f6FJxHn452ehtNEIxqhyf0oek4e8Ze1qC0zrebojEsweN5YIb91hSyg7ADf2R2PDDQvNfpFn4T37UUOrVjOTp_GOfTVdh_k4-GhI-3PUHlqqtZSpDNNRrL3C-UGhWVhl20so/s1600/GEDmatch+one-to-one.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDmatch one-to-one" border="0" data-original-height="625" data-original-width="605" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja7dYsli3f6FJxHn452ehtNEIxqhyf0oek4e8Ze1qC0zrebojEsweN5YIb91hSyg7ADf2R2PDDQvNfpFn4T37UUOrVjOTp_GOfTVdh_k4-GhI-3PUHlqqtZSpDNNRrL3C-UGhWVhl20so/s640/GEDmatch+one-to-one.jpg" title="GEDmatch one-to-one" width="618" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Next, you will be taken to the GEDmatch autosomal comparison page. Copy the chromosome segment details.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8RHThBfSXLrhJsZ7rAOWAXO3Wder68-6chTJwoS7pNtwQZ9uTUFSP4LHyRaDjqu-KuHYwaQgY2_M_uu2B7415xtug8myxFIph_OGxm9TeJgxmPnVQ130qG9z8AQOT2VeItmrwY1rboHY/s1600/1copy+from+gedmatch.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="copy from GEDmatch" border="0" data-original-height="393" data-original-width="848" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8RHThBfSXLrhJsZ7rAOWAXO3Wder68-6chTJwoS7pNtwQZ9uTUFSP4LHyRaDjqu-KuHYwaQgY2_M_uu2B7415xtug8myxFIph_OGxm9TeJgxmPnVQ130qG9z8AQOT2VeItmrwY1rboHY/s640/1copy+from+gedmatch.jpg" title="Copy from GEDmatch" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Using DNA Painter when you don't know the common ancestor</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Go to your DNA Painter profile, and click Paint a Match.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiObGKFs9neJUSWzvJnCG4WUf7hrCVcLHF8uVrICGnXqXNNFJpiwaxXJHMC-2nlXLhWVrg_KmoqPhdheISMAm8s_AFn2U-HOjgJVqKazUVFItd6SIeiX1p2qi9iBglao8TfinFTCUj74aE/s1600/2paint.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Paint a DNA match" border="0" data-original-height="325" data-original-width="1346" height="154" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiObGKFs9neJUSWzvJnCG4WUf7hrCVcLHF8uVrICGnXqXNNFJpiwaxXJHMC-2nlXLhWVrg_KmoqPhdheISMAm8s_AFn2U-HOjgJVqKazUVFItd6SIeiX1p2qi9iBglao8TfinFTCUj74aE/s640/2paint.jpg" title="Paint a match" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Paste the chromosome information from GEDmatch.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKC3bIsyNztxBejYEeY3QYYH8RWb1UFCU7CzstXFJeIvGobJ7cEl516TAFzum1115hcJ7Pf_xtMObJ_hh1ebSa3DDVH0XbylOfGue6tE29qBalEHAA5PRf976akkznkVqXDGXi1Qfs6GE/s1600/3paste.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="338" data-original-width="798" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKC3bIsyNztxBejYEeY3QYYH8RWb1UFCU7CzstXFJeIvGobJ7cEl516TAFzum1115hcJ7Pf_xtMObJ_hh1ebSa3DDVH0XbylOfGue6tE29qBalEHAA5PRf976akkznkVqXDGXi1Qfs6GE/s640/3paste.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">You can either "Overlay these segments" to see where they will go, or "Save match now." If you want to preview the segment placement, click "Overlay these segments."</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiktV46Q4cZa4cyEfs8EDKoTtiMC2swKVBLXyDYs03cfmMzGKca88tYrlImeueZBTmX7cumbU8luxFL5cpN17VXBfhpQiblTnQmsmn5Mzgxp-aIgkDHkTd2vdwF5J5kISG7r0NnP4lAN4A/s1600/4overlay.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="DNA painter" border="0" data-original-height="296" data-original-width="755" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiktV46Q4cZa4cyEfs8EDKoTtiMC2swKVBLXyDYs03cfmMzGKca88tYrlImeueZBTmX7cumbU8luxFL5cpN17VXBfhpQiblTnQmsmn5Mzgxp-aIgkDHkTd2vdwF5J5kISG7r0NnP4lAN4A/s640/4overlay.jpg" title="Overlay these segments" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">You will see where these segments will be placed, then click "Save these segments to your profile."</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLftjdlakPIs11njQJbWHH8FonTbWjUm65VzbxkkrolIENl5RrBjnft2XvZBFMkKIVZnN9uaxMIJE7qg1gJUpEt7IOrkWdbvCX2Vc1QekuVW2S0DMR9YKi27GBV-FKE6bikSDjkr56skU/s1600/5overlay.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="DNA Painter segment overlay" border="0" data-original-height="351" data-original-width="1338" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLftjdlakPIs11njQJbWHH8FonTbWjUm65VzbxkkrolIENl5RrBjnft2XvZBFMkKIVZnN9uaxMIJE7qg1gJUpEt7IOrkWdbvCX2Vc1QekuVW2S0DMR9YKi27GBV-FKE6bikSDjkr56skU/s640/5overlay.jpg" title="DNA Painter segment overlay" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">On the Save Match page, click "I don't yet how I'm connected to this match." You can choose any name for this group including Unknown. This person had multiple shared ancestors on the paternal side of the family, so you could enter a name like Multiple Paternal for this group.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWhj8aAbpfuf6DREazt9Ho-kv97ZFFngBeIl65VIqUUqkRzpPs8ktQWHwfe08qN8EOWWQYb05cR_Otq3gLmdmlXwAaFyHVLrZ98ogod39Zy-WfDQaf-FFL8-aomSycSqrFOW-3wn1M-Sg/s1600/6+save+match.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="DNA Painter" border="0" data-original-height="638" data-original-width="756" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWhj8aAbpfuf6DREazt9Ho-kv97ZFFngBeIl65VIqUUqkRzpPs8ktQWHwfe08qN8EOWWQYb05cR_Otq3gLmdmlXwAaFyHVLrZ98ogod39Zy-WfDQaf-FFL8-aomSycSqrFOW-3wn1M-Sg/s1600/6+save+match.jpg" title="Multiple Paternal" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Select Paternal, choose a color, and type in your explanation.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDmvunhsKhUrvHYJ7gqucjgphI3vtCtzrJZQ18-DJKoPEs3380nCYhuU_3ItCOK4Pk4rFuv-ZdZBHH25hQjL8BZEsT1e6ulyEbCEoaUqwFPwHTneJcMYB_ZrU0AOEcqlyfmBn3NN7LieQ/s1600/7explain.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="DNA Painter match" border="0" data-original-height="456" data-original-width="666" height="436" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDmvunhsKhUrvHYJ7gqucjgphI3vtCtzrJZQ18-DJKoPEs3380nCYhuU_3ItCOK4Pk4rFuv-ZdZBHH25hQjL8BZEsT1e6ulyEbCEoaUqwFPwHTneJcMYB_ZrU0AOEcqlyfmBn3NN7LieQ/s640/7explain.jpg" title="Explain match" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">If you created profiles for your ancestors, you can add the same segments to your ancestor's profile. Below we are entering the information to an ancestor, and indicating that it came from Linda's profile.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1mRofEmo89e6U6attQgcE4s8ThNgcCOQJwTatXTVVSi_3lZDiEnHtksV2g4cS5aiwoH5tV1bIQ9ct1A0a-CavQ90h2TKKKyqMpkRko85_otfro-QQhzVqiE5rUoM0qBgWzRdRvxPqx_o/s1600/8+save+to+dad.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="DNA Painter profile" border="0" data-original-height="539" data-original-width="794" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1mRofEmo89e6U6attQgcE4s8ThNgcCOQJwTatXTVVSi_3lZDiEnHtksV2g4cS5aiwoH5tV1bIQ9ct1A0a-CavQ90h2TKKKyqMpkRko85_otfro-QQhzVqiE5rUoM0qBgWzRdRvxPqx_o/s640/8+save+to+dad.jpg" title="Add to ancestor" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b> H</b></span><span style="font-size: large;"><b>ow do we know that these DNA segments really came from those ancestors?</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">Just because we found a common ancestor or ancestral couple, this does not mean that we necessarily inherited our common DNA segments from these ancestors. But when we get multiple pieces of evidence, we can be more confident. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiB4ktCBMb7oeClGfHwS4JG8mMTnD1EH7HH4lt62TsfOft6gPz-DFYRRKaVZSVnVlS1Vob1vUrLRGuxzd3wZk_izqNAxTC98gZKsOhuID-HvAveyEdUSnF9jqLvpBOKRofw3WO79mimUo/s1600/common+matches.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="DNA Painter group" border="0" data-original-height="573" data-original-width="1078" height="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiB4ktCBMb7oeClGfHwS4JG8mMTnD1EH7HH4lt62TsfOft6gPz-DFYRRKaVZSVnVlS1Vob1vUrLRGuxzd3wZk_izqNAxTC98gZKsOhuID-HvAveyEdUSnF9jqLvpBOKRofw3WO79mimUo/s640/common+matches.jpg" title="DNA Painter group" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">The great news is that we can rename and modify any groups at any time. </span><br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Using DNA Painter to reconstruct ancestral DNA </b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">DNA Painter is fabulous tool for genetic genealogy. Who would have thought a decade ago that we would be easily able to reconstruct our ancestors' DNA?</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Become an artist, and do some DNA painting!</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Related posts: <a href="https://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2018/01/how-to-use-gedmatch-part-1.html" target="_blank">How to use GEDmatch - Part 1</a></span>
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<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2018/01/how-to-use-gedmatch-part-2.html" target="_blank">How to use GEDmatch - Part 2</a></span></div>Linda Jonashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00245944818580411111noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7064587737424586464.post-43837436176700715952018-01-07T11:44:00.001-05:002018-01-25T13:02:24.355-05:00Getting started with GEDmatch<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">There are two very important items for using DNA testing for family history. </span><br />
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<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Documented family tree.</b> A documented family tree contains proof of family relationships including copies of birth and marriage records, census records, etc. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Documented DNA.</b> Documented DNA includes a chromosome browser to prove family DNA relationships. To learn more about the importance of chromosome browsers and how to use them, please see <a href="https://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2018/01/what-is-big-deal-about-chromosome.html" target="_blank">What is the big deal about a Chromosome Browser?</a></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">You may have heard the saying, "Genealogy without documentation is mythology." I'd like to also say, "DNA without a chromosome browser is mythology." </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">It would be wonderful if the documented family tree and the chromosome browser were together in one location. This is not yet available at any of the major DNA testing companies.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Even better, of course, would be the ability to compare your DNA results with the results of people who tested at other DNA companies. Family Tree DNA and My Heritage DNA allow uploads of DNA raw data from other companies, but most people have not yet uploaded their results. So if you haven't done it, please do. You will also want to load your results to GEDmatch.</span><br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>What is GEDmatch?</b></span></div>
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<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The biggest resource for DNA comparisons is a service called GEDmatch. At GEDmatch you can upload your raw DNA data from any testing company and also upload a family tree [but not the family tree documents]. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">GEDmatch offers DNA matching to people who tested at other DNA companies, the ability to see their family tree, chromosome browser, admixture reports, and much more. Large numbers of people from all DNA testing companies are using this service. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Let's get started with GEDmatch to see how to upload the two most important files. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">First, you will download your raw DNA data from your DNA testing company and upload it to GEDmatch. Next, you will download your family tree as a GEDCOM file and upload it to GEDmatch.</span><br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>HOW TO DOWNLOAD YOUR RAW DNA DATA</b></span><br />
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<div style="text-align: left;">
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<span style="font-size: large;">Follow the directions below for your testing company. You must leave your file in the original zipped format. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">If you are using a Mac, your file may be automatically unzipped. In Safari, go to Preferences, then General. Uncheck the box at the bottom that says, "Open 'safe' files after downloading." </span><span style="font-size: large;">The GEDmatch site shows this image:</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZisIC3AJVqr6qvMf6MNAijTnBdVDtCwA4Z2uB6s4u4llJ3IN9WxoC5GKwBK5S-IGdVNP6LulA2vhmRk53RldIKSfCaXh9V1GKT-SQPV4N-577p4VnCftFnBNYySEKmJeZwjnmycB7Iio/s1600/Safari_preferences.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="468" data-original-width="663" height="450" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZisIC3AJVqr6qvMf6MNAijTnBdVDtCwA4Z2uB6s4u4llJ3IN9WxoC5GKwBK5S-IGdVNP6LulA2vhmRk53RldIKSfCaXh9V1GKT-SQPV4N-577p4VnCftFnBNYySEKmJeZwjnmycB7Iio/s640/Safari_preferences.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Please note that it may take several minutes for your files to download.</span><br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Download raw DNA data from Ancestry DNA</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b> </b> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Log into your Ancestry.com account. Click the DNA tab, then Your DNA Results Summary.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia52iiZrNrf31bGEbxvStSsF81-iG0j7gEbiZKWRaDe18CKwGddNXn7MOEiQ5RFKCRKexAsTFPmV0upoD-fWvREXy-J47YkjeCQngCKTasGzZWsfaHawyboxvo2lVwEotu77G03R16R8c/s1600/ancestry1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="accessing ancestry DNA results" border="0" data-original-height="150" data-original-width="456" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia52iiZrNrf31bGEbxvStSsF81-iG0j7gEbiZKWRaDe18CKwGddNXn7MOEiQ5RFKCRKexAsTFPmV0upoD-fWvREXy-J47YkjeCQngCKTasGzZWsfaHawyboxvo2lVwEotu77G03R16R8c/s640/ancestry1.jpg" title="Your DNA Results Summary" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">On the upper right of the next screen, click Settings.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz-NWJitVMDy3nc1J3ltawSv-YRyr-qLMxE-2UlTRdjEmxZ2zwAr5cRhZCdTihmEb10KGsTrxK9ndg3V0GM9aiNRlFN1SXpR5MTJCJ9QqvIW49s1Ktsd-bRRAA_XLZ5LSU9QZZODOcbEA/s1600/downloada2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Ancestry DNA settings" border="0" data-original-height="125" data-original-width="824" height="96" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz-NWJitVMDy3nc1J3ltawSv-YRyr-qLMxE-2UlTRdjEmxZ2zwAr5cRhZCdTihmEb10KGsTrxK9ndg3V0GM9aiNRlFN1SXpR5MTJCJ9QqvIW49s1Ktsd-bRRAA_XLZ5LSU9QZZODOcbEA/s640/downloada2.jpg" title="Click Settings" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Find the Actions section on the right of the screen, and click Download Raw DNA Data.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5GuzWNDqop1LiO2cUfHxsCnf0EyldsPDqUXJuv_aOn0-wHxF0kOCHseSxxiAqG59wAIqlDRIKK-5ZOix_P1NbFPKBjaj3f73UmjAocpFTAbspFtydzrfE4u3A_1OFruHy2tqVxnsqtUU/s1600/downloada3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="download raw DNA data" border="0" data-original-height="378" data-original-width="727" height="332" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5GuzWNDqop1LiO2cUfHxsCnf0EyldsPDqUXJuv_aOn0-wHxF0kOCHseSxxiAqG59wAIqlDRIKK-5ZOix_P1NbFPKBjaj3f73UmjAocpFTAbspFtydzrfE4u3A_1OFruHy2tqVxnsqtUU/s640/downloada3.jpg" title="Download Raw DNA Data" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Enter your Ancestry account password, click next to "I understand . . .", and click Confirm.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6zOCm1nIriBZjbpL3mZehCFLpYlHCuuiC5UKJZfR5i1XqQI54egLIEUSwotEmNiZvTp_rUEioOk7Vf7acpeLjvB1304LgMpi0tdmIIu0MAKO6LlmwR4yaiPciy-fR54tkjZcpPLSfpoA/s1600/downloada4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="confirm raw data download" border="0" data-original-height="469" data-original-width="660" height="454" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6zOCm1nIriBZjbpL3mZehCFLpYlHCuuiC5UKJZfR5i1XqQI54egLIEUSwotEmNiZvTp_rUEioOk7Vf7acpeLjvB1304LgMpi0tdmIIu0MAKO6LlmwR4yaiPciy-fR54tkjZcpPLSfpoA/s640/downloada4.jpg" title="Confirm raw data download" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">You will get an email when your download has finished. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXor-z2h1K_cP79TQa93E7z4R9BgBd8t_ovatjAbeQsLQlkZbW8_fzApEH5EFhKA6oRPFrhlXChm5Se5EUGrafZicOqoi7QpeWN3EImIBTrqPm4GWsc3yHqxaKlk3H3ZipTa2lJIaOTsc/s1600/downloada5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="downloading ancestry DNA" border="0" data-original-height="218" data-original-width="656" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXor-z2h1K_cP79TQa93E7z4R9BgBd8t_ovatjAbeQsLQlkZbW8_fzApEH5EFhKA6oRPFrhlXChm5Se5EUGrafZicOqoi7QpeWN3EImIBTrqPm4GWsc3yHqxaKlk3H3ZipTa2lJIaOTsc/s640/downloada5.jpg" title="Email when download complete" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Open the email:</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjF3Cq_AmcPHB0bvyGEzv7awH3Tb0GOm0JRkOhu09RemcHMGgAfJBsFVRBeh8-2Vo_P7MQWSNKHynNucq2IN3J4KGY7pDxkB5LNDjJrpGGkIYgPhFvPn5lZD8lm7RqGIBXCtf11SXLz2og/s1600/ancestry+email.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="ancestry download email" border="0" data-original-height="27" data-original-width="591" height="28" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjF3Cq_AmcPHB0bvyGEzv7awH3Tb0GOm0JRkOhu09RemcHMGgAfJBsFVRBeh8-2Vo_P7MQWSNKHynNucq2IN3J4KGY7pDxkB5LNDjJrpGGkIYgPhFvPn5lZD8lm7RqGIBXCtf11SXLz2og/s640/ancestry+email.jpg" title="Ancestry download email" width="640" /></a></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Click Confirm Raw Download.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbDeBNdciCibhuD88syZMnp5yUjPq3CWBrYNwxHH0dp-KOiXLqQxj4bnJH1Jx-Iq2FTtuMChZyI7MxCgEUroC7Wr3fHaleM8hJ52hhXLxVCr6o7L3PT4c7XjA1MPAeasaIc746smD-e78/s1600/confirm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Ancestry DNA download confirm" border="0" data-original-height="325" data-original-width="734" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbDeBNdciCibhuD88syZMnp5yUjPq3CWBrYNwxHH0dp-KOiXLqQxj4bnJH1Jx-Iq2FTtuMChZyI7MxCgEUroC7Wr3fHaleM8hJ52hhXLxVCr6o7L3PT4c7XjA1MPAeasaIc746smD-e78/s640/confirm.jpg" title="email confirm" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Your raw DNA data file will be downloaded to your computer</span>
<span style="font-size: large;">and will look something like this:</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuiuiOmmqmpoV8w-YHV0cbWgjUBMQCZWxZj9CLbY24PAaGCvJPyZBq6MqmdwOHgrW8m_qD5FfLI6ZYFr5wh9aX5tY43l9N_RbeGQTlRTOGr9wIKpLNC55VFDI-wErHvJBJUorPUmKFB70/s1600/raw+data+file.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="19" data-original-width="570" height="20" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuiuiOmmqmpoV8w-YHV0cbWgjUBMQCZWxZj9CLbY24PAaGCvJPyZBq6MqmdwOHgrW8m_qD5FfLI6ZYFr5wh9aX5tY43l9N_RbeGQTlRTOGr9wIKpLNC55VFDI-wErHvJBJUorPUmKFB70/s640/raw+data+file.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Download raw DNA data from 23andMe</span></b></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">In your 23andMe account, you may have to click on several screens to complete surveys and raw data opt-ins before your can download your results. Log into your 23andMe account, and click Tools.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSQZ2PyhMYzjsRNEzzoiuv5q1Y3ecaCRQ7Dw-T9LkKntYZYujZ6K8bpa6F_d6Y6b-lN2ZM5yBVbzDaQuhvtPS1KUNaADRVG-AmEW2gAesrwqOnOZPY89rCS_FiMmAhcBPNTDQ4aU8-yoA/s1600/23andme.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="23andMe tools" border="0" data-original-height="72" data-original-width="771" height="58" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSQZ2PyhMYzjsRNEzzoiuv5q1Y3ecaCRQ7Dw-T9LkKntYZYujZ6K8bpa6F_d6Y6b-lN2ZM5yBVbzDaQuhvtPS1KUNaADRVG-AmEW2gAesrwqOnOZPY89rCS_FiMmAhcBPNTDQ4aU8-yoA/s640/23andme.jpg" title="23andMe tools" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Then click Browse Raw Data.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEids622wsuJukZBywBM44v9NbKGFznZrECKPkt6XFhFD0Jfa9Dd44wBDrLtVUk2ldwyo0UOxJ7SRDnHtSE6UWi7MkjByMpYXE8idZ3oKN-d8-RxXIx4OpokvXdnjWnWNIkxxm0mGrhaAS8/s1600/23andme+tools.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="23andMe browse raw data" border="0" data-original-height="344" data-original-width="167" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEids622wsuJukZBywBM44v9NbKGFznZrECKPkt6XFhFD0Jfa9Dd44wBDrLtVUk2ldwyo0UOxJ7SRDnHtSE6UWi7MkjByMpYXE8idZ3oKN-d8-RxXIx4OpokvXdnjWnWNIkxxm0mGrhaAS8/s320/23andme+tools.jpg" title="Browse raw data" width="155" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">On the next screen you will see a tab for Browse and a tab for Download. Click Download.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcSmL6Ap_ZRru2olo7Euc79QS3FxGAR06SePzg8GsmQqBYkR9DtjsDGVX4ix5LYxyHx6xLcq8KR87GgjSMP2xfhQJxg-NJlh-YoOmM_0yQ4qTDshV8yh0kkJ9VzvLVh1dOAkDewawsxYs/s1600/23andme+download.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="23andMe raw data download" border="0" data-original-height="134" data-original-width="640" height="134" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcSmL6Ap_ZRru2olo7Euc79QS3FxGAR06SePzg8GsmQqBYkR9DtjsDGVX4ix5LYxyHx6xLcq8KR87GgjSMP2xfhQJxg-NJlh-YoOmM_0yQ4qTDshV8yh0kkJ9VzvLVh1dOAkDewawsxYs/s640/23andme+download.jpg" title="Raw data download" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Scroll down until you see Submit Request. You will get an email when your file is ready. </span><br />
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<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_-V7A5ybl-K-oowCNo9zNf-dxgZV3hUtzbdZwgyhZgp7lqC862r6aJSQGckrp_999u9XaXNn1d7pzHP4-6lGJ8TEwn5_u2uYZvQ1uzRtdU7pQ9Zi9xtzBtl4PAlTDDNFWWgWmElS7v6I/s1600/23andme+email.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="23andMe download email" border="0" data-original-height="24" data-original-width="862" height="16" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_-V7A5ybl-K-oowCNo9zNf-dxgZV3hUtzbdZwgyhZgp7lqC862r6aJSQGckrp_999u9XaXNn1d7pzHP4-6lGJ8TEwn5_u2uYZvQ1uzRtdU7pQ9Zi9xtzBtl4PAlTDDNFWWgWmElS7v6I/s640/23andme+email.jpg" title="23andMe download email" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Enter your 23andMe password and click Download raw data.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmj4U8iwFzldx8L4vmHDIuMQPERWskKaXfDYOkGcGuO9CtTa3DhsH4ZCeB-mgx-mg2sABtBO-mhcazYlGGHZiLyIc61fsowLxKn91lnx8bWsJcb2OxUPus3eOVo7wi8L2uStUDyD2F9sg/s1600/download+23andme.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="download 23andMe raw data" border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="629" height="520" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmj4U8iwFzldx8L4vmHDIuMQPERWskKaXfDYOkGcGuO9CtTa3DhsH4ZCeB-mgx-mg2sABtBO-mhcazYlGGHZiLyIc61fsowLxKn91lnx8bWsJcb2OxUPus3eOVo7wi8L2uStUDyD2F9sg/s640/download+23andme.jpg" title="Raw data ready" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Your file will be downloaded to your computer and will look something like this:</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitUET2u4X-q2VVDkHnytOkp9oMIFaKu0bO5k12GQbs2RgfjllnsNVA4D7zFHUdQqav2Yd6JiZetN5FqLtw-Xwap8xwdpL-oW03-f5PMCSXD7dif-mseTpz4T_Qm3X7EpuwOTXCviJkS-E/s1600/23andme+raw+data+file.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="21" data-original-width="577" height="22" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitUET2u4X-q2VVDkHnytOkp9oMIFaKu0bO5k12GQbs2RgfjllnsNVA4D7zFHUdQqav2Yd6JiZetN5FqLtw-Xwap8xwdpL-oW03-f5PMCSXD7dif-mseTpz4T_Qm3X7EpuwOTXCviJkS-E/s640/23andme+raw+data+file.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Download Raw DNA data from Family Tree DNA</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Log into your Family Tree DNA account, and click the myFTDNA tab at the upper left of your screen. Then click the arrow next to Family Finder.</span>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMxQpQ_sRoUJPYScsViIyAQ-eYr1tpfVCQyaXI0U2DpATYuRkOFw7MSpHcAfmZ9AsWDtaqO1drjHoYClMMFFI-8SdMDaSej20S3feYVovUVEnsJUCoY0wi_xqTS6QUUjnss3lcXdXn5NQ/s1600/downloadf1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="my FTDNA Family Finder" border="0" data-original-height="304" data-original-width="258" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMxQpQ_sRoUJPYScsViIyAQ-eYr1tpfVCQyaXI0U2DpATYuRkOFw7MSpHcAfmZ9AsWDtaqO1drjHoYClMMFFI-8SdMDaSej20S3feYVovUVEnsJUCoY0wi_xqTS6QUUjnss3lcXdXn5NQ/s400/downloadf1.jpg" title="myFTDNA Family Finder" width="339" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Select Download Raw Data from the bottom of the list.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb6QUC0HYEjD-PEXnaiFLOQoYLWpyU2N6hN3_um0RnDiW11_EachTFohLuIC2z3nYY52F-ASqojKJEYpnNH7wRb8WfP7vKoJq8RRc61UZ-qS2zS_XCkh45yNV9HLcMqplqOs4K-j_nNWY/s1600/downloadf2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Family Finder raw data download" border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="263" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb6QUC0HYEjD-PEXnaiFLOQoYLWpyU2N6hN3_um0RnDiW11_EachTFohLuIC2z3nYY52F-ASqojKJEYpnNH7wRb8WfP7vKoJq8RRc61UZ-qS2zS_XCkh45yNV9HLcMqplqOs4K-j_nNWY/s640/downloadf2.jpg" title="Download raw data" width="280" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Click the arrow next to Build 36 Raw Data Concatenated. This file includes both autosomal DNA and X-chromosome DNA.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSwkzX2qSCrdw-mt5wQDhuzenUt-v-SIONn3nu0G6a9vesiSTQRxUravUt8_-6FCTL-ylc0Pth5KxqcqNziT4ISRXCC4qdWGUS-G5A32AuHG5G0ZK_jy6ZMQfYJwpZfbsKXYWrIYbpoaI/s1600/download+FTDNA.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="510" height="626" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSwkzX2qSCrdw-mt5wQDhuzenUt-v-SIONn3nu0G6a9vesiSTQRxUravUt8_-6FCTL-ylc0Pth5KxqcqNziT4ISRXCC4qdWGUS-G5A32AuHG5G0ZK_jy6ZMQfYJwpZfbsKXYWrIYbpoaI/s640/download+FTDNA.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Your raw data will be immediately downloaded to your computer.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8dgIxCyFJfHTylpwLSGRjTg85N0sSGkQSt4D4XV5TP61pqzJDca2iv9rDSIp-vm_Q-oHSzItRJo0lqViForl_q8hunlwBEcy3AoQLsnC1dSUC-L0HlfPqRJlWPwYqv5RHPSPOhHqknb4/s1600/FTDNA+download.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Family tree DNA raw data file" border="0" data-original-height="22" data-original-width="586" height="24" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8dgIxCyFJfHTylpwLSGRjTg85N0sSGkQSt4D4XV5TP61pqzJDca2iv9rDSIp-vm_Q-oHSzItRJo0lqViForl_q8hunlwBEcy3AoQLsnC1dSUC-L0HlfPqRJlWPwYqv5RHPSPOhHqknb4/s640/FTDNA+download.jpg" title="Family Tree DNA raw data file" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Download raw DNA data from MyHeritage</b></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">MyHeritage has a good tutorial on how to download your results. It includes images, so I don't need to repeat it here. See <a href="http://faq.myheritage.com/DNA/Manage-DNA-/951697461/How-do-I-download-my-raw-DNA-data-file-from-MyHeritage.htm" target="_blank">How do I download my raw data file from MyHeritage?</a></span>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Upload your raw DNA data to GEDmatch</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Go to GEDmatch.com, and create an account if you don't already have one.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_sT-7pWpfDsNrJVBWQYvx5X6-e53uzuOWvckOx064OuWZAKUJFf4Q6oIw3KexrKbJv5Opm3rPuAzO2l4afhiY3Ne2SoqCheyGdC-td7DwUfK54eNLcWy6IJ__7-I_MigOHBnTeqhdZVo/s1600/GEDmatch+account.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="create GEDMatch account" border="0" data-original-height="430" data-original-width="540" height="508" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_sT-7pWpfDsNrJVBWQYvx5X6-e53uzuOWvckOx064OuWZAKUJFf4Q6oIw3KexrKbJv5Opm3rPuAzO2l4afhiY3Ne2SoqCheyGdC-td7DwUfK54eNLcWy6IJ__7-I_MigOHBnTeqhdZVo/s640/GEDmatch+account.jpg" title="Create GEDmatch account" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">After you have created and logged into your account, find the File Uploads section on the right side of the page. Notice that there are two sections: Raw DNA file uploads and Genealogy - Family Trees. You will use both sections to load your DNA and your family tree.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Click Generic Upload FAST.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhR2LI5Jys_5epyJbFfDEAjy-hnH39Od2N_pP63WNvcNwXneXb4BUU37npHSjoIYH9X8Fzah38B8kelhtflCwJ6LZwR1XIUH4yFePI4XFVFuXg1sXczzY4M9se4K1wce3KiypOvdFuin8/s1600/GEDmatch+upload.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDmatch DNA upload" border="0" data-original-height="168" data-original-width="385" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhR2LI5Jys_5epyJbFfDEAjy-hnH39Od2N_pP63WNvcNwXneXb4BUU37npHSjoIYH9X8Fzah38B8kelhtflCwJ6LZwR1XIUH4yFePI4XFVFuXg1sXczzY4M9se4K1wce3KiypOvdFuin8/s640/GEDmatch+upload.jpg" title="GEDmatch DNA upload" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Fill in the information on the next screen. If you don't want your name to be seen by your matches, you can choose an alias, but it should be similar to your real name. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUpkGpncrZo_aQ9QRWhWi_wuvYydIAvgOB-i5lBqwQNRLIQxE6vI1FK18fz7M9uqodTXxwFJ9XPDCg_rTMNNNWl9DdM8D9JfbY2c2P77zYwyBRka0TvSpKw90PWbgcF9TfNKgA-Vk2jik/s1600/GEDmatch+information.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="enter GEDmath account information" border="0" data-original-height="608" data-original-width="408" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUpkGpncrZo_aQ9QRWhWi_wuvYydIAvgOB-i5lBqwQNRLIQxE6vI1FK18fz7M9uqodTXxwFJ9XPDCg_rTMNNNWl9DdM8D9JfbY2c2P77zYwyBRka0TvSpKw90PWbgcF9TfNKgA-Vk2jik/s640/GEDmatch+information.jpg" title="Enter GEDmatch account information" width="428" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">It is very important to click Yes next to the Please acknowledge section. Otherwise, you won't be able to make matches!</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Now go to the bottom of the page to upload your raw DNA data file. Click Browse to find the file you downloaded to your computer [it is usually in your Downloads folder].</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRMhJsce2bcslSMzSUUhPxUwAeRPoJ0fwFNzRQR7RRFDSVLyoFM64ZrCXOfAHZobmVHHpzx8kGoprQsUPaGhgG7MrNuQdtVMhDlKxsu0Fv2u2ElxK5x2K_D2lQN0BkF2N-gKJtaAvg0ss/s1600/GEDmatch+browse+files.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="find raw data for GEDmatch" border="0" data-original-height="156" data-original-width="814" height="122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRMhJsce2bcslSMzSUUhPxUwAeRPoJ0fwFNzRQR7RRFDSVLyoFM64ZrCXOfAHZobmVHHpzx8kGoprQsUPaGhgG7MrNuQdtVMhDlKxsu0Fv2u2ElxK5x2K_D2lQN0BkF2N-gKJtaAvg0ss/s640/GEDmatch+browse+files.jpg" title="Browse for your Raw Data file" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Find the file you downloaded from your DNA testing company. DO NOT open the file. Here is an example of a raw data file:</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvXh7mIq2xjvFhgmCClMzTkySZUg9okZBciW2A9iWFSjlvuJtS4OrPVb8RtMZfyyi9L5G1k9DSKW7r7Nuje3vOIyqvDJGtfg7bZs1qMMf9eYKNgimqOp6wXpfFF0GFgNlM0rMLzmXn6hg/s1600/raw+data+file.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="19" data-original-width="570" height="20" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvXh7mIq2xjvFhgmCClMzTkySZUg9okZBciW2A9iWFSjlvuJtS4OrPVb8RtMZfyyi9L5G1k9DSKW7r7Nuje3vOIyqvDJGtfg7bZs1qMMf9eYKNgimqOp6wXpfFF0GFgNlM0rMLzmXn6hg/s640/raw+data+file.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Click the name of the file, then click upload.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxpC_0aljzFyQYTlzW3tyg9kTXY_dOWjHDmC14_bGyb3mzLmMDxv1SL64uA_EI-VsWKm3DmOIWWfUZjeTaom27Fsk6dAqiVHaEvFapcHeNvZrJKjtY8uJWsEtSkIQQqhpjBld-msaSXQU/s1600/upload+to+GEDmatch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="96" data-original-width="465" height="132" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxpC_0aljzFyQYTlzW3tyg9kTXY_dOWjHDmC14_bGyb3mzLmMDxv1SL64uA_EI-VsWKm3DmOIWWfUZjeTaom27Fsk6dAqiVHaEvFapcHeNvZrJKjtY8uJWsEtSkIQQqhpjBld-msaSXQU/s640/upload+to+GEDmatch.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Watch as your file is uploaded. After it is fully uploaded you will be able to use a few tools, but it will take about 24 hours before you can use the best tool which is the one-to-many matches.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Adding a Family tree to GEDmatch</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Now we get to the second important part--uploading your family tree. Many people build their family trees on either Ancestry or MyHeritage, so I will show how to download from these sites. You will be using something called a GEDCOM file which stands for <b>GE</b>nealogial <b>D</b>ata <b>COM</b>munication. If you have a family tree at another online website, see its Help section to find out how to download your tree. If you use a genealogy software program, you can also create a GEDCOM file from your program. See your software User Guide to see how to create a GEDCOM file.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Downloading your family tree from Ancestry.com</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Log into your ancestry account, and click trees.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkLAp4E05ABYq9ocKrqb0PMloyMgIHjkNT-QcOs4S2MnLPsml6RipUM7kNmJDgb8l0NjgL1HXAYtWB83fWj5ncYSl4pKVH8URqYsrFMlT56ObCvGZlgpA50uz9lGwouYQ2xe2VTgeotYQ/s1600/setup8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="131" data-original-width="516" height="81" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkLAp4E05ABYq9ocKrqb0PMloyMgIHjkNT-QcOs4S2MnLPsml6RipUM7kNmJDgb8l0NjgL1HXAYtWB83fWj5ncYSl4pKVH8URqYsrFMlT56ObCvGZlgpA50uz9lGwouYQ2xe2VTgeotYQ/s320/setup8.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Select the family tree you want to download. Here I have a tree named "DNA Tree." Then click Tree Settings.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiskza28h2G_0h4zTh-msNFr2sSpEtYn9R3V3at_hzt_3kYu2GyCD9O2bpcVt4VLYpqYNfO5kcmYcHwaVkCA3Z4VBV4NZ92B3Xgdy3rznf4H3QfThIIE3njsZT9Z_T8upO0_63BV4OByT4/s1600/setup9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="310" data-original-width="329" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiskza28h2G_0h4zTh-msNFr2sSpEtYn9R3V3at_hzt_3kYu2GyCD9O2bpcVt4VLYpqYNfO5kcmYcHwaVkCA3Z4VBV4NZ92B3Xgdy3rznf4H3QfThIIE3njsZT9Z_T8upO0_63BV4OByT4/s320/setup9.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">On the next screen find the Manage your tree section on the right side of the page. Click Export Tree.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-fJhwkUK4z7fAkJj33CjZyve7zl5cPkV1NmgCpu0-2XGlGScBkkkWdRCyIxuVxHdhC_eftmPlJd9mH9QNB0vYUXa0N9ReXA-mEJ6KNkumIJG3NpvkzA85SWV3wfqGStBNwhVug21WmfY/s1600/setup10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="272" data-original-width="371" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-fJhwkUK4z7fAkJj33CjZyve7zl5cPkV1NmgCpu0-2XGlGScBkkkWdRCyIxuVxHdhC_eftmPlJd9mH9QNB0vYUXa0N9ReXA-mEJ6KNkumIJG3NpvkzA85SWV3wfqGStBNwhVug21WmfY/s320/setup10.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Your GEDCOM will begin processing.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpV58yuPpAqF3uXKk-iPPfo18ZnwykPAbvMC4ENgEFNx1bqoyTivcljC7ydNffHOtj4Bo_wanuW5OynWlrb0iDf9nVYC-vmwn_yh83fq9q6R4dKdvqOmcnVTF23jpg7MCLxbV7K3jBMys/s1600/setup11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="377" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpV58yuPpAqF3uXKk-iPPfo18ZnwykPAbvMC4ENgEFNx1bqoyTivcljC7ydNffHOtj4Bo_wanuW5OynWlrb0iDf9nVYC-vmwn_yh83fq9q6R4dKdvqOmcnVTF23jpg7MCLxbV7K3jBMys/s320/setup11.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Once your GEDCOM file is complete, click Download your GEDCOM file.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaQ4q9_6UkkIDWBJzHbQpCv8pAtqwglC055hg8BnJ5Cmkb50pgDNyqxa9DibzSsZPvIdZl0u0P0liiss9aK9fa1SHHyPcebZOVD2DkVjP3KKR2-Po1j6nJFYJEqYYk7fQz-wiDuVuWKvo/s1600/setup12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="198" data-original-width="372" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaQ4q9_6UkkIDWBJzHbQpCv8pAtqwglC055hg8BnJ5Cmkb50pgDNyqxa9DibzSsZPvIdZl0u0P0liiss9aK9fa1SHHyPcebZOVD2DkVjP3KKR2-Po1j6nJFYJEqYYk7fQz-wiDuVuWKvo/s320/setup12.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Your GEDCOM file will look like this:</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuvRFTx7rNENsMYcJeTwO1GnxDNnD7iz5XaH7-IdDkvoTnxQ__HKSwz2omLL0dcQax5wzsyStyA3E5OCprTvac3S-MDlkAkC3R8CArKYCbVNYqynBeov8364Zc4lqXZxPAB8E3cAex2qE/s1600/dnatree.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="24" data-original-width="583" height="26" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuvRFTx7rNENsMYcJeTwO1GnxDNnD7iz5XaH7-IdDkvoTnxQ__HKSwz2omLL0dcQax5wzsyStyA3E5OCprTvac3S-MDlkAkC3R8CArKYCbVNYqynBeov8364Zc4lqXZxPAB8E3cAex2qE/s640/dnatree.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Downloading your Family Tree from MyHeritage</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Log into your MyHeritage account, and click Family Tree.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsSY7pxzyPmgA6Hy8Bf-ZfYvTfOgrAuGNEfl3xPHaJOfh2l9jqH5Sh6wKx-gkKDOcJbjiKuwZ-BgmPS5vs1UMTbfdjhd2E9zUL59CBNbVap2rcRtJSuS0M0fOf9nYqnRegPiaYzng8mCE/s1600/myheritage+tree.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="69" data-original-width="742" height="58" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsSY7pxzyPmgA6Hy8Bf-ZfYvTfOgrAuGNEfl3xPHaJOfh2l9jqH5Sh6wKx-gkKDOcJbjiKuwZ-BgmPS5vs1UMTbfdjhd2E9zUL59CBNbVap2rcRtJSuS0M0fOf9nYqnRegPiaYzng8mCE/s640/myheritage+tree.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">From the drop-down menu, select Manage Trees.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj44TDObcVeO2zQFIGM1nvc1qcnBX8jaH-7gwwyWl6U5EvCU-SkX3L5JEs71HjqH4PfHO_PP_LuPEC5BSYJOGAeS-1R3CuhAe2TW7OWzmRrgr7UewecSVaZopSmibG89ba8NT9Nm6cFLfQ/s1600/myheritage+manage.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="manage trees at MyHeritage" border="0" data-original-height="292" data-original-width="163" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj44TDObcVeO2zQFIGM1nvc1qcnBX8jaH-7gwwyWl6U5EvCU-SkX3L5JEs71HjqH4PfHO_PP_LuPEC5BSYJOGAeS-1R3CuhAe2TW7OWzmRrgr7UewecSVaZopSmibG89ba8NT9Nm6cFLfQ/s400/myheritage+manage.jpg" title="MyHeritage manage trees" width="223" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Across from the name of your tree, click on Export to GEDCOM.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyPSUV3knD4r2RKXASDzBb2y9benNhJjqv5Eo5aG2fvV1P2YvTOzwz_fAYqj3bYrVXAWtjrp_6VR5lV92mNad6zab0FtmKvHy9QQyGhEV0nduudEgG7o9Y6R0H-uOQPF4VWTBxPnxbrUs/s1600/MyHeritage+export.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="export MyHeritage family tree" border="0" data-original-height="228" data-original-width="762" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyPSUV3knD4r2RKXASDzBb2y9benNhJjqv5Eo5aG2fvV1P2YvTOzwz_fAYqj3bYrVXAWtjrp_6VR5lV92mNad6zab0FtmKvHy9QQyGhEV0nduudEgG7o9Y6R0H-uOQPF4VWTBxPnxbrUs/s640/MyHeritage+export.jpg" title="Export MyHeritage family tree" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Click Begin the export.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgberi4mnXFWIMyV9KKXDK-6FhznXmI0iqlATEyUw9vGAZgkE4KZnPavAnOqi1c2PB4GXjiIdwDks6TJf9YAn_NyuOM9dpb4CRGJIdoHDJlA1t3MW2PK__3sHwsG2yk1dPJHFmzVy_ns1s/s1600/save+export.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="159" data-original-width="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgberi4mnXFWIMyV9KKXDK-6FhznXmI0iqlATEyUw9vGAZgkE4KZnPavAnOqi1c2PB4GXjiIdwDks6TJf9YAn_NyuOM9dpb4CRGJIdoHDJlA1t3MW2PK__3sHwsG2yk1dPJHFmzVy_ns1s/s1600/save+export.jpg" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Your GEDCOM file will be generated.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF0eqITuQ9mVrlP4YpKcwLkvIvfWUDHfsPEkOfAL7xVF7A3QW7UuMWXaF2Xl4zH-FKbfBGBDOlfeBXPLaGQBG08S3IN0EP4PZwPfbM23c9OLiMKWNSI1mbTzYp5vS5TFWXn1sosD9_uf0/s1600/begin+export.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="MyHeritage GEDCOM" border="0" data-original-height="243" data-original-width="507" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF0eqITuQ9mVrlP4YpKcwLkvIvfWUDHfsPEkOfAL7xVF7A3QW7UuMWXaF2Xl4zH-FKbfBGBDOlfeBXPLaGQBG08S3IN0EP4PZwPfbM23c9OLiMKWNSI1mbTzYp5vS5TFWXn1sosD9_uf0/s640/begin+export.jpg" title="MyHeritage GEDCOM" width="640" /></a></div>
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<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">You will receive an email when your file is ready. When you download the file to your computer, it will look like this:</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEickBzpzZEJo2RTLpIpjSbzRJzPw1mdZ4JVQPJi0PnekOTqSbgYX3ihRGBNm-lCzO3XsQEEyd6ct-wh0FgTWqcNWokgn8CKHNAYo2kLp6ieJkTHLjGoT-4G3L8Uls4iPBfpXZMfmBE1E1o/s1600/myheritage+ged.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="27" data-original-width="245" height="70" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEickBzpzZEJo2RTLpIpjSbzRJzPw1mdZ4JVQPJi0PnekOTqSbgYX3ihRGBNm-lCzO3XsQEEyd6ct-wh0FgTWqcNWokgn8CKHNAYo2kLp6ieJkTHLjGoT-4G3L8Uls4iPBfpXZMfmBE1E1o/s640/myheritage+ged.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Uploading your family tree to GEDmatch</b> </span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">In your GEDmatch account, go to the File Uploads section, and click GEDCOM genealogy upload.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmZGCjNN8xkmY74n3zX1YLCmw-6i8uL9PrCvPUxvLbrOZy4SoNeNRS_MLCs4pQThe-R9KEvPcpOGMCggZUYu-JaG2hQVDhIKKugb8lzWG0c5LYx2wdU8sjpdpN7xpTsUfMVxdzTfw8D24/s1600/upload+GEDCOM+to+GEDmatch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="add family tree to GEDmatch" border="0" data-original-height="256" data-original-width="617" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmZGCjNN8xkmY74n3zX1YLCmw-6i8uL9PrCvPUxvLbrOZy4SoNeNRS_MLCs4pQThe-R9KEvPcpOGMCggZUYu-JaG2hQVDhIKKugb8lzWG0c5LYx2wdU8sjpdpN7xpTsUfMVxdzTfw8D24/s640/upload+GEDCOM+to+GEDmatch.jpg" title="Upload GEDCOM to GEDmatch" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Name your GEDCOM file, and select the GEDmatch kit where you want to attach this tree. Then go to the bottom section and click Browse. Find your GEDCOM file, and click Upload.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjamstK6_CwJK_8EqIcDLY2JV9Gc-KbemNsaygRR8D2cLqyPyjLv-kPScf5FgVJeNYKIZQib8qDmyIXmRCkprTbEZl19wurrvvIQmEJgWBmQ41mFWskUSvvELYSKioX3r9h7_4-iyWP-xI/s1600/GEDmatch+GEDCOM+upload.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="upload GEDCOM file to GEDmatch" border="0" data-original-height="621" data-original-width="892" height="444" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjamstK6_CwJK_8EqIcDLY2JV9Gc-KbemNsaygRR8D2cLqyPyjLv-kPScf5FgVJeNYKIZQib8qDmyIXmRCkprTbEZl19wurrvvIQmEJgWBmQ41mFWskUSvvELYSKioX3r9h7_4-iyWP-xI/s640/GEDmatch+GEDCOM+upload.jpg" title="GEDCOM file upload to GEDmatch" width="640" /></a></div>
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<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Getting started with GEDmatch</span></b></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Once your Raw data file has processed you will be able to see a list of matches, be able to find common ancestors by looking at their family trees, compare DNA in a chromosome browser, and more. Your favorite tool will probably be the 'One-to-many' matches. When you click on the link, you can enter your kit number and search GEDmatch's entire database for people who share DNA with you. You can see the exact matching segments by using the chromosome browser.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3C3GQ93oORYk14RvMHewGMXywzPUa1Yc5FvJ7BUZTmgdrA8l-8cmjB73bwm0aGuioAG01M0eiN2GFmbJcTv7omALXdg_VzSghiDKIsxVp8srPLU3bYzMPRXX2ZEHcKhlS8ahtKSsLDkE/s1600/GEDmatch+one+to+many.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDmatch one-to-many" border="0" data-original-height="608" data-original-width="568" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3C3GQ93oORYk14RvMHewGMXywzPUa1Yc5FvJ7BUZTmgdrA8l-8cmjB73bwm0aGuioAG01M0eiN2GFmbJcTv7omALXdg_VzSghiDKIsxVp8srPLU3bYzMPRXX2ZEHcKhlS8ahtKSsLDkE/s640/GEDmatch+one+to+many.jpg" title="GEDmatch one-to-many" width="596" /></a></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">In the following image you will see a match list. I have removed many of the columns including the ID number, user name, email address, etc. This image may appear daunting at first, but the important column here is the one that has the blue GED. This column indicates that the person has uploaded a GEDCOM file. Click the blue link to see the family tree. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQVs7HQD4UQJjkU6desRXaGuYCcVn9P7fJiVEv48SScEQt5GC7FHoVRNqU2runfkjV6R_oW8ZXVs8NTKCfruzP9m-xIlQQM_OOBpppDgATJa9pZJa_pLwQDMwDk9tBIIwUrq6Q2kiHH6Q/s1600/GEDmatch+matches.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDmatch family tree" border="0" data-original-height="396" data-original-width="803" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQVs7HQD4UQJjkU6desRXaGuYCcVn9P7fJiVEv48SScEQt5GC7FHoVRNqU2runfkjV6R_oW8ZXVs8NTKCfruzP9m-xIlQQM_OOBpppDgATJa9pZJa_pLwQDMwDk9tBIIwUrq6Q2kiHH6Q/s640/GEDmatch+matches.jpg" title="GED family tree" width="640" /></a></div>
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</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The problem is the large number of people who do not have the blue GED link. In the image above, only two of the people have added a family tree. Without that link, the rest of the people are missing the most important part of GEDmatch--the ability to find common ancestors and to see which DNA segments were inherited from those ancestors.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Getting the most from GEDmatch</b></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Remember that it takes BOTH family trees and DNA results to use DNA for family history. </span><span style="font-size: large;">If you have not yet uploaded your raw DNA data AND your family tree, please do it now!! Then start exploring GEDmatch. It's pretty great.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Next we will use GEDmatch with the the most amazing tool ever to reconstruct your ancestors' DNA. I'm serious! My father and grandparents died many years ago, and I'm reconstructing their DNA. It's not difficult at all. In fact, it's downright fun. You'll love it. </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Up next: <a href="https://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2018/01/using-dna-painter-to-reconstruct.html" target="_blank">Reconstructing the DNA of our ancestors</a></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">and <a href="https://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2018/01/how-to-use-gedmatch-part-1.html" target="_blank">How to use GEDmatch - Part 1</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-size: large;"></span>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span>Linda Jonashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00245944818580411111noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7064587737424586464.post-70255999025776078692018-01-04T00:15:00.001-05:002021-04-26T02:23:03.217-04:00What is the big deal about a Chromosome Browser?<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">This is a continuation of my previous post <a href="http://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2017/12/getting-more-from-family-tree-dna.html" target="_blank">Getting more from Family Tree DNA Family Finder</a></span><span style="font-size: large;">. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">In order to understand the importance of a chromosome browser, we need to first review what I previously wrote about autosomal DNA and how it is inherited.</span><br />
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<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Autosomal DNA</b> </span></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Several companies offer autosomal DNA tests. The four most popular companies are Ancestry DNA, 23andMe, Family Tree DNA, and MyHeritage. </span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">You inherited your DNA from both of your parents, and you can use the autosomal DNA tests from any of these companies to trace multiple ancestral lines. However, you are carrying less DNA (and maybe none at all) of more distant
ancestors because of the way autosomal DNA is
inherited. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">You inherit 50% of your DNA from each parent. Of course, this
also means that 50% of the DNA of each parent is lost unless you can
test the parent or test siblings or their descendants. If you have siblings, they inherited
50% of their DNA from each of your parents, but not the same 50% unless
they are identical twins. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Here
is an example of what could have been inherited by four siblings. This
shows a tiny portion of the DNA of a father, mother, and what was passed
down to each of their four children.</span><br />
<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk00N8MrKd5OKr6YDGMUsLkx9STd4vfWEogm80ZidVxJDVsK9aOKuBZr5wOkm4qPqEop1KTzOsNJMTaNn4Bmbk5TDdvM7RvgD_whkljrHP2YWr30-LHxxJ_jsI6fX_q-D23ddNcui5nWU/s1600/inheritance.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="autosomal inheritance" border="0" data-original-height="579" data-original-width="588" height="393" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk00N8MrKd5OKr6YDGMUsLkx9STd4vfWEogm80ZidVxJDVsK9aOKuBZr5wOkm4qPqEop1KTzOsNJMTaNn4Bmbk5TDdvM7RvgD_whkljrHP2YWr30-LHxxJ_jsI6fX_q-D23ddNcui5nWU/s400/inheritance.jpg" title="Autosomal inheritance" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>How can I see a comparison like this for my own DNA?</b></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">You can
see inherited DNA segments by using a chromosome browser. The chromosome
browser will compare your DNA to the DNA of another person and let you
see which DNA segments are shared between the two of you. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Some companies provide a chromosome
browser to let you do this. For example, Family Tree DNA and 23andMe, and MyHeritage [added 11 Jan 2018] allow you to prove relationships by viewing your DNA in a
chromosome browser. </span><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Ancestry DNA does not provide a chromosome browser. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">However, no matter what company you used, you can
download your results and upload them to a service called GEDmatch. We
will see how to use GEDmatch in my next post, but for now, let's use Family Tree DNA's chromosome browser to see why it is such a
powerful tool.</span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><b><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Why is a chromosome browser important?</span></b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">DNA results without a chromosome browser is like a genealogy without documentation. When you look at someone's family tree and there is no documentation to prove it, all you have is some hints of possible relationships. There is an old saying that "Genealogy without documentation is mythology." The same applies to your DNA.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">If I tell you, "I've compared our DNA, and I know that we both inherited DNA from John Smith who was born in 1852," you might ask, "Can you prove that?" </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Without a chromosome browser, I would have to answer, "You'll just have to take my word for it." You would have a "hint" from me that we might share DNA from John Smith. But we don't want to take the word of any genealogist or DNA company. We want proof! A chromosome browser and some documented genealogy can help provide the proof we need. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Chromosome browsers for close family relationships</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">My
mother was separated from her family when she was six years old. Her
three siblings went to different families, and none of them knew what
happened to the others. However, after they had been separated for 52
years, I was able to find all of my mother's family. We discovered that
she also had half siblings. </span></span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">My mother
and her younger sister didn't look anything alike, and they had very
different personalities. For many years they suspected that they were
not full siblings. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Finally, a few years ago the siblings did DNA testing. My
mother and her sister tested with 23andMe, Family Tree DNA, and Ancestry DNA. One of
their half brothers tested with Family Tree DNA.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">At Family Tree DNA, you will have a list of Family Finder matches. Here is what it looked like for one of the sisters: </span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP_KQw1y07EXBewzd0GB_u_eCa_7i2L2ZobhsECv7-BZ2UxJUbIGuGG2Kx10VseCs9fRIew2uuuIUBnmzqTUau2_4dDXfBrtyFkXshlsofnpn4CrjykeuEF3k8DQGU6rqoG_aDn5c6G7M/s1600/siblings.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Family Finder matches" border="0" data-original-height="214" data-original-width="1076" height="126" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP_KQw1y07EXBewzd0GB_u_eCa_7i2L2ZobhsECv7-BZ2UxJUbIGuGG2Kx10VseCs9fRIew2uuuIUBnmzqTUau2_4dDXfBrtyFkXshlsofnpn4CrjykeuEF3k8DQGU6rqoG_aDn5c6G7M/s640/siblings.jpg" title="Family Finder matches" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Looking at
the Relationship Range column, you can see that she has a match for a
woman who appears to be a full sibling, and one man who appears to be a
half sibling. This column is estimating the relationship based on the
amount of shared DNA. </span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Notice, however, that the Relationship Range indicates that the full sibling could also be a half sibling. So next we looked at the chromosome browser to prove their relationship.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Click on the box next to the half-brother's name. Then go to the top of the page and click Chromosome Browser.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglQYIvOCtAtrA5roDAe6moBUUG5wasF0Ln0y9czfbjoOvRmfHb0JK_3meIUEAqacjRAhecW6SXt6xSniyWBoT6YNsPAnXKOOtYjS1f4qSa8fRrdxW6NFksMd2c2izTO11b5LBzTo4LbfA/s1600/usechrbr.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Family Finder chromosome browser" border="0" data-original-height="354" data-original-width="439" height="516" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglQYIvOCtAtrA5roDAe6moBUUG5wasF0Ln0y9czfbjoOvRmfHb0JK_3meIUEAqacjRAhecW6SXt6xSniyWBoT6YNsPAnXKOOtYjS1f4qSa8fRrdxW6NFksMd2c2izTO11b5LBzTo4LbfA/s640/usechrbr.jpg" title="Add to chromosome browser" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Here is what the chromosome browser showed. All of the DNA segments highlighted in orange are shared between the sister and her half-brother.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBmGhvHxYnSWAfIgiGFUoKtynnJUeGLiV73VYuDGuq49AO4jko_tZ8SsQrF68OhvZ4cH3qUzrjXsQrJ8iy9jJY7yolNtNRIEH_MU97hnUl__vb17dlxUeSL7_EEibjqGJpoMbn0r1pi48/s1600/mi.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="half-sibling chromosome browser" border="0" data-original-height="513" data-original-width="327" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBmGhvHxYnSWAfIgiGFUoKtynnJUeGLiV73VYuDGuq49AO4jko_tZ8SsQrF68OhvZ4cH3qUzrjXsQrJ8iy9jJY7yolNtNRIEH_MU97hnUl__vb17dlxUeSL7_EEibjqGJpoMbn0r1pi48/s400/mi.jpg" title="Half siblings" width="253" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Now go through the same process with the sister. Click the box next to the name of the sister, and then click Chromosome Browser. Here is the common DNA shared by two full sisters.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4c8YvVne46fZINgWKvUGzaZHG3LwCSHeuI48M-1xdxQC79TN7Hz23puJSeLNkB4hnvpwRNXafQkX5JQY0Nx7Nec4nHQikN22PiAwQqKlecMe3XFmRnrocXm2nGdSRui5bknRRVsC2dns/s1600/bg.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Full siblings shared DNA" border="0" data-original-height="513" data-original-width="320" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4c8YvVne46fZINgWKvUGzaZHG3LwCSHeuI48M-1xdxQC79TN7Hz23puJSeLNkB4hnvpwRNXafQkX5JQY0Nx7Nec4nHQikN22PiAwQqKlecMe3XFmRnrocXm2nGdSRui5bknRRVsC2dns/s400/bg.jpg" title="Full siblings" width="248" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">You can click next to both names to compare two people in the chromosome browser. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">We clicked the sister first, then the brother. Here the orange color indicates the DNA shared with the first name that was clicked [the sister]. The blue is the DNA shared with the second person [the brother]. The blue color is not an indication that the second person is a male.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaUbQea2KCaDx2qTY7mJmd5tXW_p69YCNqDEG3vjrNbn-XzbD1OWDtwGplviirNMpKvOHjMFRuUXpdz0X5c2HkQ12AFTHd2rLrEhwRN9lsfQSOY5ZeZmsrx4WgAYxy2q4sEJ0E814D-WM/s1600/bg-mi.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="chromosome browser" border="0" data-original-height="513" data-original-width="325" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaUbQea2KCaDx2qTY7mJmd5tXW_p69YCNqDEG3vjrNbn-XzbD1OWDtwGplviirNMpKvOHjMFRuUXpdz0X5c2HkQ12AFTHd2rLrEhwRN9lsfQSOY5ZeZmsrx4WgAYxy2q4sEJ0E814D-WM/s400/bg-mi.jpg" title="Two siblings in chromosome browser" width="252" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">My mother and her sister </span><span style="font-size: large;">still weren't convinced that they were full siblings. But the chromosome browser from 23andMe settled it.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVPLQWw7nWN4Qz4H4L5H2WDaY5c8k9PWU_5Zz_PRl06yz3887kfdgQbWyPHU3dFSEDPsTcTr4UGIXedMfiBa6_7U7vj36DKKXoxTTp0KU1wCkIlC7ihYUNVLK93kqrYX5Fx64xaOxNbiM/s1600/lm-bg.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="full siblings shared DNA" border="0" data-original-height="564" data-original-width="392" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVPLQWw7nWN4Qz4H4L5H2WDaY5c8k9PWU_5Zz_PRl06yz3887kfdgQbWyPHU3dFSEDPsTcTr4UGIXedMfiBa6_7U7vj36DKKXoxTTp0KU1wCkIlC7ihYUNVLK93kqrYX5Fx64xaOxNbiM/s640/lm-bg.jpg" title="23andMe chromosome browser" width="443" /></a></span></div>
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<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The segments in light blue are shared by both sisters, and the common DNA was inherited from one of their parents. The segments in dark blue were shared by both sisters and inherited from both parents. The white segments show where each sister inherited something different from both parents, and so they don't have any common DNA in those places.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">This very clearly shows how important it is to test as many people as possible if you want to find more about your ancestry. All of those white and light blue spaces indicate that the sisters did not inherit identical DNA in those locations. So without testing both sisters, look how much of their parents' DNA would have been lost! </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The chromosome browser from GEDmatch showed the same relationship. These two women are definitely full siblings.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPkGTRcReD88Ibj5s9PcNWDyJC_F59_mWecHQW18AoF7i6ipSGq-E5izX6moXNfqGplK0OyOoUG5ABKDlsJQ7kqUGiXPg17wZjzKOhL_Z0NRlhs643ipJn7kBCW5a7o8waEBtUJgQ86RA/s1600/gedmatch1-10.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDmatch chromosome browser" border="0" data-original-height="597" data-original-width="680" height="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPkGTRcReD88Ibj5s9PcNWDyJC_F59_mWecHQW18AoF7i6ipSGq-E5izX6moXNfqGplK0OyOoUG5ABKDlsJQ7kqUGiXPg17wZjzKOhL_Z0NRlhs643ipJn7kBCW5a7o8waEBtUJgQ86RA/s400/gedmatch1-10.jpg" title="Full siblings at GEDmatch" width="400" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">This is the key to the GEDmatch chart. The green "Full Match" means that the DNA was inherited from both sides of the family.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-h4tGDW9oJhQ7iIKx5VQpp9IWBrf7edxkZZY-AKLHlD_9pDBT3Ir56Jdgv5Qi-WDP143eWX_n9geT9QuSSwxwyOCJlUiHJJi1WIP5sfV70skfYsPG4EEZrNuJvzsRv47fCCvMJkdvAXY/s1600/gedmatch.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GEDmatch chromosome browser" border="0" data-original-height="140" data-original-width="278" height="201" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-h4tGDW9oJhQ7iIKx5VQpp9IWBrf7edxkZZY-AKLHlD_9pDBT3Ir56Jdgv5Qi-WDP143eWX_n9geT9QuSSwxwyOCJlUiHJJi1WIP5sfV70skfYsPG4EEZrNuJvzsRv47fCCvMJkdvAXY/s400/gedmatch.jpg" title="GEDmatch key" width="400" /></a></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> <b>Chromosome browsers for the first five generations</b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">It is commonly stated that autosomal DNA is good for tracing ancestors within your first five generations. This is because we inherited 50% of our DNA from one parent, about 25% from a grandparent, and so on. When we get to more distant generations we may not have inherited much, or even anything at all. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">If you want to see DNA segments that you may have inherited from a particular ancestor, you can search for the name of the ancestor, compare family trees, and compare DNA in the chromosome browser.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Go to the Family Finder section of your FTDNA account, and click matches.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4kEerQIDKLbAtUXja8Znkv-W3hH-S3fF6zepkVflWdsyn0K9GLNCRm9AXO-4TFgtVF9PD0BducEnsbkfoJCYqPQQHmaS4OgTzH13d33rLglX94L6_BA4vz39r78R5KAwyD6tch6b2Vd4/s1600/matches.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Family Finder matches" border="0" data-original-height="132" data-original-width="666" height="126" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4kEerQIDKLbAtUXja8Znkv-W3hH-S3fF6zepkVflWdsyn0K9GLNCRm9AXO-4TFgtVF9PD0BducEnsbkfoJCYqPQQHmaS4OgTzH13d33rLglX94L6_BA4vz39r78R5KAwyD6tch6b2Vd4/s640/matches.jpg" title="Family Finder matches" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Search for your surname of interest:</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYsukPY2DBumHJEAJ439ZL36Yg9-WMTHYhp1Po0Tq9NhuYUd_JhTN3D9mNWcq5Mwp4BjfK6cj4ZBlFnXMf0PDIyVdxCIwlf87T4oCE4jLGRYumbVm9hf-g3krn9hX6ZKZVlhr4vuh8Ty8/s1600/search+surnames.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="suname search" border="0" data-original-height="117" data-original-width="947" height="78" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYsukPY2DBumHJEAJ439ZL36Yg9-WMTHYhp1Po0Tq9NhuYUd_JhTN3D9mNWcq5Mwp4BjfK6cj4ZBlFnXMf0PDIyVdxCIwlf87T4oCE4jLGRYumbVm9hf-g3krn9hX6ZKZVlhr4vuh8Ty8/s640/search+surnames.jpg" title="Search by surname" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Click the family tree symbol to see your match's family tree: </span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizxpODQVRv0b8OBRRdz27S9EL9fbVKMxxJEyh4TusuH7seniB1exYQgC5fq_Ifzau3o-uQZYNJnjy_f5VRq8CDjzHYbVF8nNwYUpj_Vd8RbTEg_2Ygu5XAXuCBNL7KxU_IEaGExMQGlHg/s1600/see+tree.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="see Family Finder family tree" border="0" data-original-height="90" data-original-width="937" height="60" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizxpODQVRv0b8OBRRdz27S9EL9fbVKMxxJEyh4TusuH7seniB1exYQgC5fq_Ifzau3o-uQZYNJnjy_f5VRq8CDjzHYbVF8nNwYUpj_Vd8RbTEg_2Ygu5XAXuCBNL7KxU_IEaGExMQGlHg/s640/see+tree.jpg" title="See family tree" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">When you find a common ancestor, check the box next to the person's name to compare in the chromosome browser:</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPLzZ62XtkwmsspDY4mINH8NFXeo9W4fY_fqCxnLJkw3aBGXFRkVd1UEYQMTlUkCPAQMx4xXQ7N_BMDApyM3KYagvgH_IuftrIyJYfUflYgwtazgdQyN4skMwotcMGR7ZC7q1zh8-s46w/s1600/click+to+compare.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Family Finder match" border="0" data-original-height="60" data-original-width="438" height="86" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPLzZ62XtkwmsspDY4mINH8NFXeo9W4fY_fqCxnLJkw3aBGXFRkVd1UEYQMTlUkCPAQMx4xXQ7N_BMDApyM3KYagvgH_IuftrIyJYfUflYgwtazgdQyN4skMwotcMGR7ZC7q1zh8-s46w/s640/click+to+compare.jpg" title="Select for comparison" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Go to the top of the page and click Chromosome Browser:</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2l_FlKTYCKZrbeSpY933-HoOu15L_PEVNg0_m_j_Tmpw73v0apfPyJ5kDfdZOpx96CmqeJewOOMsazf1xzpt9XA-52D_zl1brJ58zPwKt6cOSJfA2z-CGhYUlxMi9J3eJIoJxXYiIusE/s1600/chromosome+browser.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="compare dna" border="0" data-original-height="170" data-original-width="459" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2l_FlKTYCKZrbeSpY933-HoOu15L_PEVNg0_m_j_Tmpw73v0apfPyJ5kDfdZOpx96CmqeJewOOMsazf1xzpt9XA-52D_zl1brJ58zPwKt6cOSJfA2z-CGhYUlxMi9J3eJIoJxXYiIusE/s640/chromosome+browser.jpg" title="Select Chromosome Browser" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Here's what the chromosome browser shows for two third cousins. We know who their common ancestors are--the husband was born in 1803, and the wife was born in 1821. We don't know which of these segments came from which ancestor, but we know that these people are definitely related.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaT-DQHglMI2TNtllWv4Bxu0S0X0ejL5e_dHbfaielucIXu1vMXLTP9QkelZk1xAENUOOtLxDoN18ByYRyFV8mRBSZ5f9Jc2buwBUcAtvg6hjv0y-B50Z8DeypD6sB33l4GBmfMkBHmxo/s1600/3rdcousin.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="chromosome browser" border="0" data-original-height="515" data-original-width="326" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaT-DQHglMI2TNtllWv4Bxu0S0X0ejL5e_dHbfaielucIXu1vMXLTP9QkelZk1xAENUOOtLxDoN18ByYRyFV8mRBSZ5f9Jc2buwBUcAtvg6hjv0y-B50Z8DeypD6sB33l4GBmfMkBHmxo/s400/3rdcousin.jpg" title="Chromosome browser" width="252" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-size: large;">However, matching DNA does not prove that we inherited it from any particular ancestor. We can add more evidence when we add another 3rd cousin who descended from the same ancestral couple:</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGg1a9au62Zol6Dwa9xxPQSoW8WHAz8FwKSAPrlG-NZKLd63gA_N-okQC6jfGHlhZSsV3jpnwM23Lp9ixWEcgOAiZWt2LOY-BaOqHvGC5kr985eJxeNtFbaqvzbFoZtW-nImEimrPX8cs/s1600/two3rdcousins.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="compare DNA" border="0" data-original-height="511" data-original-width="324" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGg1a9au62Zol6Dwa9xxPQSoW8WHAz8FwKSAPrlG-NZKLd63gA_N-okQC6jfGHlhZSsV3jpnwM23Lp9ixWEcgOAiZWt2LOY-BaOqHvGC5kr985eJxeNtFbaqvzbFoZtW-nImEimrPX8cs/s400/two3rdcousins.jpg" title="Two relatives in chromosome browser" width="252" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The two matching relatives share very different DNA segments with my uncle, but they descended from the same family. Did all of these DNA segments come from the same ancestors? We can only know by comparing more descendants. This is, again, why it is so important to test as many relatives as possible. We did not all inherit the same DNA from our ancestors.</span><br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">DNA for distant relatives</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">You may not have any DNA from some distant ancestors, but all of your DNA has been passed through time, and some common DNA segments can be much older than five generations.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Here is a Family Finder chromosome browser image showing matching segments from four of my uncle's matches. All five of these people descend from different children of a common ancestor born in 1722.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzRj2CQH5r6RRSUz3SPvVCceePMiqeTBXQZ34l1Ti2SMxkJhUB1bHLxSSaW1n9uTluJ06D7PD_r78g0Foa1Mgvcbo3aNKqzplg7563TRXs2r1wyy-F2HBuUAuEaS6yRm0b8CrYwLY4LkU/s1600/slinker.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="distant relative DNA match" border="0" data-original-height="88" data-original-width="501" height="112" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzRj2CQH5r6RRSUz3SPvVCceePMiqeTBXQZ34l1Ti2SMxkJhUB1bHLxSSaW1n9uTluJ06D7PD_r78g0Foa1Mgvcbo3aNKqzplg7563TRXs2r1wyy-F2HBuUAuEaS6yRm0b8CrYwLY4LkU/s640/slinker.jpg" title="Distant relative match" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">We can see that they all share a small segment on Chromosome 5. Does this mean that I've proven the relationship? No. These are small segments, and small segments are often coincidental. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">For an excellent explanation of small segments, see Blaine Bettinger's post <a href="http://thegeneticgenealogist.com/2017/12/29/a-small-segment-round-up/" target="_blank">A Small Segment Roundup</a>. We have to be very careful when assuming that small DNA segments are "proof" of common ancestry. </span><br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">So why is a Chromosome Browser such a big deal?</span></b></div>
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<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Just because you and another person have the same ancestor in your tree, it does not mean that you inherited your common DNA from that ancestor. But you can see where you have matching DNA segments and compare those DNA segments with those of other people who descend from the same ancestor. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">When you have tested three people who descend from three different children of the common ancestor, you are on your way to proving the relationship. This is called triangulation, and we will examine this further in the two upcoming blog posts. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">First, we will see how to make matches with people who tested with different DNA companies. Then, with information from chromosome browsers, we will start reconstructing our ancestors' DNA. Seeing that in action will blow you away.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Up next: <a href="https://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2018/01/getting-started-with-gedmatch.html" target="_blank">Getting started with GEDmatch</a></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">and <a href="https://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2018/01/how-to-use-gedmatch-part-1.html" target="_blank">How to use GEDmatch - Part 1</a> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">and <a href="http://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2018/01/how-to-use-gedmatch-part-2.html" target="_blank">How to use GEDmatch - Part 2</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">and: <a href="https://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2018/01/using-dna-painter-to-reconstruct.html" target="_blank">Using DNA Painter to reconstruct your ancestor's DNA</a> You will not want to miss this one!</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: medium;">______________________________________________________________________</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Standard Disclosure</b><br />
This standard disclosure appears at the bottom of articles in compliance with <a href="https://www.ftc.gov/tips-advice/business-center/guidance/ftcs-endorsement-guides-what-people-are-asking#how">FTC Guidelines</a>.
I evaluate products of DNA testing companies and show how to use them.
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</div>Linda Jonashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00245944818580411111noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7064587737424586464.post-22106575315695735362018-01-02T22:50:00.002-05:002018-01-04T00:22:54.956-05:00Preserving our local records<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Sometimes when you hear that something has never been done, or cannot be done, it makes you even more determined to do it. That's what happened with a project that involved preserving the county records in Cooke County, Texas.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">A woman named Darlene decided that she wanted to have records in her county courthouse digitized, indexed, and made available online to help people with their family history. She decided to get a team ready and just do it. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>The process</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">1. FamilySearch had been to the county 40 years earlier and had microfilmed many of the records. But there were many more to </span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">do. Darlene contacted FamilySearch to see if they would be willing to digitize the records.</span> </span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Normally the contact is made between FamilySearch and the
record repository. We were told by FamilySearch that a project like this had never been
done by citizens who were not associated with the repository or with
FamilySearch, but they stated that they would send a camera if the county agreed.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">2. Darlene started recruiting people at local genealogical societies, churches, and other groups to build a team.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">3. </span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Darlene chose a few people that included longtime county residents as well as experienced genealogists to meet with officials at the county courthouse </span>to see if they would agree to have their records digitized and allow our team to do it. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">4. I contacted FamilySearch and asked for additional suggestions on what to present to the courthouse officials.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">5. I went through the FamilySearch records to see what had already been microfilmed. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">6. The team went to the courthouse and asked if they wanted their records preserved for free. There was some hesitation until they heard our plan, then the courthouse officials were enthusiastic. The team toured the courthouse to see what records were available. Courthouse officials said we also needed to ask the County Commissioners for their approval.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">7. The team went to the County Commissioners and received approval.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">8. FamilySearch and the county agreed on what records FamilySearch would be allowed to digitize.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">9. A space was cleared in the county courthouse, and FamilySearch sent a camera. I housed the camera operator (who was a lovely young woman) in my home for the months that it took to complete the project.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">10. Darlene led the digitization project. She recruited her team to carefully prepare the documents for digitizing. The entire project took several months. We are very grateful to the many volunteers who helped preserve these records.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">11. While the digitization was continuing Darlene and I contacted FamilySearch and said that we wanted to index the images. We mentioned the records we wanted to do, which included marriages, probates, and deeds. We were told that we may not be able to index some of the records. I assured FamilySearch that we had people who could complete the project and that I would lead the indexing effort.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">12. FamilySearch agreed to all of the indexing requests, and I received a phone call today </span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">saying that some records were ready for indexing. I was asked when we wanted the records available. I asked for an email about the records and said, "Please release them tomorrow."</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The email arrived within minutes:</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDnIcEEaj08ZLduPcNl1Lhr2sh1jtQRcurk8XQvdcVpbgiAF4xwODb-dDccb3SDXDhe_PnigNp9HO0gOXS-vNnptfxjCRCVq-22sUY6I5ocLx9h7E_nHoum81dgsXExNVSNUdrZ4pBDQQ/s1600/indexing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="189" data-original-width="442" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDnIcEEaj08ZLduPcNl1Lhr2sh1jtQRcurk8XQvdcVpbgiAF4xwODb-dDccb3SDXDhe_PnigNp9HO0gOXS-vNnptfxjCRCVq-22sUY6I5ocLx9h7E_nHoum81dgsXExNVSNUdrZ4pBDQQ/s640/indexing.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">So tomorrow these records will be available for anyone in the world to index. Please join us! What a great way to start the new year!</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>How to help</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">To participate in this or any other project at FamilySearch indexing, please go to http://www.familysearch.org/indexing/ and create an account if you don't already have one. Sign in, then click Web Indexing. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">In the "My Batches" section, click the Open Batch button next to Guided Tour--Introduction to Indexing.</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAUJuNQr4mw1mR10seu8ugkMlFNIN3hJcdTHUjprQ4IEmARMMbGE_d2N2XUo0CKjb5m-COfR_cTOh_kUAJ_BTrmJWwFCOEYg-1akwr21fkY2j-a0LiNUQqOThM6vpM6B8kNakizkp9mqY/s1600/my+batches.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="255" data-original-width="509" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAUJuNQr4mw1mR10seu8ugkMlFNIN3hJcdTHUjprQ4IEmARMMbGE_d2N2XUo0CKjb5m-COfR_cTOh_kUAJ_BTrmJWwFCOEYg-1akwr21fkY2j-a0LiNUQqOThM6vpM6B8kNakizkp9mqY/s640/my+batches.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">When you are ready to index, click the blue Find Batches button:</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy8Sp8iueMAY030mB96x-Yz1t3tEzni-P0e7XYOuuCg0siam2-DTqEDLMCzsDJw9TRG8UwR7713zEG0WPIgkevcJc6Ie7WE_f7w8_BmJEPloLd7ud6Snh7kkXXWIXn_NytIvYLaukj8Ao/s1600/find+batches.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="470" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy8Sp8iueMAY030mB96x-Yz1t3tEzni-P0e7XYOuuCg0siam2-DTqEDLMCzsDJw9TRG8UwR7713zEG0WPIgkevcJc6Ie7WE_f7w8_BmJEPloLd7ud6Snh7kkXXWIXn_NytIvYLaukj8Ao/s640/find+batches.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">You will see the following screen. </span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimQ0JsnP2GO_AJSQgpu-ZNKZUhC0HyRaJ5jK3Ak1IrerBfEi8oA5Ep09X2CiI_rIN8i-NcJy5RDu0Z3OJHW2ffvgm2hI31TJl3uMncyGGzZGard9FnlBaU8TYF-W2TJaNKmrpuJGNZFYs/s1600/difficulty.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="434" data-original-width="735" height="376" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimQ0JsnP2GO_AJSQgpu-ZNKZUhC0HyRaJ5jK3Ak1IrerBfEi8oA5Ep09X2CiI_rIN8i-NcJy5RDu0Z3OJHW2ffvgm2hI31TJl3uMncyGGzZGard9FnlBaU8TYF-W2TJaNKmrpuJGNZFYs/s640/difficulty.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">You can select one of the projects you see
or you can specify a difficulty level, location, language, or time
period. If you are new to indexing, you might want to start with a
beginning difficulty level. The Cooke County, Texas, land and probate
records will NOT be a beginning level project.</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">You don't have to be specific when searching by location. Below we entered "texas" to find any projects relating to Texas. Until the Cooke County records are released tomorrow, there are currently no Texas projects.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzYgQA-tHRKbWhLC_34EqNngd866ItssAlgpreavadlJL1G7LoOpEORU7A0Z77g3k0oh6HfDHEggpLghpWj5zWfpsAzMOEyKqh_MUr2f4JqvnaucMT9epFiRCqMkqpKrSL34eiGm7Sor0/s1600/location.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="435" data-original-width="735" height="378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzYgQA-tHRKbWhLC_34EqNngd866ItssAlgpreavadlJL1G7LoOpEORU7A0Z77g3k0oh6HfDHEggpLghpWj5zWfpsAzMOEyKqh_MUr2f4JqvnaucMT9epFiRCqMkqpKrSL34eiGm7Sor0/s640/location.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">You can index any project of your choice, and you don't have to be perfect. All indexing is reviewed before it is finalized, and nobody can tell who did the indexing. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">If you are good at reading handwriting, please help us with the Cooke County, Texas records.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">There will be many more records to index in the near future, and we greatly appreciate the efforts of anyone who wants to help.</span></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Make a difference</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">It doesn't matter if something has never been done before, and it doesn't matter if you are told that something cannot be done. Many volunteers in Cooke County, Texas, are pulling off a large project that illustrates that. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">We are
starting a new year. Think about what you would like to see that will
help you and future generations find their family history. </span> </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">If you would like to preserve your local records, listen to the interview with Steve Waters from FamilySearch at the website below. The interview starts at about the 10:45 minute position:</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">http://extremegenes.com/episode-185-familysearch-ready-to-digitize-your-local-records-utah-man-finds-family-history-gold-in-new-zealand-book-case/</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Go for it! Together we can all leave a lasting legacy for future generations.</span><br />
<br />Linda Jonashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00245944818580411111noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7064587737424586464.post-47070350681057565322018-01-01T01:15:00.003-05:002018-01-06T14:27:17.539-05:00Have a DNA test? Free health reports offer is extended!<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">If you took a DNA test and recently received your results, it is not too late to get a free health report.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">I was just helping someone do a last-minute raw data upload to Promethease to get a free health report for the DNA results they recently received. It was New Year's Eve, and it was hitting midnight. I hoped we weren't too late. I checked Promethase, and the offer was still there. As soon as we loaded the file, I saw a new message.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgupP9RpopVPMT8LZxQEpGkRYSlqSrpb93-YLfuNblmBgXgYNpJrH9hNW6NvmgBHUHt2kDYzEjpgDs9xyqUEcAfI3PmDwDNzNiT7kqcYeea5rRfa_mna0IvauQnddo51p49PL2rB-5oBMU/s1600/promethease.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Promethease offer" border="0" data-original-height="70" data-original-width="780" height="56" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgupP9RpopVPMT8LZxQEpGkRYSlqSrpb93-YLfuNblmBgXgYNpJrH9hNW6NvmgBHUHt2kDYzEjpgDs9xyqUEcAfI3PmDwDNzNiT7kqcYeea5rRfa_mna0IvauQnddo51p49PL2rB-5oBMU/s640/promethease.jpg" title="Promethease offer" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">If you don't know what this offer is, please read my blog post <a href="http://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2017/12/get-free-health-reports-for-your-dna.html" target="_blank">Get free health reports for your DNA test!</a></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">You have 15 extra days to get your free report! </span>Linda Jonashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00245944818580411111noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7064587737424586464.post-81881483489490620792017-12-28T16:02:00.043-05:002021-08-21T01:55:27.683-04:00Getting more from Family Tree DNA Family Finder<br />
<span><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Updated 20 Aug 2021</b></span><br /></span><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">I have seen lots of questions about how to get the most from Family Tree DNA's Family Finder test, so we will examine a little about how to use it. </span><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">We will start by looking at the three major types of DNA tests, set up your FTDNA account for any type of test, and then see how these settings and other tools can maximize the benefits of the Family Finder matching system.</span><br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Different kinds of DNA tests</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">There are three major kinds of DNA tests commonly used for genealogy: Y-DNA, mitochondrial DNA, and autosomal DNA. Family Tree DNA offers all three types of tests. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The Y-DNA test can only be done by males because only males have a Y chromosome. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">The Y chromosome is inherited from the man's father, and in many cultures the surname is also passed from father to son. So the Y-DNA test can be great for finding more about your surname line. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from your maternal line (your mother's mother's mother . . .). Both men and women have their mother's mitochondrial DNA, but only women can pass it to their children. </span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4yXThTuS3XeG3rzn9nY0DkrhxWf3mX4JD89PTVqis-eBKTps2wNMcEWXcqs8OF2e7U8RPoeLZTOb7gKAAzwrpSYHT6jUInWTUojRm6c2St52XWzwFZYWdNU5gSDyY2EBe9Y13bXya5SA/s1600/y+and+mito.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="dna inheritance" border="0" data-original-height="308" data-original-width="698" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4yXThTuS3XeG3rzn9nY0DkrhxWf3mX4JD89PTVqis-eBKTps2wNMcEWXcqs8OF2e7U8RPoeLZTOb7gKAAzwrpSYHT6jUInWTUojRm6c2St52XWzwFZYWdNU5gSDyY2EBe9Y13bXya5SA/s640/y+and+mito.jpg" title="Y-DNA and mitochondrial DNA" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Inheritance of the Y chromosome highlighted in blue; mitochondrial DNA in red</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Y-DNA and mitochondrial DNA are inherited intact from the parent with only occasional mutations. These tests can tell you about modern as well as ancient ancestry.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Autosomal DNA is different. You inherited autosomal DNA from both of your parents. So you have portions of the DNA of all of the people on the chart above, including all those ancestors whose names go into the white spaces. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">However, you are carrying less DNA of more distant ancestors (and maybe none at all) because of the way autosomal DNA is inherited.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>What is Family Finder?</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b> </b> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Family Finder is an autosomal DNA test that can be used to trace many of your ancestral lines. It is even more effective if you test multiple relatives. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">You inherit 50% of your DNA from each parent. Of course, this also means that 50% of the DNA of each parent is lost unless you can test the parent or test siblings. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">If you have siblings, they inherited 50% of their DNA from each of your parents, but not the same 50% unless they are identical twins. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Here is an example of what could have been inherited by four siblings. This shows a tiny portion of the DNA of a father, mother, and what was passed down to each of their four children.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvQXs0dg1wJv1rFVpBkKxVoVwS_2KtrW2bpxVHqZOm_QV_wn8bkvqjR-VaCeezQYjt-XoDpNcUVzdm6H2SxpBgpGPgtZwEg6-87tJnWsjzQ006Ts3yTbhvn6VUzoIYuxQGZNQ6lTP4WPg/s1600/inheritance.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="autosomal DNA inheritance" border="0" data-original-height="579" data-original-width="588" height="393" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvQXs0dg1wJv1rFVpBkKxVoVwS_2KtrW2bpxVHqZOm_QV_wn8bkvqjR-VaCeezQYjt-XoDpNcUVzdm6H2SxpBgpGPgtZwEg6-87tJnWsjzQ006Ts3yTbhvn6VUzoIYuxQGZNQ6lTP4WPg/w400-h393/inheritance.jpg" title="Autosomal DNA inheritance" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Parents and four children</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">This illustrates why it is so important to test as many siblings, cousins, and other relatives as you can. Each person inherited portions of your ancestors' DNA that you did not. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">If you test not only yourself but also your relatives, you will be able to find more about your ancestors.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Transferring your results from another company</b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">If you have already tested with another DNA testing company, you may be able to transfer your results to Family Tree DNA to take advantage of its great tools. See the Family Tree DNA page <a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/learn/imports/transfer-autosomal-ancestry/family-tree-dna-family-finder-transfer-program/" target="_blank">Autosomal Transfers</a>.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">If you want to upload your results from another company go to the Family Tree DNA homepage. Click Upload DNA Data at the top of the screen, then click Autosomal DNA and follow the instructions.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2_adW00UsVdltLgkV0pXIjqo2r-Q27yYZmoOxrW2Jk29N-6UT7qbYV-V-DVFMflOduBNeEo9g4feDQBlVG092yEoQib7lO4-g6xdCYCCIA6TGgT6FCeFFyTwDMjlyUN5rDM68vbkW4ZE/s486/atDNA+transfer.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="DNA transfer link" border="0" data-original-height="116" data-original-width="486" height="152" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2_adW00UsVdltLgkV0pXIjqo2r-Q27yYZmoOxrW2Jk29N-6UT7qbYV-V-DVFMflOduBNeEo9g4feDQBlVG092yEoQib7lO4-g6xdCYCCIA6TGgT6FCeFFyTwDMjlyUN5rDM68vbkW4ZE/w640-h152/atDNA+transfer.jpg" title="Transfer autosomal DNA results to FTDNA" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Transfer autosomal DNA results from another company</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">If you already have a Family Tree DNA account, you can transfer your autosomal DNA results from another company. Go to the Add ons & upgrades link at the top of your Family Tree DNA account page. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKRbvckD4NoMElowBFUYpVQ-tiucas9JjjW5wgzp40gMdK5C51niuJ32S0jg_DXS1xlFQ195EW8a_Jv55eKUq300P6hTLiMm9ASyNn3MEHNvn7b-nDaNbMv97cp53MasLNID-v14eHCHQ/s204/add+ons.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="add ons and upgrades" border="0" data-original-height="70" data-original-width="204" height="110" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKRbvckD4NoMElowBFUYpVQ-tiucas9JjjW5wgzp40gMdK5C51niuJ32S0jg_DXS1xlFQ195EW8a_Jv55eKUq300P6hTLiMm9ASyNn3MEHNvn7b-nDaNbMv97cp53MasLNID-v14eHCHQ/w320-h110/add+ons.jpg" title="Add ons & upgrades" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Add ons and upgrades</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Then scroll down to the DNA Transfer Options and upload your file.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnY6ON5sfGjbyRmSQxlkY1Gi3ynP5mX55i7XvhR33GqgMEaasuXpO_j25P3kQXa8akz8nFHSJDGUeianYEYmOnOHHwFZG4WnOf4WkCEOGA_xiwhD5c06lRHGmXBUdnKy8eqGPUCKmHggI/s932/DNA+transfer.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="280" data-original-width="932" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnY6ON5sfGjbyRmSQxlkY1Gi3ynP5mX55i7XvhR33GqgMEaasuXpO_j25P3kQXa8akz8nFHSJDGUeianYEYmOnOHHwFZG4WnOf4WkCEOGA_xiwhD5c06lRHGmXBUdnKy8eqGPUCKmHggI/w640-h192/DNA+transfer.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Transfer DNA to Family Tree DNA</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Ordering the Family Finder test</b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">If you have not yet taken an autosomal DNA test, you can order the Family Finder from the Family Tree DNA homepage:</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXn7lqzQtoLEpo2YidGclj8K31gySgPTyTD5jbyZdmctfUP6yuDq9IEA29MXFrm2T0BVz2Bl04uXbExFnhaC0G678BUQfw2x9HLILfHNxLvY8uimoPyni4-UltXLHWfF1TGhyphenhyphenCgIC7B24/s490/order+Family+Finder.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Order Family Finder DNA test" border="0" data-original-height="292" data-original-width="490" height="382" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXn7lqzQtoLEpo2YidGclj8K31gySgPTyTD5jbyZdmctfUP6yuDq9IEA29MXFrm2T0BVz2Bl04uXbExFnhaC0G678BUQfw2x9HLILfHNxLvY8uimoPyni4-UltXLHWfF1TGhyphenhyphenCgIC7B24/w640-h382/order+Family+Finder.jpg" title="Order Family Finder test" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Order Family Finder</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Now that you have ordered the Family Finder test from FTDNA, let's see how to get the best results.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Start by adding information in the Account Settings.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Family Tree DNA account settings</span></b><br />
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">As stated above, Family Tree DNA offers more than just the Family Finder test. Family Tree DNA will store your DNA so that you can later order additional tests such as Y-DNA or mitochondrial DNA. </span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">If you correct the Family Tree DNA account settings, you can get the most out of any of your tests. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">First, log
into www.familytreedna.com (or www.ftdna.com -- they both work) with your
kit number and password. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Next, click on your name in the upper-right of
the screen to bring up the drop-down menu.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Click Account Settings.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYyJTXuFyf60BEGdi7yyd1VTGqy3RJWk7vzMHp_wmT-s-hkYMPG9CcFY1yQ4_qvaamf0t3miOw5FR3gqBBQ8JHMuAMz97p20OV92f0M3tkq4wxDwI6ghZU2N3nQZ75p-szRzkRDZ3Qlio/s414/account+settings.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="FTDNA account settings" border="0" data-original-height="414" data-original-width="399" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYyJTXuFyf60BEGdi7yyd1VTGqy3RJWk7vzMHp_wmT-s-hkYMPG9CcFY1yQ4_qvaamf0t3miOw5FR3gqBBQ8JHMuAMz97p20OV92f0M3tkq4wxDwI6ghZU2N3nQZ75p-szRzkRDZ3Qlio/w308-h320/account+settings.jpg" title="Account settings" width="308" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Account Settings</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>
<div><span style="font-size: large;">You will
see the following tabs. You will want to click each one of them.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNnvRRYIMVwafWlpNIwwwAhUQdZDIZa85a2WRJvs0k5mvwghKdrnKWaEXKBB0X5-HgNy9D1SJavwXLnJzmwKzI-0zDP06xCwVN-FxCsHzE46lBakojACKA6mBaNkIXD4khwclrCgWaU7o/s1232/settings.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Account settings tabs" border="0" data-original-height="170" data-original-width="1232" height="88" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNnvRRYIMVwafWlpNIwwwAhUQdZDIZa85a2WRJvs0k5mvwghKdrnKWaEXKBB0X5-HgNy9D1SJavwXLnJzmwKzI-0zDP06xCwVN-FxCsHzE46lBakojACKA6mBaNkIXD4khwclrCgWaU7o/w640-h88/settings.jpg" title="Account settings tabs" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Account Settings</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div>
<div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Account information</b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">The Account Information tab has additional options:</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdQfAW1TQqr2iNff83sALcaHlMmWVyC7TJw60Uiw_3PaUv1BK3kInesQdt63DnP0ghuO0i2Wa5s-ILJ9hHYesRXU1ZUfn6JnPgOTxtG6aPb-ORLzyse_AAU_yYHIQRfJGnvfE7wAHkKfM/s879/contact.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="contact information" border="0" data-original-height="248" data-original-width="879" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdQfAW1TQqr2iNff83sALcaHlMmWVyC7TJw60Uiw_3PaUv1BK3kInesQdt63DnP0ghuO0i2Wa5s-ILJ9hHYesRXU1ZUfn6JnPgOTxtG6aPb-ORLzyse_AAU_yYHIQRfJGnvfE7wAHkKfM/w640-h180/contact.jpg" title="Contact information" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Contact Information</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div>
<span style="font-size: large;">On
the Contact Information tab, make sure that your email address is
correct so that people on your list of matches can contact you. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Make
sure that your mailing address is current in case Family Tree DNA needs
to send you another kit [some of my relatives are now on their second DNA sample because I have run so many tests in the past].</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">You may want to add a profile photo because people are more likely to contact someone with a photo.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">On
the Contact Information tab there is a also a section called My Personal Story. Here is
where you can post links to your online family trees and any other information you
think is important. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Next, click the Beneficiary Information, and enter the contact information for someone who can take over your account when, at some time in the future, you are no longer able to do it. Remember, you are setting up for the long term!</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Genealogy</b></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">On the
Genealogy tab you will want to pay special attention to both links:
the Surnames and the Earliest Known Ancestors link.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv6rk9rFs17NMJjeIlNFc5pMhyCEn52KIiubs-kJ6m9YakVkVMTPvtS4m0WlvK4db0JzNafO9Foomz5oYbtiGyIvsqjeb7P8EFFAHZUwKg9WZISa7yP4CcMNjnWwrYoACWGYUzL5tK4QE/s644/genealogy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Surnames and Earliest Known Ancestors" border="0" data-original-height="266" data-original-width="644" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv6rk9rFs17NMJjeIlNFc5pMhyCEn52KIiubs-kJ6m9YakVkVMTPvtS4m0WlvK4db0JzNafO9Foomz5oYbtiGyIvsqjeb7P8EFFAHZUwKg9WZISa7yP4CcMNjnWwrYoACWGYUzL5tK4QE/w640-h264/genealogy.jpg" title="Surnames and Earliest Known Ancestors" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Genealogy tab</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">It's easy to start with the
Earliest Known Ancestors. There is a section for Direct Paternal and
Direct Maternal. These are for Y-DNA and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). You may be taking one, or both, of these tests in the future.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">In
the Direct Paternal section, enter the name of your most distant
known ancestor on your father's side (your father's father's father's
father . . .). This is the name that will appear on all Y-DNA projects. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Enter a name, date, and place. Here's an example: "James Thompson,
b. 1750 Maryland." </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">In the Direct Maternal you enter your mother's
mother's mother . . .). This name will appear on all mitochondrial DNA
projects.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">The
Surnames section is for autosomal DNA (the Family Finder test). Here you
will add and edit surname information that allows you to make better matches. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">After you add your family tree, spend some time in this section!</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhchO6033vAIrV_YA88DXrc1jRirNwE4Dv8dbXU-P0mOxs-XGCb6We8kBbUzBUReSWSNn64IMFUayDNzIxfcqFfI3-bkC7v4FuVB741-_LTTDEKAZSfgtE5E4hBwNdZj3YJRTgnNpcpkMc/s1579/surnames+list.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="surnames and locations" border="0" data-original-height="585" data-original-width="1579" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhchO6033vAIrV_YA88DXrc1jRirNwE4Dv8dbXU-P0mOxs-XGCb6We8kBbUzBUReSWSNn64IMFUayDNzIxfcqFfI3-bkC7v4FuVB741-_LTTDEKAZSfgtE5E4hBwNdZj3YJRTgnNpcpkMc/w640-h238/surnames+list.jpg" title="Add surnames and locations" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Surnames and locations</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">Then,
click Privacy and Sharing. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigTMo56Dvm-wPdsLrWg9zs1gG7NnTpk9XYUsFpvg5TbT4xr0ag5SgmnM-AZFDPrVK_qx8CI5HXx0SLOJsEPY1nerMOJljYp0TOJaNpfKsO8F9wPeSH6iSeddTTsMsghc8QZaYfiW0WuMA/s675/Privacy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="privacy and sharing" border="0" data-original-height="137" data-original-width="675" height="130" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigTMo56Dvm-wPdsLrWg9zs1gG7NnTpk9XYUsFpvg5TbT4xr0ag5SgmnM-AZFDPrVK_qx8CI5HXx0SLOJsEPY1nerMOJljYp0TOJaNpfKsO8F9wPeSH6iSeddTTsMsghc8QZaYfiW0WuMA/w640-h130/Privacy.jpg" title="Privacy and sharing" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Privacy and Sharing</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span>This section has a large number of options. You may want to c</span>hange most of the default privacy settings.</span><span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">One of the most important settings is Opt in to matching. Our results are
only useful when we compare them to others.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLqaS4yCgJbohKmyXDrlcP6g8Qlmw-9USj7OnY3f3x4T9mseCcbkAknYzmJuwvE98pWVU9tJsBdGlP0LJAr1npyWIhqJVxDsNqSprM8jf9_LykkhM4KRcycqw_HPwToMFNqlXjQtSiEaM/s1368/opt+in.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="opt into matching" border="0" data-original-height="246" data-original-width="1368" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLqaS4yCgJbohKmyXDrlcP6g8Qlmw-9USj7OnY3f3x4T9mseCcbkAknYzmJuwvE98pWVU9tJsBdGlP0LJAr1npyWIhqJVxDsNqSprM8jf9_LykkhM4KRcycqw_HPwToMFNqlXjQtSiEaM/w640-h116/opt+in.jpg" title="Opt in to matching" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Opt in to matching</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">The essential family tree</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">It is critical for
autosomal DNA (FTDNA's Family Finder test) to add a family tree to your account because you will be trying to
find matches on all of your ancestral lines. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Family
Trees are very important for Y-DNA and mitochondrial DNA, too. For example, below is a
portion of the Thompson surname project at Family Tree DNA. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Notice that
on the DNA Results page of Y-DNA surname projects all you can see is the
name of the most distant known ancestor. It appears in the Paternal
Ancestor Name column. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">The name that appears is the information that each
man entered into the Earliest Known Ancestors setting above. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">You can see
the ancestor's name, but you can't see how each man is related to his
ancestor.</span><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Family Tree DNA surname project" border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="968" height="355" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxffND1tRTXKav-NntHPaMo5Hsd6H_O0XuQbw7ZOIEFiD1_mMGiZxe-PjvrGRglp2N39eweNgJRIulZF9tzwCYnbOdehvpWoglpVP35pweNzMaURrvjw3KNDGBcgWpoXfyFCSKnOYd5vw/s640/proj13.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="DNA Surname Project" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">FTDNA surname project</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxffND1tRTXKav-NntHPaMo5Hsd6H_O0XuQbw7ZOIEFiD1_mMGiZxe-PjvrGRglp2N39eweNgJRIulZF9tzwCYnbOdehvpWoglpVP35pweNzMaURrvjw3KNDGBcgWpoXfyFCSKnOYd5vw/s1600/proj13.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">However, you
can see family trees for all of your matches if they have added one to
their account and have made their tree public.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">To see if your Family Finder matches have family trees, go to the Autosomal DNA Results & Tools section.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Click on Family Finder Matches.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB2IkmJlfBfWovnRhUtA6bqh0I89liZJENqRyAqtO02rjRXmU5hlrjxreXOpm8V78_-IiURKV5HXNlFkflSlQLxdRDWe-tSHTvwKAt5_W4glgGlHMdERlTtmZOyQtc-NMLdcTw-FahaDc/s1105/autosomal.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Family Finder matches" border="0" data-original-height="413" data-original-width="1105" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB2IkmJlfBfWovnRhUtA6bqh0I89liZJENqRyAqtO02rjRXmU5hlrjxreXOpm8V78_-IiURKV5HXNlFkflSlQLxdRDWe-tSHTvwKAt5_W4glgGlHMdERlTtmZOyQtc-NMLdcTw-FahaDc/w640-h240/autosomal.jpg" title="Family Finder matches" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Family Finder Matches</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">There are two ways to show your matches--the detail view and the Table View.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfIbFvZUxussViMk0PsIt8EPryPzCcHGisfE1-WOHHASMtluDvViNxhH-oD3GP_IEIwAuIu2tqxsGrW0s55gnXaJ6CRAeghQBY-lCpd5Bn68Ol1DKQi-xBXQlbD9omHH2JsFnqKDz1JMQ/s511/Table+view.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Family Finder match viewing options" border="0" data-original-height="155" data-original-width="511" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfIbFvZUxussViMk0PsIt8EPryPzCcHGisfE1-WOHHASMtluDvViNxhH-oD3GP_IEIwAuIu2tqxsGrW0s55gnXaJ6CRAeghQBY-lCpd5Bn68Ol1DKQi-xBXQlbD9omHH2JsFnqKDz1JMQ/w640-h194/Table+view.jpg" title="Match viewing options" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Viewing options</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Here is one person on a list of matches. This person is shown in the Table View. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="DNA match shown in Table View" border="0" data-original-height="85" data-original-width="1739" height="32" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSsX_DwtYwcUyXr8ZWBHvw1on-ifSAHdhYfUDgj8QlK2qi4ycT3sbRtqMkyO6DbdBnRyYB6l-Y5KDOIBtA60ngjswNWlv5R3pwGX5G7ATdUMY27cuwyOZN-_-Y4LVgrOvxv0JJEqz7I0I/w640-h32/tree+and+surnames.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="DNA match shown in Table View" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Table view</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Your match list will show a family tree symbol if the person submitted a family tree.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">This match is showing the Detail View. The family tree symbol is in the upper right.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf-gUoVVJub0tvW_eMuD0uZb646pW7K6VYVPpUYwqhDznmT3cmv8908DuQ4PaCEqrsqBMZjndVQedxEhRpD863BtB4LFpTg7UG2iRjSLHOrhjXjWl5SYXpz71xAOiuj_qEpiNVTtmXnvk/s1855/tree+symbol.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Detail view with Family Tree symbol" border="0" data-original-height="213" data-original-width="1855" height="74" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf-gUoVVJub0tvW_eMuD0uZb646pW7K6VYVPpUYwqhDznmT3cmv8908DuQ4PaCEqrsqBMZjndVQedxEhRpD863BtB4LFpTg7UG2iRjSLHOrhjXjWl5SYXpz71xAOiuj_qEpiNVTtmXnvk/w640-h74/tree+symbol.jpg" title="Detail view and Family Tree symbol" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Family tree symbol in match list</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">If you click the tree icon you
can see their tree. </span></div><div><div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Family trees are absolutely essential to DNA
testing, so you will want to create one immediately and keep it updated
as you make new discoveries. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">A Family Tree is vital to the Family Finder test.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Building your family tree</span></b><br />
<br /></div>
<div>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">Log into your Family Tree DNA account. On the top of your screen click on Family Tree.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyUtg_IpllJ5sx9LmkMnnSOEG0lsHmUF_DQTs4hPOs5Q2fSQ48gEp1458INNuVMDcXIwSAtnrOTMOIrh93enSfyKvmAms9qRPtKxEXVX11Mewvu8ruu7AHdQOLFE2zfp4nTfUqVZ_T7qM/s944/FTDNA+menu.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Family Tree link" border="0" data-original-height="110" data-original-width="944" height="74" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyUtg_IpllJ5sx9LmkMnnSOEG0lsHmUF_DQTs4hPOs5Q2fSQ48gEp1458INNuVMDcXIwSAtnrOTMOIrh93enSfyKvmAms9qRPtKxEXVX11Mewvu8ruu7AHdQOLFE2zfp4nTfUqVZ_T7qM/w640-h74/FTDNA+menu.jpg" title="Link to Family Tree" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Family Tree</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">You will be taken to this screen where you can build your online family tree:</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmbUbIaVKDch_iYfpFRpWa-kCbg6I_uowX3-WhePUQzSa0Z-94BW57B2OItMZIrn7Vp1kxlJvgczvxE2JLPob40jzjNH2h6SwxFhZUwr4ave6rrvKV_FQ52SlTjpnRH9AzNqRlbSNH6Eo/s585/create+tree.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Options to create family tree" border="0" data-original-height="525" data-original-width="585" height="359" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmbUbIaVKDch_iYfpFRpWa-kCbg6I_uowX3-WhePUQzSa0Z-94BW57B2OItMZIrn7Vp1kxlJvgczvxE2JLPob40jzjNH2h6SwxFhZUwr4ave6rrvKV_FQ52SlTjpnRH9AzNqRlbSNH6Eo/w400-h359/create+tree.jpg" title="Create your family tree" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Start your family tree</span></td></tr></tbody></table>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">Click Create Tree.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Start with yourself and then add your parents, grandparents, etc.
Add as much birth and death information as you can. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">You can also add
descendants of all of your ancestors--the more, the better! </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">You will be
using this tree for all of your DNA tests including Family Finder, Y-DNA, and mitochondrial
DNA.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Adding
each ancestor one-by-one is fine if this is your first tree, but what if
you already have a family tree? You certainly don't want to start over
from scratch!</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">If you
have a family tree in a genealogical software program or in an online
database, in most cases you can export your tree and upload it to other
software programs or websites. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">You will be using something called a
GEDCOM file which stands for GEnealogical Data COMmunications.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Exporting a tree from Ancestry.com</span></b><br />
<br /></div>
<span><b style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">
Since a large number of people have family trees at Ancestry.com, I will
show you how export your Ancestry family tree and load it to Family Tree
DNA.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Log into
your Ancestry.com account. Click on the Trees tab, then select the tree
you want to export. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">For example, you named one of your trees "DNA tree," and that is the
one you want to add to your Family Tree DNA account.</span><br /><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Ancestry.com family tree" border="0" data-original-height="131" data-original-width="516" height="101" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQrW2g1x6Tvt5fzzZGAhgV2QPS9jwsqyNUrdbOOj-0XTuj-vqPHJjQf7S2l1t6_wMrBYABNYei7AgQLNPRKBE6CvnJK2qz_N2T1qc_8mK_YrFVQAw8C_oMgp2Js9VHVY9F9aEcwKqA1MQ/w400-h101/setup8.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Ancestry family tree" width="400" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Find tree you want to download</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQrW2g1x6Tvt5fzzZGAhgV2QPS9jwsqyNUrdbOOj-0XTuj-vqPHJjQf7S2l1t6_wMrBYABNYei7AgQLNPRKBE6CvnJK2qz_N2T1qc_8mK_YrFVQAw8C_oMgp2Js9VHVY9F9aEcwKqA1MQ/s1600/setup8.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">Next, click on the name of your tree, then click Tree Settings in the drop-down menu.</span><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Click on tree settings" border="0" data-original-height="310" data-original-width="329" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQHGFs7O3WjHcxMKd50jZk_z5oZTGoKMUX_IVJQAmGcxRP8UmougXiIV3tbVMidxzmXMEMDyowTIHSonPRLZ0PpvKm7-VT0bQEa26F1ehp0P-BDMba2V-3kDq54qbN6u6rlDLFY4i_jUI/w320-h301/setup9.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Click on Tree Settings" width="320" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tree Settings</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">Once
you are on the Tree Settings page look at the right side of the screen,
and scroll down until you see the "Manage your tree" section. Click
Export Tree.</span><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="export family tree" border="0" data-original-height="272" data-original-width="371" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiex9bj8_SCwA092luCoQBWSPy7XRe8wWmFBXLnoq0lKqQ2Lv4Y2yBtIV175om7gjSxdgovPPAGhyphenhyphenPncukQxDxxoQGu-ptUfANlj1liQeFXaBfVxgBJ0wdjfQHsGupBnN1KwWpZd7f7jnk/s320/setup10.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Exporting Ancestry tree" width="320" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Export Tree</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">This will start the process of downloading a GEDCOM file for you.</span><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Generate GEDCOM" border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="377" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEialGfYkuvK8ju0paDnhBIEQ1Mn48iIJpGxt6ic3I1vtqWbeqi3fEvSPA8Q593cxku9AGrtqOS4gDZY7lMusE6EFTMYGxltV_p5wlYsSTXOFQ0zDb2kzCBrkUyXJiMBOVdENOlVpP80gJ8/w320-h304/setup11.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Generate GEDCOM" width="320" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Generating GEDCOM</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEialGfYkuvK8ju0paDnhBIEQ1Mn48iIJpGxt6ic3I1vtqWbeqi3fEvSPA8Q593cxku9AGrtqOS4gDZY7lMusE6EFTMYGxltV_p5wlYsSTXOFQ0zDb2kzCBrkUyXJiMBOVdENOlVpP80gJ8/s1600/setup11.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a></div>
<div>
<br /><span style="font-size: large;">Once the processing has finished you will see this ink:</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="download GEDCOM" border="0" data-original-height="198" data-original-width="372" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpU1-YS9VR_zGvJxcYl85FVRtHDdo4GUozBq66KCGxmoqW7FvgZiGxYgi3tUco9B3FTdUH4AZJmUgPgF8dgbVHuGjuod0f3nnl3NpcPXB0v9bxGpGB07tFgVsanNu7ZExZzYxGEcB2dKs/w320-h170/setup12.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Download GEDCOM file" width="320" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Download GEDCOM</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpU1-YS9VR_zGvJxcYl85FVRtHDdo4GUozBq66KCGxmoqW7FvgZiGxYgi3tUco9B3FTdUH4AZJmUgPgF8dgbVHuGjuod0f3nnl3NpcPXB0v9bxGpGB07tFgVsanNu7ZExZzYxGEcB2dKs/s1600/setup12.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">Click
Download Your GEDCOM File. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">This file will be downloaded to your default
download folder (usually the "Downloads" folder on your computer). </span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">The
file name will be the name of your tree followed by .ged.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Uploading your GEDCOM to Family Tree DNA</span></b><br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">Now,
again, log into your Family Tree DNA account. On the top left of your
screen click on Family Tree.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOjUnjVMWCYbuVwJrDJCASfxD9Be41AOhys6a6-suWpdiFRzqlVH6INBlYjXPiBv_sp3x99B8ISAROE9wNnbwPM5reWtFMP7wOFZA22OkRz2Vlm5HCNmxXjMjkQk4u-AkzwcqrnpE2ZPY/s795/Family+Tree.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="FTDNA family tree" border="0" data-original-height="91" data-original-width="795" height="74" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOjUnjVMWCYbuVwJrDJCASfxD9Be41AOhys6a6-suWpdiFRzqlVH6INBlYjXPiBv_sp3x99B8ISAROE9wNnbwPM5reWtFMP7wOFZA22OkRz2Vlm5HCNmxXjMjkQk4u-AkzwcqrnpE2ZPY/w640-h74/Family+Tree.jpg" title="FTDNA family tree" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Family Tree</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><div><br /></div><div>On the next screen click
Upload GEDCOM.</div></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFijdlnp8H5LEz0ULdpFD_Tf6_zyYkPt274-r4lfPzZZBRypFC9vtbECqQhXcwitF2RONtHhqKWXbrUTPQAdVCPmAuKy7UyqDDw0h90a8TjTsV91t3WsRPzK0frsckSXI1nOZM8MEQV4c/s585/create+tree.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Upload GEDCOM" border="0" data-original-height="525" data-original-width="585" height="359" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFijdlnp8H5LEz0ULdpFD_Tf6_zyYkPt274-r4lfPzZZBRypFC9vtbECqQhXcwitF2RONtHhqKWXbrUTPQAdVCPmAuKy7UyqDDw0h90a8TjTsV91t3WsRPzK0frsckSXI1nOZM8MEQV4c/w400-h359/create+tree.jpg" title="Click Upload GEDCOM" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Upload GEDCOM</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">Select the file you downloaded. For example, this tree was called "DNA
Tree.ged"</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQMB_gS-X2yVgP_it7sIDKmnNjKVMrPF9YxDkbpzqZCEp9CTDGSqkEI7ZeiieoAH7nkOwJCc3XEgdB-K1Y9F-XPafhKrAd_-iZe_hms-LXycgq4A59ivFG1RpfC9D8J90JplTdqx9S5nI/s1600/dnatree.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="downloaded GEDCOM" border="0" data-original-height="24" data-original-width="583" height="26" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQMB_gS-X2yVgP_it7sIDKmnNjKVMrPF9YxDkbpzqZCEp9CTDGSqkEI7ZeiieoAH7nkOwJCc3XEgdB-K1Y9F-XPafhKrAd_-iZe_hms-LXycgq4A59ivFG1RpfC9D8J90JplTdqx9S5nI/s640/dnatree.jpg" title="Downloaded GEDCOM" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Downloaded GEDCOM file</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span></div>
<br /><span style="font-size: large;">Your family tree will then be loaded into your Family Tree DNA account. </span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEEPaLvfCUIT0ZR-I8YibQYvuEv9MkxI-akgHC_PsBln64McVnq7xcvMQxDELEcDuBrhUFwLNIi_uvOF1YGhxaAilvCtnDC7Gk0dDvUZ-ajM0Emj6kS9sPl662sMjZGzGQUbDwDHQo9b4/s1600/tree+settings.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Examining your matches</span></b><br />
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Now that everything is set up correctly, we will see why this is so important. Let's view the Family Finder matches.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHNNroPGZ_yWS0vOo1ghnTR8rCRSq_ECqngh49hLFzX0xESr-0G9SUskm0pC-7QStpcrm75hgzVCeoplm9HC4S2t27Aeoo-BYu1LQtndhFp1jOZX4Tu1XMXV-63S9mGTfqXtuJ9BFQt90/s835/Matches.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="autosomal DNA matches" border="0" data-original-height="131" data-original-width="835" height="100" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHNNroPGZ_yWS0vOo1ghnTR8rCRSq_ECqngh49hLFzX0xESr-0G9SUskm0pC-7QStpcrm75hgzVCeoplm9HC4S2t27Aeoo-BYu1LQtndhFp1jOZX4Tu1XMXV-63S9mGTfqXtuJ9BFQt90/w640-h100/Matches.jpg" title="Family Finder matches" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Autosomal DNA matches</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: right;"><br /></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">
You will see a list of people who share DNA with you. Here is one person on the list of matches.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie48ZWIRU6nf3OA0eA4-5so6wrkbevocI40K4vhaefCmEpjAX_9NJSLT780LKvqa2xxYkfGz3cFZDnC3iSgLKyUi4xqUQxHXMg4JDWiLjxK6HpUM5O5qyXdl9F74fDDQb6-uKLOwLUqLQ/s1843/match.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="DNA match" border="0" data-original-height="175" data-original-width="1843" height="60" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie48ZWIRU6nf3OA0eA4-5so6wrkbevocI40K4vhaefCmEpjAX_9NJSLT780LKvqa2xxYkfGz3cFZDnC3iSgLKyUi4xqUQxHXMg4JDWiLjxK6HpUM5O5qyXdl9F74fDDQb6-uKLOwLUqLQ/w640-h60/match.jpg" title="DNA match" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">A DNA match</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>Click the person's name to find an email address [the names have been removed on all other images].</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Add notes by clicking the notes symbol.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfJDqp0m0OoBh1HqGBPzwQY5oUP-4Cb7lmn2Wxgs5pQ3b6Vxya0jB4k5c29XXjtihitmpYCebA9DE8X2KPNY6yQcf0IMn9JZgVDxnexEzlOVhzuYJvNkMP-gVuj7pKQGAU9rzb8kh5pkU/s208/note.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="add note" border="0" data-original-height="129" data-original-width="208" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfJDqp0m0OoBh1HqGBPzwQY5oUP-4Cb7lmn2Wxgs5pQ3b6Vxya0jB4k5c29XXjtihitmpYCebA9DE8X2KPNY6yQcf0IMn9JZgVDxnexEzlOVhzuYJvNkMP-gVuj7pKQGAU9rzb8kh5pkU/w320-h198/note.jpg" title="Add note" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Add notes</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"> The family tree symbol looks like this:</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7HV6cWHO-SbQ5SOgYtjmHOMJi0RDlQT2TywxOOaDrS1aGL5aP8YyFYslDo_6Y2aKg7leen4vDXJeGNwqdNonWviX8F3JphcIlpS0lkN5W8UeLmsqfDpbekC1KTyXToiR1WMAEw06_tyE/s179/FT.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="family tree symbol" border="0" data-original-height="126" data-original-width="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7HV6cWHO-SbQ5SOgYtjmHOMJi0RDlQT2TywxOOaDrS1aGL5aP8YyFYslDo_6Y2aKg7leen4vDXJeGNwqdNonWviX8F3JphcIlpS0lkN5W8UeLmsqfDpbekC1KTyXToiR1WMAEw06_tyE/s16000/FT.jpg" title="Family tree link" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Family Tree icon</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">The tree symbol will be solid gray if the person has added a family tree. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">If the person did not add a family tree the symbol will look like this:</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6AlHii99bVC5lOBt7UECOUEdzqmdL9KKy2p6dVm7ktmrVk_2kwMfeef0Mx5GNSufnJ_VTOqR8NcPtC1sChdZjjbcBDUZf3IHdkoeBau-IbgKvuXrLdVBcL5u7whOc7IoaUJugW43MLZY/s186/no+FT.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="No family tree" border="0" data-original-height="118" data-original-width="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6AlHii99bVC5lOBt7UECOUEdzqmdL9KKy2p6dVm7ktmrVk_2kwMfeef0Mx5GNSufnJ_VTOqR8NcPtC1sChdZjjbcBDUZf3IHdkoeBau-IbgKvuXrLdVBcL5u7whOc7IoaUJugW43MLZY/s16000/no+FT.jpg" title="No family tree" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">No Family Tree</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">If the person has a family tree, but it has not been made public, it will look like this:</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Privat family tree" border="0" data-original-height="112" data-original-width="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9bv0bgZnWHVl8WV6Elq8KNz7FFQMQ8uY4wvaBhiyt3tRvhNSaW-_9TsEOoKXnEZr9iWCxXQ9G3eg1uYbedWBB4A54TTtvx5tfEDXR3dUIJST-FhimszTMZjL3QabWo4l36HcNJNqm6YI/s16000/private+tree.jpg" title="Private family tree" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Private Family Tree</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Now let's look at some other matches.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">This person has no family tree, and he did not enter a list of surnames in his account settings:</span><span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin5kAJe_FGWzSynp7BjgV-11zzbDH-90V5fN1Fg3mX_XxR24oh63e0hRNaJiaEiOxk7ddB2JgdCjUDGL2_THd8jWGhuttqGBhHeVc4kas1XR4C19vsqwCa37_AIz8c-xZszhIQvHDOEN0/s1753/no+names.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="No family tree or surnames" border="0" data-original-height="91" data-original-width="1753" height="34" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin5kAJe_FGWzSynp7BjgV-11zzbDH-90V5fN1Fg3mX_XxR24oh63e0hRNaJiaEiOxk7ddB2JgdCjUDGL2_THd8jWGhuttqGBhHeVc4kas1XR4C19vsqwCa37_AIz8c-xZszhIQvHDOEN0/w640-h34/no+names.jpg" title="No surnames or family tree" width="640" /></a></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">No surnames or family tree</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">This person does not have a family tree in his account, but he did enter a list of surnames:</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLFVM3QrV7HlqlSt0i-Jvu29wh_LZ2YguCS6Pt70STNT1sN_2kDNgHkWjrjW05VGpwHp8SZpRZAETb-vQaGEVn8rPKSpqKPBb_LHRsf1nmJtUwUzXIsUXOOr_PmPRDVZH7FR_YHw2ENqw/s1746/surnames+only.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="DNA match with ancestral surnames" border="0" data-original-height="78" data-original-width="1746" height="28" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLFVM3QrV7HlqlSt0i-Jvu29wh_LZ2YguCS6Pt70STNT1sN_2kDNgHkWjrjW05VGpwHp8SZpRZAETb-vQaGEVn8rPKSpqKPBb_LHRsf1nmJtUwUzXIsUXOOr_PmPRDVZH7FR_YHw2ENqw/w640-h28/surnames+only.jpg" title="DNA match with ancestral surnames" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Surnames only</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">The surnames on the left are the ones that he entered in his Account Settings (see above).</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">This person has a family tree and has a list of surnames. This is the ideal match:</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgi7k-QbMd2XxqvpcniZcBVtEFrDQ2pIuh5XKDmzhQfxOix4fOY4JQNO9cd99OkwRz4TQWaRuLIX-1ivTqd5A1xkBCFPVlqvFXjX3NXQLzEYJWJI2v_SPTQyjLKLOH-X02FUSVIhLmAqnQ/s1739/Tree+and+surnames.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="DNA match with Family tree and list of surnames" border="0" data-original-height="89" data-original-width="1739" height="32" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgi7k-QbMd2XxqvpcniZcBVtEFrDQ2pIuh5XKDmzhQfxOix4fOY4JQNO9cd99OkwRz4TQWaRuLIX-1ivTqd5A1xkBCFPVlqvFXjX3NXQLzEYJWJI2v_SPTQyjLKLOH-X02FUSVIhLmAqnQ/w640-h32/Tree+and+surnames.jpg" title="Family Tree and surnames" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Family Tree and surnames</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Improving your match list </b></span><br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">If you have entered a family tree and added a list of surnames (click Account Settings, then the Genealogy tab, then the Surnames tab) your match list will change.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Notice in the match below that some of the surnames are in bold type. These are the surnames that match the ones in your surname list.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_UgkTUeE1a24wd9fT1-bUQogLESt80MfQJewDD3Fg-Kna93Mr7ZYkt5mAuQi-XhNHZxdGJUN11szG9OLiktPlU4Azgq_xcx3CkRt510mDsO_IgR2fAsgLG8d0PeLPoxvOKxgJpsj7eA0/s354/surnames+2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="matching surnames" border="0" data-original-height="155" data-original-width="354" height="140" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_UgkTUeE1a24wd9fT1-bUQogLESt80MfQJewDD3Fg-Kna93Mr7ZYkt5mAuQi-XhNHZxdGJUN11szG9OLiktPlU4Azgq_xcx3CkRt510mDsO_IgR2fAsgLG8d0PeLPoxvOKxgJpsj7eA0/w320-h140/surnames+2.jpg" title="Matching surnames" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Matching surnames in bold</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>Whether or not a person has added a family tree to his/her account, the highlighted surname list makes it far easier to find a common ancestor. You can focus on the surnames that you have in common.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">But it gets much better. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">On your list of matches you can also see whether the person is related to you on your mother's or father's side of the family. </span><br /><br /><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Linking people to your family tree</b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: large;">You can link any match to your family tree. This will allow you to make much better matches.</span><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Go to your family tree, and click Link Matches.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjC_2DP2Y9g0yhyphenhyphenfqZV4XyDznWhARYK0Nk7ahAzwqjrneUYjQ8cHgCb1BhVMuVmXM9SOMzK1GcLVsoAQQvSBd1f8pujaqXyW4WboBNXEyYr4L3KqUnYbmx_EMveazFMJ-bbMuJzNf91kE/s728/link+matches.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="link matches to family tree" border="0" data-original-height="728" data-original-width="478" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjC_2DP2Y9g0yhyphenhyphenfqZV4XyDznWhARYK0Nk7ahAzwqjrneUYjQ8cHgCb1BhVMuVmXM9SOMzK1GcLVsoAQQvSBd1f8pujaqXyW4WboBNXEyYr4L3KqUnYbmx_EMveazFMJ-bbMuJzNf91kE/w421-h640/link+matches.jpg" title="Link matches to tree" width="421" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Link matches to family tree</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Your list of DNA matches will appear. The above image shows the first 10 out of 7985 matches.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">To link any match, click the name and drag it to the same person on your tree.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">You will then see the following screen.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuRJLtMSx6f2IxjQDWHhgbWJd1fPD0_VOVTFl_egxh8KkRKQ8n41uNrn2ibAlWA9AMVeaMo_BXb-Q48mJzwGcrrDiRlCBLdYtFX9_mpg52caevmlxBwU1de_-7yGsXAnQMwFIuMZuiubo/s734/link+to+tree.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="DNA match connected to family tree" border="0" data-original-height="734" data-original-width="628" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuRJLtMSx6f2IxjQDWHhgbWJd1fPD0_VOVTFl_egxh8KkRKQ8n41uNrn2ibAlWA9AMVeaMo_BXb-Q48mJzwGcrrDiRlCBLdYtFX9_mpg52caevmlxBwU1de_-7yGsXAnQMwFIuMZuiubo/w343-h400/link+to+tree.jpg" title="DNA match connected to family tree" width="343" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">DNA match connected to tree</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">You have linked this DNA match to John Phillip in your tree.</span> </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Click the box to confirm the match.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM6Y5dVlixsj9bywxdS8w8VMLehbpREHfjqMdKpqFQTnHbi5yTdqQLnN9IBRp5scf4CESVzS55DLKGBrsEH0RTURUMYEJgjRJQ0pJAT6MkREKnVIyspoVW6ERfjZnehQQH_bjM2nhN6C8/s728/confirm+link.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Confirm DNA match link to family tree" border="0" data-original-height="728" data-original-width="629" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM6Y5dVlixsj9bywxdS8w8VMLehbpREHfjqMdKpqFQTnHbi5yTdqQLnN9IBRp5scf4CESVzS55DLKGBrsEH0RTURUMYEJgjRJQ0pJAT6MkREKnVIyspoVW6ERfjZnehQQH_bjM2nhN6C8/w345-h400/confirm+link.jpg" title="Confirm match link to family tree" width="345" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Confirm link</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Then click Confirm at the bottom</span><span style="font-size: large;">.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">This is how a linked person will appear in your tree.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYSFtDYENJrII87Rbm_PAy2vuhoIkaVvXXJCNnIMZ-NMzZzwAAVs0qVy0aGRjgtikxV-YXz8tzCrKLcrL3YUgGZ8-mtZk05AR0E8T9JlXW9fB2pJis9JN_mV9J-DdY_ddmbvcrY9RZolc/s228/linked+to+tree.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="DNA match linked to tree" border="0" data-original-height="189" data-original-width="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYSFtDYENJrII87Rbm_PAy2vuhoIkaVvXXJCNnIMZ-NMzZzwAAVs0qVy0aGRjgtikxV-YXz8tzCrKLcrL3YUgGZ8-mtZk05AR0E8T9JlXW9fB2pJis9JN_mV9J-DdY_ddmbvcrY9RZolc/s16000/linked+to+tree.jpg" title="DNA match linked to tree" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">DNA match linked to tree</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">The name of the person has been removed from the image. His name starts with the letter R. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">This linked person has taken three kinds of DNA tests as you can see by the colored dots. He has taken a Y-DNA test (blue), Mitochondrial DNA test (red), and Family Finder test (green).</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">What if the name of your DNA match is not yet in your tree?</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Click the name of your match's nearest relative.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDdUmGiZC-9-4JD9e2wUBf0awn9FIUL_OnvElFHi19vOLc363bzrZnUlJcW1PGwZuaEsLZ3NtIXMUM_A_sW5N5MpjJ_qvO5T86F43jL73UTa6ts1bFyKUue63UiF9YnK9yXyG9oaTuIL8/s733/add+relationship.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Click name of relative in family tree" border="0" data-original-height="733" data-original-width="632" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDdUmGiZC-9-4JD9e2wUBf0awn9FIUL_OnvElFHi19vOLc363bzrZnUlJcW1PGwZuaEsLZ3NtIXMUM_A_sW5N5MpjJ_qvO5T86F43jL73UTa6ts1bFyKUue63UiF9YnK9yXyG9oaTuIL8/w345-h400/add+relationship.jpg" title="Click name of relative" width="345" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Click name of relative in family tree</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-size: large;">Add a relationship by clicking the appropriate box.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">To add a son click Add Son. You will see this screen:</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTEGb9f049z0SHtmLpURZFxLR3CvpmUhIPI0f7_WR9utGVLK5ap1-MCaKsV_-uwfH7dC5z48l8R5Mmcna8HuW4Bu198nF5yuhm-sdU6HNxSMw7FniG1HxUNrDn9yOuBlsO1XrlVTxMNL4/s732/add+son.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Enter ancestral details" border="0" data-original-height="732" data-original-width="629" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTEGb9f049z0SHtmLpURZFxLR3CvpmUhIPI0f7_WR9utGVLK5ap1-MCaKsV_-uwfH7dC5z48l8R5Mmcna8HuW4Bu198nF5yuhm-sdU6HNxSMw7FniG1HxUNrDn9yOuBlsO1XrlVTxMNL4/w344-h400/add+son.jpg" title="Enter information about ancestor" width="344" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Enter ancestor's information</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Add the information and click Save.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">If your match was a great-granddaughter of Hugh Smith, you would first add a child. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Then click on the child's name to add the next generation. Then click the name of the grandchild to add your match's name to your tree. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Family Tree DNA uses linked matches to help you determine how other people are related to you</b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Once someone is linked to your family tree, Family Finder will determine how the person is related to you and will go through all of your matches looking for matching DNA segments. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">When it finds matching segments, Family Finder will indicate on your match list whether each person is related on your maternal or paternal side. It's pretty great.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">When you've tested several relatives and linked them to your tree, you will see something like this:</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMrQSy3ACmJJCEZWyM7IKqcHOs9x7I8EUaoZkAF1DfgFrO0IrHIUyeK5XQaDeBCMS415kJFz-dwFFTocPLPlX9jVhIObA5fX0AJmyZgkVOpNNbVUzbLmMYzILovy5ehygQcnw_zlkYbSg/s720/Linked+family+tree.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="DNA matches linked to family tree" border="0" data-original-height="326" data-original-width="720" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMrQSy3ACmJJCEZWyM7IKqcHOs9x7I8EUaoZkAF1DfgFrO0IrHIUyeK5XQaDeBCMS415kJFz-dwFFTocPLPlX9jVhIObA5fX0AJmyZgkVOpNNbVUzbLmMYzILovy5ehygQcnw_zlkYbSg/w640-h290/Linked+family+tree.jpg" title="Matches linked to tree" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">DNA matches linked to family tree</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">In the image above we see a father, mother, a son, and three daughters. In addition, we see the father's brother. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">The father has either not taken a DNA test, or he has not yet been linked to the tree. His brother has taken a Y-DNA test, a mitochondrial DNA test, and the Family Finder test.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">The mother ha</span><span style="font-size: large;">s taken the Family Finder test and a mitochondrial DNA test. The children have all taken the Family Finder. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Here's the best part. Once you have entered your surnames and linked people to your tree, your list of matches will look like this:</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBb_u-MWD_fjAXDaXt8qVKOrfQHi6MfXQFPv7LWTEG5MEO5SBByokxl7WwuiBsFzBeBNko3DTvSUWIKYuWpeju1nV3GQTpWzPaifFm2v-eNXL_3dBtbAWKgl1Esn1p6egLiqmeX0-U1KM/s1395/Match+list.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="DNA match list with relationships" border="0" data-original-height="661" data-original-width="1395" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBb_u-MWD_fjAXDaXt8qVKOrfQHi6MfXQFPv7LWTEG5MEO5SBByokxl7WwuiBsFzBeBNko3DTvSUWIKYuWpeju1nV3GQTpWzPaifFm2v-eNXL_3dBtbAWKgl1Esn1p6egLiqmeX0-U1KM/w640-h304/Match+list.jpg" title="DNA match list with relationships" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Family Finder match list with Maternal and Paternal icons</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">The column headings do not appear in the above image because I scrolled down the page. Here are the headings:</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfKollDvaYmBzI9hkWwSqN4e4_FYttP9b95Dfb2pwE04MvSuBsTGHZLnfH8z1O_5oblJIUrONK2lT15QwECJGrO4ch3kBXRBuMdZO5YYVxaZOXPtBRAOOTMcjppuzJpS24zXjwrfrZTnE/s1740/header.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="53" data-original-width="1740" height="20" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfKollDvaYmBzI9hkWwSqN4e4_FYttP9b95Dfb2pwE04MvSuBsTGHZLnfH8z1O_5oblJIUrONK2lT15QwECJGrO4ch3kBXRBuMdZO5YYVxaZOXPtBRAOOTMcjppuzJpS24zXjwrfrZTnE/w640-h20/header.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Match list column headings</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div></div><div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The Relationship Range column contains the estimated relationship based on how much DNA you share. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><span>Y</span>our actual relationship, based on where you linked that person in your family tree is shown below the estimated relationship.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The red symbol with a woman indicates that this person is related to you on your mother's side of the family. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2mJ2cD8Yd78X-7hl-OU0KZK7F9voLqFTQGorCjsVo2xVCtWsgrgIWFYzb0Iv-gW0Ti7egmSHdZvKLRz574ylWqF1RvzH7rcTL0KHnJjIWQwVZWu6dqXE7nAnVVVCVSy76_TWGcMWHhGw/s96/maternal.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Maternal line symbol" border="0" data-original-height="96" data-original-width="92" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2mJ2cD8Yd78X-7hl-OU0KZK7F9voLqFTQGorCjsVo2xVCtWsgrgIWFYzb0Iv-gW0Ti7egmSHdZvKLRz574ylWqF1RvzH7rcTL0KHnJjIWQwVZWu6dqXE7nAnVVVCVSy76_TWGcMWHhGw/s16000/maternal.jpg" title="Related on maternal line" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Maternal</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">A blue symbol tells you that the person is related on your father's side.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG6c3BBfhvSA27aX2l3iN0C6NxNLU5_Wyzikf-Z9MYkz75A5J1OYcMYQsWSmR20Y1MnD6dchDuA2mc_rP-4XRF-0T6omXB5Tq-HiiGvti65C3yGdM5O5Ku89hia78HlFZBoL1obhSHlF8/s86/paternal.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="paternal line symbol" border="0" data-original-height="84" data-original-width="86" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG6c3BBfhvSA27aX2l3iN0C6NxNLU5_Wyzikf-Z9MYkz75A5J1OYcMYQsWSmR20Y1MnD6dchDuA2mc_rP-4XRF-0T6omXB5Tq-HiiGvti65C3yGdM5O5Ku89hia78HlFZBoL1obhSHlF8/s16000/paternal.jpg" title="Related on paternal line" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Paternal</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-size: large;">Purple indicates that the person is related to you on both sides of the family. You will see this symbol, for example, when you test a full sibling.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio3V_tR-TBHBxdbRX-GxwqRmQpnGB9HRGGMYqQiKSrLl9snyb4q9TdO2pWF3_Nl8NbaOow3N3w6Te8va6rq__cVwi4NKMl_s0JjPV2L3e_52ayZALAI6LCFQ1coqpHHHV7zN9x_N-CSaU/s96/both+sides.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Maternal and paternal symbol" border="0" data-original-height="81" data-original-width="96" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio3V_tR-TBHBxdbRX-GxwqRmQpnGB9HRGGMYqQiKSrLl9snyb4q9TdO2pWF3_Nl8NbaOow3N3w6Te8va6rq__cVwi4NKMl_s0JjPV2L3e_52ayZALAI6LCFQ1coqpHHHV7zN9x_N-CSaU/s16000/both+sides.jpg" title="Related on maternal and paternal lines" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Both sides</td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Finding common ancestors</span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Let's look at an example to see how we can use linked matches to find common ancestors for someone who does not have a family tree.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">By linking other relatives, Family Finder has determined that some of people below are related to you on your mother's side of the family and the others are related on your father's side.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-mbKhqTpW-l_2g-aekSP-Bj3LGuyojPwV9-z3E35XpfhI7XB5o-73RKI5h6xlCFnttqEb8t_a103ulpCnB-jUSMFmXt6qxnlqflbOm4nNR0a5ApsASwwEssHa-H7T-EYtL2hyphenhyphenCrr0JdU/s1395/Maternal-Paternal.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Relationships in DNA match list" border="0" data-original-height="391" data-original-width="1395" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-mbKhqTpW-l_2g-aekSP-Bj3LGuyojPwV9-z3E35XpfhI7XB5o-73RKI5h6xlCFnttqEb8t_a103ulpCnB-jUSMFmXt6qxnlqflbOm4nNR0a5ApsASwwEssHa-H7T-EYtL2hyphenhyphenCrr0JdU/w640-h180/Maternal-Paternal.jpg" title="Relationships in match list" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Relationships in Family Finder match list</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">You can tell which people you have linked to your tree because you will see the actual linked relationship next to the list of surnames. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">The middle three people are estimated to be 2nd to 4th cousin, but the exact relationship is listed for the two that have been linked to the tree.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">For example, based on the amount of DNA shared between you and your match, Family Tree DNA determined that the first person on the list is a 1st to 3rd cousin. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Because the person is linked to the tree, the relationship shows 1st cousin, once removed (1R).</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Most of the people on the list have family trees and/or lists of surnames. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">But what about E C? He doesn't have a tree or a list of surnames. How can you determine how he is related?</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">You can contact him by email, but he is much more likely to respond if you give more information. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">You can see who appears on both your match list and E C's match list to see if you can find any common surnames. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Click the In Common/Not in Common symbol.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3fMaBQrcDN5dsvfJ1Z0yLPvgmwofkn6dO0wGoU7JlZy5cVZrjLkphq8AmVtKObshqULDnMbBbEulpvn1-cP_WOvFzPJUIZcWIyctXj2EKCS_7tFA7YJgeFNXVn_UaLH1yTSfiBGN4b40/s1382/EC+ICW.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="94" data-original-width="1382" height="44" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3fMaBQrcDN5dsvfJ1Z0yLPvgmwofkn6dO0wGoU7JlZy5cVZrjLkphq8AmVtKObshqULDnMbBbEulpvn1-cP_WOvFzPJUIZcWIyctXj2EKCS_7tFA7YJgeFNXVn_UaLH1yTSfiBGN4b40/w640-h44/EC+ICW.jpg" width="640" /></a></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Then choose In Common With.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg88dWW9gdka0CFsaFAroofpZT3aUNBZ_9QEqdt45CZ4wDpqWoWJwqHOk0cnzfVtaSX-BetU_UxFcb34NXNBjzKMbL7tPONyfL4KD9RWh3IFd1T0jaQgTuXeU76Ci6mSrgghQYB0DD5dkg/s223/ICW.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="178" data-original-width="223" height="178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg88dWW9gdka0CFsaFAroofpZT3aUNBZ_9QEqdt45CZ4wDpqWoWJwqHOk0cnzfVtaSX-BetU_UxFcb34NXNBjzKMbL7tPONyfL4KD9RWh3IFd1T0jaQgTuXeU76Ci6mSrgghQYB0DD5dkg/s0/ICW.jpg" width="223" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In Common With</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">You will get a list of people who appear on both your match list and E C's match list:</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7GGHw49KiP-hhkTSXstktPsBexf_Bk2Ofl1TR6nLKBK1cEuzv7t7Vq_MTrlrHDsjarQC_UNWCSXaMLpqZzTEcrDTHv-WCgqy9ixvqNHMn7W80d3FMqLppEFFdDoFDTYakFkHkpLkvkII/s1394/matches+in+common.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="matches in common" border="0" data-original-height="388" data-original-width="1394" height="178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7GGHw49KiP-hhkTSXstktPsBexf_Bk2Ofl1TR6nLKBK1cEuzv7t7Vq_MTrlrHDsjarQC_UNWCSXaMLpqZzTEcrDTHv-WCgqy9ixvqNHMn7W80d3FMqLppEFFdDoFDTYakFkHkpLkvkII/w640-h178/matches+in+common.jpg" title="Common matches" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In-Common-With matches</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">In the above list, Family Finder has determined that the first three people are related to you on your father's side of the family because they share a matching DNA segment with you and someone else that you have already linked to your tree. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">This is good, because E C is also related on the paternal side. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">But the important part is the surnames. If we look at the people who have surname lists, the surnames that they share with you are in bold type. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">If you send an email to E C, you want to make it easier on him so that he is more likely to respond. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">So instead of sending E C an email that says "Can you tell me how we are related?" you can now say something like, "It appears that you may be related to my Carter line. Do you have any Carters in your family?</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Oh, but you can do much better than that! Just because people have common surnames in their trees, it doesn't mean that they are related.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">But if they have common ancestors in their trees, and they share DNA segments, now you have something!</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">The chromosome browser</span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Click the box next to E C's name to see the DNA segments he shares with you.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2xvmkolxqR7WZjN1JUYlmZ844LSUNexDKDPOJ2oE1lx0xGNiQturdPvArj64BnEYCzABEqVTcezSA2HtVknJWuXksX0jkfQh1sAtm7unG_El3QYBKR6u8GK7yPOhY9RyWo3xu9pJD278/s1392/EC+checked.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Compare matches in chromosome browser" border="0" data-original-height="285" data-original-width="1392" height="132" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2xvmkolxqR7WZjN1JUYlmZ844LSUNexDKDPOJ2oE1lx0xGNiQturdPvArj64BnEYCzABEqVTcezSA2HtVknJWuXksX0jkfQh1sAtm7unG_El3QYBKR6u8GK7yPOhY9RyWo3xu9pJD278/w640-h132/EC+checked.jpg" title="Compare relationship" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Compare matches in Chromosome Browser</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Then click next to the names of some of your common matches. You will view these in the chromosome browser.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Here is the best part of the Family Tree DNA Family Finder test. E C and five other people are all sharing DNA on chromosome two. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtWtxHUejOGV5L6cHaZvqojM5vlLPkJNZy73AqeixngVFkcTsuTsdX_c8NO5Vu_KP02plzIEr29yBdxb5kjCHLA2bk7mFcwlVWSuT9JjCbbQRopfKY1UjGAoMX0P3rtwBjJXgZREDN0Tg/s1309/chr+2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="matching segments in chromosome browser" border="0" data-original-height="538" data-original-width="1309" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtWtxHUejOGV5L6cHaZvqojM5vlLPkJNZy73AqeixngVFkcTsuTsdX_c8NO5Vu_KP02plzIEr29yBdxb5kjCHLA2bk7mFcwlVWSuT9JjCbbQRopfKY1UjGAoMX0P3rtwBjJXgZREDN0Tg/w640-h264/chr+2.jpg" title="Chromosome browser" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Matching segments in chromosome browser</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">We already know that they are all related on the father's side of the family, so if we know how one of them is related, it will be much easier to determine how the others are related. They all share a common ancestor.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">You can do much more</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b>
</div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">There is so much more to the Family Finder test, and we will explore more in future posts. We have barely looked at the chromosome browser yet! </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">But if you changed your account settings, added a family tree, and added a list of surnames, you're well on your way!</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Up next: </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2018/01/what-is-big-deal-about-chromosome.html" target="_blank">What is the big deal about a chromosome browser?</a></span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">and</span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2018/01/getting-started-with-gedmatch.html" target="_blank">Getting Started with GEDmatch</a></span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> and </span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2018/01/how-to-use-gedmatch-part-1.html" target="_blank">How to use GEDmatch - Part 1</a> </span><br />
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">______________________________________________________________________</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><b>Standard Disclosure</b></span><br />
<span>This standard disclosure appears at the bottom of articles in compliance with <a href="https://www.ftc.gov/tips-advice/business-center/guidance/ftcs-endorsement-guides-what-people-are-asking#how">FTC Guidelines</a>. I evaluate products of DNA testing companies and show how to use them. This article is about Family Tree DNA. If you wish to purchase one of their products, and you click through the link on the sidebar of this blog, I receive a small contribution if you
make a purchase. Clicking through the link does not affect the price you
pay. Thank you for clicking the link!</span></span></div>
</div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></div>Linda Jonashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00245944818580411111noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7064587737424586464.post-13016695021864325622017-12-20T17:57:00.000-05:002018-01-13T04:28:39.660-05:00Get free health reports for your DNA test!<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">If you took the Ancestry DNA test, the Family Finder test from Family Tree DNA, or the Ancestry Only test from 23andMe, you did not receive any health-related information with your results. You may also have used another company that did not provide health information with your DNA report. But you can get it at no charge! Even if you ordered the 23andMe test that contains health information you can still get more. By downloading your raw DNA data from your testing company and uploading the file to Promethease, you will get a report containing more health and personal traits than you will have time to read.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>What is Promethease?</b></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">As stated in the <a href="https://isogg.org/w/index.php?title=Promethease&oldid=22728" target="_blank">Promethease</a> page of the ISOGG Wiki, "Promethease is a computer program developed by the SNPedia team which allows users to compare personal genomics
results against the SNPedia database, generating a report with
information about a person's attributes, such as propensity to diseases,
based on the presence of specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within their genome."</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Promethease will compare your raw DNA data against its database of scientific journals and give you a report showing your mutations and <b>possible</b> medical implications. Please note the word "possible." Just because you have a mutation that may give you an increased likelihood to develop a disease, this does NOT mean that you will get this disease. Many times multiple mutations are required, and you may have some mutations that indicate an increased chance, and others that indicate you have a decreased chance. I have seen this so many times in my own report. Furthermore, life style, environmental, and other factors are all important. So don't panic!! </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">The Promethease report is FREE until December 31, 2017.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>This report is for general information only; it is not a medical diagnosis. The Promethease report is definitely NOT for everyone. If you have a tendency to worry, or you don't want to know if you have a gene for a particular medical condition, do not order this report. </b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Please read the great article <a href="http://www.legalgenealogist.com/2017/12/10/promethease-promotion/" target="_blank">Promethease Promotion</a> by Judy Russell, The Legal Genealogist. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">See also the article <a href="https://dna-explained.com/category/promethease/" target="_blank">Promethase is free until the end of 2017</a> by Roberta Estes, DNA Explained.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Now, if you've decided that you still want the report, we will first see examples of how to download your raw data.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>How to download your raw data from 23andMe</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Log into your 23andMe account, click Tools, then click Browse Raw Data at the bottom of the drop-down menu.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwBpgs5LmAjS0qTGqpQzaz206IjeYNzTGky_knlW7cGn3k9_m8ELUJL6l_23-pUE8b5WNTptJFWYZzBSgk9cLduB1LNU28m42mmVkTZRt1RvRxLFleUhz5dJizkSs0cfCN14hegxJbOnU/s1600/download+23andme.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="373" data-original-width="869" height="274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwBpgs5LmAjS0qTGqpQzaz206IjeYNzTGky_knlW7cGn3k9_m8ELUJL6l_23-pUE8b5WNTptJFWYZzBSgk9cLduB1LNU28m42mmVkTZRt1RvRxLFleUhz5dJizkSs0cfCN14hegxJbOnU/s640/download+23andme.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Next read the Raw Data Opt-In and click "I understand."</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk9ecZUur79BGndI3ELyUy60S7PEQPJgSRu8oa-iBiEsoJxi-FnhQgD3f9aJaZwP2-Bv8qwgMFUeruQrLSocx7V1HOUKivosExdvm5ElbAr7c9pvqtrii2V1Q4S8wUdWapigdI2lu7xLo/s1600/23optin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="554" data-original-width="627" height="564" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk9ecZUur79BGndI3ELyUy60S7PEQPJgSRu8oa-iBiEsoJxi-FnhQgD3f9aJaZwP2-Bv8qwgMFUeruQrLSocx7V1HOUKivosExdvm5ElbAr7c9pvqtrii2V1Q4S8wUdWapigdI2lu7xLo/s640/23optin.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">On the next screen you will see two options to download your data. Either click the Download tab, or click the blue download link.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh85ku8-KBEcW-M5O4F4KXfA38gz09vADZ-gQu5s0aR8DJJYmd9KB7PQKLsJbHiTG3dXXI7QmqGuD3xcdJ_uT9ePSuY5yCQOqLzJ6BkuwsliRJdaPlzGhlRu5xC1_FCwQrYHwUz5KxLEkM/s1600/download23.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="506" data-original-width="705" height="458" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh85ku8-KBEcW-M5O4F4KXfA38gz09vADZ-gQu5s0aR8DJJYmd9KB7PQKLsJbHiTG3dXXI7QmqGuD3xcdJ_uT9ePSuY5yCQOqLzJ6BkuwsliRJdaPlzGhlRu5xC1_FCwQrYHwUz5KxLEkM/s640/download23.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">When your are at the Download Raw Data screen, click "Submit Request" at the bottom.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ_iNUMBn61l4pczw_YE0r_Y7p1QZ640-nNyVkCZDOtIuBXXkDJ75Ou-yxGKIpOd4fM7zkTJlOOXFrK0VtXbdG4HsrapJaquBPFIxb_40SWZVb7Ub0ah6QYE41jexIGXiiioNYpIeTtOA/s1600/download23-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="590" data-original-width="539" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ_iNUMBn61l4pczw_YE0r_Y7p1QZ640-nNyVkCZDOtIuBXXkDJ75Ou-yxGKIpOd4fM7zkTJlOOXFrK0VtXbdG4HsrapJaquBPFIxb_40SWZVb7Ub0ah6QYE41jexIGXiiioNYpIeTtOA/s640/download23-2.jpg" width="584" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Your download will begin processing, and you will receive an email when it is finished.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTDpB5Cs03epgCuHBv-sdNLQtjxVIylelMXg828XiEbZtjnp2bJFONlHLT8ej-AL9uB6zhl6830h4obIOtii24vm9k-3HU0C86b4qg2VJMLjgFvfhCmPOhPKpKD5sphHY9D09ajcrbYoY/s1600/download23-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="321" data-original-width="554" height="370" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTDpB5Cs03epgCuHBv-sdNLQtjxVIylelMXg828XiEbZtjnp2bJFONlHLT8ej-AL9uB6zhl6830h4obIOtii24vm9k-3HU0C86b4qg2VJMLjgFvfhCmPOhPKpKD5sphHY9D09ajcrbYoY/s640/download23-3.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">It will take several minutes for the email to arrive.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>How to download your raw data from Ancestry DNA</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Log into your Ancestry.com account. Click the DNA tab at the top of the screen, then click on "Your DNA Results Summary.<b> "</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJKaR7OuCW_qp0IHkycSz5GJVJ5RgMH_RbZHUSm4NXbR4UypcqzPyhlNTnxwnWKLGNllMEu2BgujW-iaMea22C3qzktl9RXIRPAK5jPFcpYRIbX3AFKPTe8SVhbpf5HVw_EtzK-XKOmEc/s1600/downloada1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="162" data-original-width="510" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJKaR7OuCW_qp0IHkycSz5GJVJ5RgMH_RbZHUSm4NXbR4UypcqzPyhlNTnxwnWKLGNllMEu2BgujW-iaMea22C3qzktl9RXIRPAK5jPFcpYRIbX3AFKPTe8SVhbpf5HVw_EtzK-XKOmEc/s640/downloada1.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Click the Settings box at the upper-right of your screen.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDVQqFHt9YnCbvGRayjq67WPg_Y29_rb0emJEk1d7vXsetrXiyNLs4x4B0rfoGJbKDvju6nGgQAmKRIRnE7lyli6VKD_T3Gr9ZnIaHPpcEm1WNIJ9-dPtm7RQi_8z8umFrF-4LOtPdJPs/s1600/downloada2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="ancestry settings" border="0" data-original-height="125" data-original-width="824" height="96" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDVQqFHt9YnCbvGRayjq67WPg_Y29_rb0emJEk1d7vXsetrXiyNLs4x4B0rfoGJbKDvju6nGgQAmKRIRnE7lyli6VKD_T3Gr9ZnIaHPpcEm1WNIJ9-dPtm7RQi_8z8umFrF-4LOtPdJPs/s640/downloada2.jpg" title="ancestry settings" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">You will then see the Test Settings page. Download Raw DNA Data is at the right side of the screen. Click "Download Raw DNA Data."</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6-TACeFK1Rfct9JNW6iQb84XMUJUP2e8HRixY1N_4bEz5M70dOkSch3xlPl3fVZzSSVN7txyiHuwPKNYEqdcEA2dhhGzsgOnN4Js3gBgKeENpFO-jOQfeSEVNydXLEGGqxT49_19br_I/s1600/downloada3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="download ancestry DNA" border="0" data-original-height="378" data-original-width="727" height="332" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6-TACeFK1Rfct9JNW6iQb84XMUJUP2e8HRixY1N_4bEz5M70dOkSch3xlPl3fVZzSSVN7txyiHuwPKNYEqdcEA2dhhGzsgOnN4Js3gBgKeENpFO-jOQfeSEVNydXLEGGqxT49_19br_I/s640/downloada3.jpg" title="Download raw DNA data" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Enter your ancestry.com password, check the box next to "I understand . . ." and click Confirm.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidCwEOTKAr5ryAlQPE82V6APQcQqGVv7C7KVsFrDGDIZgmt2LzPF8HXHtcyPHg0qAxKtX0vBUwcMZcM4CgqiSrdf4iJ-4jy7RVfgwSp9FYKeMsOdjVUQez3wfGAGVFDz8xxSeYWvCdrCY/s1600/downloada4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="469" data-original-width="660" height="454" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidCwEOTKAr5ryAlQPE82V6APQcQqGVv7C7KVsFrDGDIZgmt2LzPF8HXHtcyPHg0qAxKtX0vBUwcMZcM4CgqiSrdf4iJ-4jy7RVfgwSp9FYKeMsOdjVUQez3wfGAGVFDz8xxSeYWvCdrCY/s640/downloada4.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Your DNA data will begin processing, and you will receive an email when it is finished.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW2j-zr7OXxe6EN_nXkjhBwIc5hc4uanCsmSYeK5kZrmfM9DS9fO24exQS17HEYgLRkDrpyuzyO8ixY_aBpmIt-GDcL6UeCMS2R3L_3tgVUWqLGaBmTIny8jO9u1i8GOkHb31RSwmN5YQ/s1600/downloada5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="218" data-original-width="656" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW2j-zr7OXxe6EN_nXkjhBwIc5hc4uanCsmSYeK5kZrmfM9DS9fO24exQS17HEYgLRkDrpyuzyO8ixY_aBpmIt-GDcL6UeCMS2R3L_3tgVUWqLGaBmTIny8jO9u1i8GOkHb31RSwmN5YQ/s640/downloada5.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">It will take several minutes for the email to arrive.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>How to download your raw data from Family Tree DNA</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Click the "myFTDNA " tab near the top of your screen, then click the down-arrow next to Family Finder <b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhix45fDuNUbMQ7BDAIf07VL47zxaYWowTRLIvhwFPPY_eH6TIM5aLT7YJreDiJ7Z-r_HVDdNcVVl8rMGE0s3wBS7VmWsp2QpaaQjWSCAvSthwM_PoQAFPvN99FaIR5RNMV2m-_mFr3uaM/s1600/downloadf1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="304" data-original-width="258" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhix45fDuNUbMQ7BDAIf07VL47zxaYWowTRLIvhwFPPY_eH6TIM5aLT7YJreDiJ7Z-r_HVDdNcVVl8rMGE0s3wBS7VmWsp2QpaaQjWSCAvSthwM_PoQAFPvN99FaIR5RNMV2m-_mFr3uaM/s640/downloadf1.jpg" width="543" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">From the Family Finder list, click Download Raw Data.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6aKebX-s-eMA97kKZOpV-UAwWx6WTuThuvWsU3F1pLrMHJEEFjkbTtTXlsqeU44mZFipbDxI-PVsp5411_Bj1MzPaDt6hu5KKuXU51SDmy6frQEzthSbL9TaKjG7_4djfDVBWS_eEjQI/s1600/downloadf2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="download raw data" border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="263" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6aKebX-s-eMA97kKZOpV-UAwWx6WTuThuvWsU3F1pLrMHJEEFjkbTtTXlsqeU44mZFipbDxI-PVsp5411_Bj1MzPaDt6hu5KKuXU51SDmy6frQEzthSbL9TaKjG7_4djfDVBWS_eEjQI/s640/downloadf2.jpg" title="Download raw data" width="280" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Next, click the orange arrow next to "Build 37 Raw Data Concatenated" [Bottom left].</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoZypjwwyQ-tvGi7s9Y55FpgM_HHPo77cobm7qle0SYI3fe3mBv_KflypW6-u2sQLugcTw3EsGasPu8eEtqfBqxQ94T0GIYRhR4KnUJLYDMkeJxRF5zX9o1nR0pG2nWI7-hUU33wWMXpk/s1600/downloadf3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="641" data-original-width="678" height="604" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoZypjwwyQ-tvGi7s9Y55FpgM_HHPo77cobm7qle0SYI3fe3mBv_KflypW6-u2sQLugcTw3EsGasPu8eEtqfBqxQ94T0GIYRhR4KnUJLYDMkeJxRF5zX9o1nR0pG2nWI7-hUU33wWMXpk/s640/downloadf3.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Your data will immediately be ready to download to your computer. Click Save File. The file will be saved to the location you have designated for downloads, usually your Downloads folder.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqibnisAEPuErHmhbN7cf3WD_vNIgW5V_SV8TuUPhXvMZnzClxyeAdaUrhidqptmbnMN6uvMJ6uL_g1bFR8DplgqeUl5ErnsN52AjoR673cGKAr88-lYKZa18kRasBek1RojlfbQr4JRA/s1600/downloadf4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="FTDNA raw data" border="0" data-original-height="333" data-original-width="434" height="490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqibnisAEPuErHmhbN7cf3WD_vNIgW5V_SV8TuUPhXvMZnzClxyeAdaUrhidqptmbnMN6uvMJ6uL_g1bFR8DplgqeUl5ErnsN52AjoR673cGKAr88-lYKZa18kRasBek1RojlfbQr4JRA/s640/downloadf4.jpg" title="" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>When you have your Raw DNA Data file</b> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Go to <a href="https://www.promethase.com/">https://www.promethase.com</a></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Read and check all the boxes, then click "I agree."</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkYsamIJk3qDj9Y7fPK2APnY83pbUW7wM5A4GkMHxDewJaHSp8j-iIde9GzXRnIVxyBp6eW1AKjGUmapjWYM2lu2XQyMNUqdKr35CeMnxGF7nBi-aSBXV9VTlDNfVc4jxT3sLWzrVH4qE/s1600/promethease1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Promethease agreement" border="0" data-original-height="574" data-original-width="1196" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkYsamIJk3qDj9Y7fPK2APnY83pbUW7wM5A4GkMHxDewJaHSp8j-iIde9GzXRnIVxyBp6eW1AKjGUmapjWYM2lu2XQyMNUqdKr35CeMnxGF7nBi-aSBXV9VTlDNfVc4jxT3sLWzrVH4qE/s640/promethease1.jpg" title="" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">You can either generate a report from one testing company, or you can generate a combined report for yourself using data from multiple testing companies. Each DNA testing company tests different regions of your chromosomes, so combining the data will give you everything in one report.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">I will show you how to create a combined report using raw data files from Ancestry DNA, Family Tree DNA's Family Finder test, and 23andMe.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">On your Promethease page, click Upload raw data.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1w6cG3bQ546bS1aqnLBWtxLF_d-HxfKXk-ES_P21rfpfc4yHjhnr4jy02Ionf56hhm-RYFaYcz4OWnYHfgyIubI7sld8-py2poTBS6LQRoCQ1ms2wDTvSDPFitd-ufRx7YEbTdTKRRpQ/s1600/uploadprom.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Promethease upload" border="0" data-original-height="571" data-original-width="1145" height="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1w6cG3bQ546bS1aqnLBWtxLF_d-HxfKXk-ES_P21rfpfc4yHjhnr4jy02Ionf56hhm-RYFaYcz4OWnYHfgyIubI7sld8-py2poTBS6LQRoCQ1ms2wDTvSDPFitd-ufRx7YEbTdTKRRpQ/s640/uploadprom.jpg" title="Promethease upload" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Find your file on your computer. Your Ancestry DNA file will look like this:</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCGxoC5vgLCPO5jQ-mY7qaJ_gTrg7aHH_BqquwMQQRKBg-HlQl3wWrFWUlCVYfMAUJ2NQQwtiriH_cl8-gIcpBXfbYD9JOhmH9vNqBg_gySI1rbvlTLp1xwPRpNXWjYtitQtKHIfOWq90/s1600/23data.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="21" data-original-width="541" height="24" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCGxoC5vgLCPO5jQ-mY7qaJ_gTrg7aHH_BqquwMQQRKBg-HlQl3wWrFWUlCVYfMAUJ2NQQwtiriH_cl8-gIcpBXfbYD9JOhmH9vNqBg_gySI1rbvlTLp1xwPRpNXWjYtitQtKHIfOWq90/s640/23data.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Click the file name to upload it. When it has finished uploading, you can click Create Free Report. But instead we will upload a second file by clicking Upload additional data.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOuS0PAILzYz6T1rRJpTi0g2IweDEFRIVa9ASYKew758BZM0hPHnQKAgECqyJtkHRNiTzPm9_joCJNNA2PUSC3FQWfp-okSeO-R-Y_Doejfbj8C6meSAhXpUiqyrldO869SMxg0KFwb1E/s1600/promupload2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="248" data-original-width="708" height="112" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOuS0PAILzYz6T1rRJpTi0g2IweDEFRIVa9ASYKew758BZM0hPHnQKAgECqyJtkHRNiTzPm9_joCJNNA2PUSC3FQWfp-okSeO-R-Y_Doejfbj8C6meSAhXpUiqyrldO869SMxg0KFwb1E/s320/promupload2.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">You will see the following screen letting you know that this option is to make a single report, not to make two reports for two different people.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Click Upload additional data</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijWWrfcPHVBt76MAHRF-1Q2r1lA_yyfQhi6fwTpygoCjvmjbT9GO1P1kofk-HQD3kE1iWDTqxdBEbO_pYqhC_EJ3UFPtwY-Hk95yj2qQwoG7pqQUq6qCLJnyWrD3XLDchZY_5iFiUsHAI/s1600/promupload3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="441" data-original-width="599" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijWWrfcPHVBt76MAHRF-1Q2r1lA_yyfQhi6fwTpygoCjvmjbT9GO1P1kofk-HQD3kE1iWDTqxdBEbO_pYqhC_EJ3UFPtwY-Hk95yj2qQwoG7pqQUq6qCLJnyWrD3XLDchZY_5iFiUsHAI/s320/promupload3.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Your Family Finder file will look like this:</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7oaPbW5IwwaeBkFZ9DQ8JXCiZX1LWdZ33XqrqfQCq4bRVP16c8RFmFzxQMkXNeZr8FRRxQFhh8VoeXlrxO0aiFVoIaM-b9QfNhIiXbk4R1g_5VmQu3Z6rkRsA6uYXdxD9DS76fOgYJa4/s1600/ftnda+file.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="22" data-original-width="612" height="22" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7oaPbW5IwwaeBkFZ9DQ8JXCiZX1LWdZ33XqrqfQCq4bRVP16c8RFmFzxQMkXNeZr8FRRxQFhh8VoeXlrxO0aiFVoIaM-b9QfNhIiXbk4R1g_5VmQu3Z6rkRsA6uYXdxD9DS76fOgYJa4/s640/ftnda+file.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">After the file has uploaded, click "Upload additional data" to add a third file. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Your 23andMe file will look like this:</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfcjrkIXJIeGQjhQgC7xwscxITl6SLYQsqpo4Ffd_gqcShIAJ79RtFTxLutAUX09UahFwK8IN98QRxbpVO0imy51wnVZLbEDDiR7pv6kUP-4z80mvuj0nPwsBztoTh7wOYVm8mrh4j-Rk/s1600/23andmefile.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="23andMe raw data file" border="0" data-original-height="20" data-original-width="589" height="20" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfcjrkIXJIeGQjhQgC7xwscxITl6SLYQsqpo4Ffd_gqcShIAJ79RtFTxLutAUX09UahFwK8IN98QRxbpVO0imy51wnVZLbEDDiR7pv6kUP-4z80mvuj0nPwsBztoTh7wOYVm8mrh4j-Rk/s640/23andmefile.jpg" title="23andMe raw data file" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">When all the files have uploaded, click "Create free report."</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxa83Q7DV8QgeW81SHfdQzfshz2GlIVGKzwlpDlnN52izHH32PPDhE0CfuQ_F4mFv0Jo5bCaxBQH26EXQnlr16x2QQVugi5xfH8Og_ZJChipbT9ZtLloapqlv2DbaVUDrOi2hBrPI-2jM/s1600/prom+multiple.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="749" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxa83Q7DV8QgeW81SHfdQzfshz2GlIVGKzwlpDlnN52izHH32PPDhE0CfuQ_F4mFv0Jo5bCaxBQH26EXQnlr16x2QQVugi5xfH8Og_ZJChipbT9ZtLloapqlv2DbaVUDrOi2hBrPI-2jM/s640/prom+multiple.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Rename your file, and click "Begin Analysis."</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXnSYFtrQIcYS7VeJ0m0B1p1sa_4ipDimVospVdkM1zCybN9Un-Y1Ru-viio7DNLhZ3-xtjUMam_tejlbe-hxa_pS_OSgChkjF1obJeslvJ3AxVQZzR5UywxKGybML_gQgf2bihjezMDM/s1600/prommultiple2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="125" data-original-width="556" height="142" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXnSYFtrQIcYS7VeJ0m0B1p1sa_4ipDimVospVdkM1zCybN9Un-Y1Ru-viio7DNLhZ3-xtjUMam_tejlbe-hxa_pS_OSgChkjF1obJeslvJ3AxVQZzR5UywxKGybML_gQgf2bihjezMDM/s640/prommultiple2.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>What will your Promethease report show?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Your report will show both "good" and "bad" traits. I am going to show you two of my "bad" traits. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The position below indicated that I am a carrier of the cystic fibrosis gene. This one is genuine. I only know that because medical testing has confirmed this.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEsIYqZD5HPDb6jxA6PepYBz7lQ5GMrhOQPdPHWN_tNsUsQZ0f3kJHE_5GNVH1Noj-MhPxdNxRabav2H60cMpAc8TOMjNVvU4ye8J-pTvujCoehoJBspMGB49wEN1ltSLZ1D4-aLJJyoI/s1600/cystic+fibrosis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="cystic fibrosis carrier" border="0" data-original-height="530" data-original-width="990" height="342" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEsIYqZD5HPDb6jxA6PepYBz7lQ5GMrhOQPdPHWN_tNsUsQZ0f3kJHE_5GNVH1Noj-MhPxdNxRabav2H60cMpAc8TOMjNVvU4ye8J-pTvujCoehoJBspMGB49wEN1ltSLZ1D4-aLJJyoI/s640/cystic+fibrosis.jpg" title="Cystic Fibrosis carrier" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">This is one of my favorite "bad" traits. What do I do with this one? It says I am "Bad at avoidance of errors." and "Doesn't learn from mistakes well."</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPn8VCdUEvM941GeTokwUrxGAG5XUm-o-g4p_mw7H5RGkv-5EXVlsDpYOyHPXwgR9MtJ8TlbXLPpbjMJ9aENkzvBmvioNmDYYjio5a-QJNamM5drtB-EElwC56fwTP4iC-UUdK_YYu0vA/s1600/errors.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Promethease" border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="989" height="348" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPn8VCdUEvM941GeTokwUrxGAG5XUm-o-g4p_mw7H5RGkv-5EXVlsDpYOyHPXwgR9MtJ8TlbXLPpbjMJ9aENkzvBmvioNmDYYjio5a-QJNamM5drtB-EElwC56fwTP4iC-UUdK_YYu0vA/s640/errors.jpg" title="Genetic trait" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Really? There's a gene for "doesn't learn from mistakes well"? I wonder who passed this gene to me. I don't have my father's DNA, so I can't do a report for him. I do have my mother's DNA, and I checked my mother's Promethease report. She has the same gene on her report. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">How I would have loved to have known this when I was a child! I'm sure I would have tried to use it to get out of trouble. It wouldn't have worked, but I have no doubt that I would have tried. Oh, the many excuses I could have come up with as I was reprimanded: </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Mom: "If I've told you once, I've told you a hundred times . . ."</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Me: "I can't help it, Mom. You know it's in our genes!"</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Conflicting genetic information</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">As I mentioned before, there are some locations in your DNA that indicate that you have a greater chance of developing a particular trait or disease, and other locations that indicate that you have a lesser chance.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Here is one position within my genome that indicates that I have an increased chance of developing breast cancer.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz4UKLgKGkjHW2t5AO4s9sGLF3eVjyoz02j2qu-YCgLomjK4SEHuJcNYi3dnnioQ9XAEDOHvE0M20AF2sSh3ySo84yVxU7hQMm2FwQaQBGrCan-fDK62FvaZy02ijFtrCxtsg3QyFlDcc/s1600/bc1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Breast cancer gene" border="0" data-original-height="205" data-original-width="869" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz4UKLgKGkjHW2t5AO4s9sGLF3eVjyoz02j2qu-YCgLomjK4SEHuJcNYi3dnnioQ9XAEDOHvE0M20AF2sSh3ySo84yVxU7hQMm2FwQaQBGrCan-fDK62FvaZy02ijFtrCxtsg3QyFlDcc/s640/bc1.jpg" title="Increased risk" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Here is another position from the same report that indicates a reduced risk for breast cancer.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyJpDEaziVTKUgZ9IfdH_WzHtlBoi5WfG_JT3XXTj9vhZaoJDhI12EP8DqRHYyFhr2cuEt8Vv9NM8lwltsf1tXiX28nWucOnji9W8MX-qQZ_4JChnkM2cGeWTOHEr0tTY7Leq5NHmgoVM/s1600/bc2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="breast cancer gene" border="0" data-original-height="208" data-original-width="855" height="154" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyJpDEaziVTKUgZ9IfdH_WzHtlBoi5WfG_JT3XXTj9vhZaoJDhI12EP8DqRHYyFhr2cuEt8Vv9NM8lwltsf1tXiX28nWucOnji9W8MX-qQZ_4JChnkM2cGeWTOHEr0tTY7Leq5NHmgoVM/s640/bc2.jpg" title="Reduced risk" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">All of my genes don't give the same information, and neither do yours. Seek medical advice for any concerns.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Your report </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Your report will contain lots of conflicting information, some questionable traits, and some information that you may desire to discuss with your doctor. Have fun with it! If you read this blog post after December 31, 2017, don't worry that the report may no longer be free. It's normally about five dollars!</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Update: </b>The Promethease offer has been extended beyond December 31. See <a href="http://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com/2018/01/have-dna-test-free-health-reports-offer.html" target="_blank">Have a DNA test? Free health reports offer is extended!</a><br /><b></b></span></div>
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Linda Jonashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00245944818580411111noreply@blogger.com0